大數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的人居環(huán)境提升

冬至日是年末最重要的節(jié)氣，開始“提冬數(shù)九”，直到“九九”春暖花開，周而復(fù)始。二十四節(jié)氣是古人通過經(jīng)年累月的觀察與記錄總結(jié)的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同樣的歷史數(shù)據(jù)還包括對星象、氣溫、洪水、物候等的詳細(xì)記載，通過這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)物換星移、四時(shí)之變的規(guī)律，數(shù)據(jù)的收集與分析促進(jìn)了古人對自然規(guī)律的認(rèn)知和生產(chǎn)生活方式的塑造。

當(dāng)今數(shù)據(jù)的收集方式產(chǎn)生了變革，認(rèn)知的速度也呈幾何級數(shù)增加。大數(shù)據(jù)逐漸成為日常生活的一部分，隨著社交媒體的爆炸式發(fā)展，我們每個(gè)人日常行為軌跡都成為了數(shù)據(jù)源，例如手機(jī)信令數(shù)據(jù)、微博大數(shù)據(jù)、公交刷卡大數(shù)據(jù)等。這些數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)量大，處理過程復(fù)雜，公眾成為參與收集、分類、記錄或分析數(shù)據(jù)的主體。大數(shù)據(jù)所帶來的改變是全領(lǐng)域的，也是顛覆性的。依靠專業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)分析來解決規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)問題，是對傳統(tǒng)意義上規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與分析框架的補(bǔ)充，但是面對復(fù)雜的海量數(shù)據(jù)，如何處理并合理使用數(shù)據(jù)也成為當(dāng)前人居環(huán)境規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的主要挑戰(zhàn)。

在大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)革命的新環(huán)境下，用于支撐規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)分析的大數(shù)據(jù)，可以更及時(shí)、精確地找到問題所在，為優(yōu)化方案的運(yùn)行方式提供一定科學(xué)依據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)能否真正“增強(qiáng)”設(shè)計(jì)呢？很多學(xué)者結(jié)合最新的科學(xué)與技術(shù)，開展了探索性研究與實(shí)踐。多源數(shù)據(jù)的出現(xiàn)在很大程度上提升了設(shè)計(jì)師對不同尺度場地的識別能力，設(shè)計(jì)師可以通過大數(shù)據(jù)獲得在地調(diào)研之外的更豐富和更大尺度的空間信息，例如土地利用、大范圍人群的景觀感知等，這些都對規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)起到重要的輔助支撐作用，展現(xiàn)出大數(shù)據(jù)輔助規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的強(qiáng)勁態(tài)勢。宏觀層面上，聚焦于新型城鎮(zhèn)化背景下城市群綠色空間的統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、綠道體系規(guī)劃以及大中尺度的自然保護(hù)地規(guī)劃等內(nèi)容，通過對共享衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)、土地利用資料、氣象數(shù)據(jù)等空間、時(shí)間層面的原始數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換處理，得到清晰明確、重點(diǎn)突出的可視化信息，進(jìn)一步提出應(yīng)對城市災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、緩解城市生態(tài)壓力的景觀系統(tǒng)。微觀層面上，大數(shù)據(jù)在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用更多體現(xiàn)在利用手機(jī)信令數(shù)據(jù)、街景數(shù)據(jù)以及公交刷卡數(shù)據(jù)等多種類型的移動信息對不同人口需求做出不同的響應(yīng)，提出針對性的設(shè)計(jì)對策，并廣泛應(yīng)用在具體實(shí)踐中。

但大數(shù)據(jù)并不是萬能的，首先表現(xiàn)在數(shù)據(jù)精度與研究空間尺度的匹配問題上，例如口袋花園是居民日常休閑的重要場所，但是由于信號基站分布范圍遠(yuǎn)大于口袋花園的分布范圍，設(shè)計(jì)師很難通過手機(jī)信令數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確判斷口袋花園的游憩行為；其次，大數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容與研究內(nèi)容較難直接匹配，數(shù)據(jù)僅僅表現(xiàn)為單一的分布特征，其邏輯遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的復(fù)合特征要求，如何讓數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)“增強(qiáng)”設(shè)計(jì)是重要的研究方向。

與人居環(huán)境直接相關(guān)的自然環(huán)境與歷史數(shù)據(jù)均可成為“增強(qiáng)”設(shè)計(jì)的大數(shù)據(jù)類型，客觀認(rèn)知大數(shù)據(jù)、合理使用大數(shù)據(jù)是學(xué)科發(fā)展的重要途徑。只有不斷提高對大數(shù)據(jù)專業(yè)化應(yīng)用的理解力和洞察力，讓數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)助力設(shè)計(jì)師更敏銳地感知和體驗(yàn)人居環(huán)境的變化與特質(zhì)，提出基于大數(shù)據(jù)分析的創(chuàng)造性解決方案，引導(dǎo)未來人居環(huán)境與未來生活的新形態(tài)和新場景才是根本目的。

Living Environment Improvement Driven by Big Data

The day of Winter Solstice is the most important solar term at the end of year. Starting from “the 1st nine-day-period entering winter” until “the 9th nine-day-period” indicating spring blossoms, the cycle always repeats itself. The twenty-four solar terms are traditional experiences summarized from ancient years’ observations and records. The similar historical data also include detailed records of astrology, temperatures, floods, phenology, etc. Through these data, it is possible to identify the laws of changes of nature and stars as well as the shifts of seasons. In a word, the collection and analysis of data promoted the ancient people to recognize natural laws and shape their styles of production and life.

With innovation in the ways of data collection today, the speed of cognition has also been boosted exponentially. Big data have gradually become a part of daily life. With the explosive development of social media, the daily behavior trajectories of each of us have become data sources, for example, mobile phone signaling data, social media big data, bus card big data and the like. The massive data entails complex processing procedures. And the public has become the subject to participate in the collection, classification, recording or data analysis. The changes brought about by big data are all-inclusive and disruptive. Relying on professional data analytic to address planning and design problems is a supplement to the traditional framework of planning, design and analysis. Nevertheless, in the face of complex and massive data, how to process and reasonably use data has also become a major challenge in current research, planning and design practices by the disciplines related to living environment.

Under the new environment of big-data technology revolution, the big data used to support the planning and design analyses can pinpoint problems in a more timely and accurate manner, while providing a scientific basis for optimizing the operation of solutions. Can data really “enhance” the design? In combination of the latest science and technology achievement, many scholars have implemented exploratory research and practice, showcasing the strong momentum of big-data assisted planning and design. The emergence of multi-source data has greatly boosted designers’ ability to identify the sites of different scales, because they are able to, via big data, acquire richer and larger-scale spatial information beyond on-site surveys, such as information on land use, the landscape perception of a large range of people, etc. All these methods play an important supporting role for planning and design. At the macro level, it focuses on the overall green space planning of urban agglomeration, greenway system planning and nature reserve planning in large and mediumsize under the background of new urbanization. Through the conversion and processing of spatial and temporal raw data such as shared satellite remote sensing data, land use data and meteorological data, clear and focused visualized information can be obtained, which can be used for reference while further putting forward the landscape system to deal with the urban disaster risk and relieve the urban ecological pressure. At the micro level, the application of big data in the design is more reflected in the use of mobile phone signaling data, street view data, bus card data and other types of mobile information to make various responses to the needs of different populations, to further put forward targeted design countermeasures, which could be widely used in specific practice.

However, big data are not a panacea. First of all, there is an issue of matching between the data accuracy and the space scale of research. For example, pocket garden is an important place for local residents’ daily leisure. However, because the signal base stations are distributed much more widely than the range of pocket garden, it is difficult for designers to accurately determine the recreational behavior around pocket garden via mobile phone signaling data. Secondly, it is uneasy to directly match the big-data contents and research contents, and the data could only demonstrate a single distribution feature, with its logic far from meeting the requirements of composite features of planning and design. It is still an important research field that how to enable the data to serve designs and realize “enhanced” designs.

Both the natural environment data and historical data directly related to living environment can become a big data type that can “enhance” designs. It is an important way for the discipline’s development to objectively recognize and rationally use big data. By continuously improve the understanding of and insight into the professional applications of big data, driving data services help planners more keenly perceive and experience the changes and characteristics of living environment, putting forward creative solutions based on big data analysis, and guiding new forms and new scenes of future living environment and future life are the fundamental purposes.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

December 25, 2020