樊高罡 潘芳婷 羅粉 王全喜 尤慶敏
摘 ?要: 瀘沽湖是中國(guó)第三大深水湖,屬典型的高原湖泊,其湖盆形態(tài)復(fù)雜,多半島、島嶼與岬灣,生境多樣性高,透明度高達(dá)12.5 m,水質(zhì)達(dá)國(guó)家地表水Ⅰ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn).對(duì)瀘沽湖硅藻植物進(jìn)行了全面調(diào)查,共鑒定出111個(gè)硅藻分類單位,包括103種8變種,隸屬于2綱6目10科51屬,其中中國(guó)新記錄2屬2種,分別為:微小暗額藻(Aneumastus minor)、矮小盤狀藻(Placoneis humilis).對(duì)兩個(gè)新記錄種類的形態(tài)特征、生境和分布進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述.
關(guān)鍵詞: 硅藻; 瀘沽湖; 中國(guó)新記錄; 分類學(xué)
中圖分類號(hào): Q 949 ???????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A ?????文章編號(hào): 1000-5137(2021)01-0028-11
Abstract: Lugu Lake is the third largest deep-water lake in China,the lake basin is complex in its shape,with many peninsulas,islets and bays.It has high habitat diversity and transparency which is up to 12.5 m.The water quality reaches Class I levels according to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838—2002).A comprehensive survey of diatoms was made in Lugu Lake.A total of 111 taxa of diatoms were identified,including 103 species and 8 varieties,which belong to 2 classes,6 orders,10 families and 51 genera.And of these taxa 2 genera 2 species were newly recorded from China,namely Aneumastus minor and Placoneis humilis.For the two newly recorded species,the morphological characteristics,habitats and distributions were described in detail in this article.
Key words: diatoms; Lugu Lake; new records in China; taxonomy
0 ?引 言
瀘沽湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E),位于四川省鹽源縣與云南省寧蒗縣交界處,湖面海拔約2 690 m,是一個(gè)天然高原淡水湖泊,屬金沙江水系,湖泊略呈北西—東南走向,南北長(zhǎng)9.5 km,東西寬5.2 km,湖岸線長(zhǎng)約44 km,湖泊面積50.1 km2,最大水深105.3 m,水深超過50 m的湖區(qū)面積約占全湖的一半,平均水深為40.3 m,是中國(guó)第三大深水湖泊[1].瀘沽湖湖盆形態(tài)復(fù)雜,多半島、島嶼與岬灣,生境多樣,湖水湛藍(lán)色,透明度高達(dá)12.5 m,水生植被豐茂,水質(zhì)保持Ⅰ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),生態(tài)系統(tǒng)基本處于良性循環(huán)狀態(tài)[2].由于瀘沽湖自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特征和價(jià)值,云南省人民政府于1986年3月批準(zhǔn)設(shè)置瀘沽湖自然保護(hù)區(qū).
硅藻(diatom)是一類具有高度硅質(zhì)化細(xì)胞壁的單細(xì)胞真核藻類,是水體中重要的初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者,是魚類、貝類以及其他水生動(dòng)物的重要餌料,在水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中具有重要的作用.硅藻最重要的價(jià)值就是在環(huán)境中釋放氧氣,據(jù)估算地球上40%的氧氣都是通過硅藻的光合作用產(chǎn)生的[3].由于硅藻殼體的特殊硅質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),使得它能夠被很好地保存下來,目前已成為地質(zhì)研究、古環(huán)境重建以及環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)等領(lǐng)域的重要研究對(duì)象[4].硅藻種類繁多,數(shù)量大,分布廣,許多屬種對(duì)水環(huán)境指標(biāo)(如pH值、鹽度、溫度、營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽等)都有特定的最適值及耐受范圍,因此能很好地指示水環(huán)境的變化,包括湖泊水體酸化和富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化.歐美國(guó)家的一些水環(huán)境管理機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)將硅藻應(yīng)用于河流、湖泊水質(zhì)的評(píng)價(jià),取得了較好的效果[5-6];但在國(guó)內(nèi)只有零星的研究報(bào)道.
有關(guān)瀘沽湖的硅藻研究很少,李英南等[7]于2000年對(duì)瀘沽湖的水生生物進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,共觀察到浮游植物60種,其中硅藻門15種;董云仙等[8]于2012年對(duì)瀘沽湖的浮游植物進(jìn)行了季節(jié)調(diào)查,共6門146種(含變種),其中硅藻門72種.上述調(diào)查并沒有提供具體的種類名錄或具體的圖版說明.本文作者報(bào)道了瀘沽湖詳細(xì)的硅藻群落種類組成,并附有具體名錄和圖版說明,旨在為高原深水湖泊的藻類生物多樣性和生態(tài)學(xué)研究提供資料.
1 ?材料與方法
2018年10月,對(duì)瀘沽湖全湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E)進(jìn)行了硅藻植物標(biāo)本采集,并對(duì)全部標(biāo)本進(jìn)行處理和永久封片制作.標(biāo)本采樣點(diǎn)位置如圖1所示,標(biāo)本保存于上海師范大學(xué)藻類與環(huán)境實(shí)驗(yàn)室.
標(biāo)本收集于50 mL采樣瓶中,并用4%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))甲醛現(xiàn)場(chǎng)固定.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi),利用美國(guó)微波消解儀 CEM-MARS對(duì)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行消解處理,經(jīng)過蒸餾水?dāng)?shù)次洗滌后,用95%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))乙醇保存于1.5 mL的doff管中.取適量已處理樣品用Naphrax硅藻封片膠固定,制成永久封片[9].使用日本Olympus BX53光學(xué)顯微鏡對(duì)已制作標(biāo)本進(jìn)行觀察,使用Olympus DP80顯微攝影數(shù)碼相機(jī)拍照,使用Photoshop CS6對(duì)照片進(jìn)行編輯處理.種類鑒定參考文獻(xiàn)[10-24].
2 ?結(jié)果與討論
2.1 瀘沽湖硅藻的種類組成及特點(diǎn)
通過對(duì)瀘沽湖的硅藻植物進(jìn)行觀察,共鑒定硅藻10科51屬103種8變種,共計(jì)111個(gè)分類單位(表1,圖2~6).其中雙殼縫目最多,為24屬58種,占總種類數(shù)的52.3%;其次為無殼縫目8屬18種,占16.2%;管殼縫目7屬15種,占13.5%;單殼縫目5屬11種,占9.9%;中心目6屬8種,占7.2%;最少為短殼縫目,僅1屬1種,占0.9%.
2.2.2 矮小盤狀藻(圖版V:20)
Placoneis humilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez.2005.Diatoms of Uruguay:compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere.Iconographia Diatomologica 15,p.182,pl.74:11-19.
殼面橢圓形到寬披針形,末端尖圓形.中軸區(qū)窄、線形,中央?yún)^(qū)小,線紋輻射排列.細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)17 μm,寬8 μm.10 μm內(nèi)有12條線紋.
生境:湖泊,水草附著.水溫:17.2 ℃,pH=8.7.
采樣位點(diǎn):情人灘.標(biāo)本號(hào):HDS1810-095.
國(guó)外分布:南美洲.
討論:本研究中觀察到的P.humilis與P.gracilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez相似.兩者相比,P.humilis末端的條紋密度更小,在10 μm內(nèi)有12條線紋;而P.gracilis在10 μm內(nèi)有20條線紋[24].
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(責(zé)任編輯:顧浩然)