○韓笑雨
《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》明確指出了現(xiàn)代外語教育注重語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程,強(qiáng)調(diào)語言學(xué)習(xí)的實踐性,主張學(xué)生在語境中接觸、體驗和理解真實語言,并在此基礎(chǔ)上學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用語言。隨著新課程教學(xué)改革的深入,一些英語教師情境教學(xué)意識普遍增強(qiáng),但由于欠缺建構(gòu)語言學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容與學(xué)生生活、經(jīng)驗、情感相接的探究,情境創(chuàng)設(shè)刻意追求新穎化、趣味化、復(fù)雜化,忽視學(xué)生自身認(rèn)知水平和需求,脫離學(xué)生真實生活和情感體驗,反而出現(xiàn)了虛假交流及淺層表達(dá)現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致課堂教學(xué)效果不理想。本文結(jié)合具體課例,剖析情境教學(xué)中的常見問題,并探究行之有效的優(yōu)化策略。
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:Where Do They Live?核心句型新授環(huán)節(jié)
T:Boys and girls,please look at the picture.Where does Guang Touqiang live?
Ss:In the forest.
T:Look at the animals.How do they feel?Ss:They are sad.
T:The animals say“Help!Help!”Who can help the animals?Please answer the questions.
......
課件依次出現(xiàn)單個動物被關(guān)進(jìn)籠子的圖片,學(xué)生回答正確,籠子則消失,并出現(xiàn)“Iam free.Thank you!”的臺詞字幕。小動物先后分四次全部得救,學(xué)生完成本課重點句型的四組問答訓(xùn)練。
教師忽視教材本身提供的大自然中的動物自由棲息地,大費周折地創(chuàng)設(shè)“光頭強(qiáng)捕捉動物”和“學(xué)生營救動物”的復(fù)雜情境,在沒有充分分析學(xué)生語言學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)知水平和需求的情況下,盲目創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,語言教學(xué)停留在知識的傳授上,不能促進(jìn)學(xué)生綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的提升。
T:There are many animals in a forest.Where does a bird live?
S1:In a tree.
T:Where else does a bird live?
S2:屋檐下。
T:Great.The swallows nested under the eaves.So we can say a bird lives under the eaves.Under the eaves.
Ss:Under the eaves.
T:Where else does a bird live?S3:籠子里。
T:Whose bird lives in a cage?......
T:Wonderful.We love our pets(寵 物),but how to keep them happy and healthy?What can we do?
S4:We can give it w ater and food every day.
......
教師充分挖掘文本與單元主題相關(guān)聯(lián)的語境,通過創(chuàng)設(shè)開放性的問題情境,引發(fā)學(xué)生從對核心句型的學(xué)習(xí)過渡到對文本主題意義的自主探究。學(xué)生從不同的角度、層次提出自己獨到的見解,聚焦熱愛動物的主題意義,達(dá)成關(guān)愛動物的情感共鳴,較之創(chuàng)設(shè)虛擬情境,其內(nèi)在教育的價值更為可觀。由于三年級學(xué)生英語語言知識儲備不足,允許學(xué)生借助漢語表達(dá),教師適時補(bǔ)充新詞匯,實現(xiàn)讓學(xué)生自己去解碼、發(fā)現(xiàn)和構(gòu)建英語語言的意義,在理解和學(xué)習(xí)語言的過程中,促進(jìn)學(xué)生語言能力、思維能力及情感態(tài)度等多種素養(yǎng)協(xié)同發(fā)展。
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:Jenny’s Summer Holiday一般過去時態(tài)和一般將來時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的語言操練環(huán)節(jié)
T:Boys and girls,please look at the man.He wears a red cap,and holds a flag in his hand.What does he do?
Ss:A guide(導(dǎo)游).
T:Yes.A guide goes to many places every year.Who w ants to be a guide?What did you do last summer?What will you do this summer?
S1:Last summer,Iwent to Qin Huang Dao with my parents.We swam in the sea and played on the beach.This summer...
上述課例中,教師創(chuàng)設(shè)生活化情境時刻意追求形式,忽略了學(xué)生真實的生活體驗,導(dǎo)致個別學(xué)生在語言實踐活動中出現(xiàn)畏難情緒。六年級學(xué)生的英語語言知識儲備足夠豐富,但情境中時間狀語局限于last summer和this summer,沒有為學(xué)生提供更為廣泛的時間范疇,大量的生活情境相對應(yīng)的英語動詞短語不能被提取運(yùn)用,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生語言輸出千篇一律。
T:You were in primary school from 2016 to 2021.What did you do in the past six years?Please talk about your school life in groups and share your good memory.
Group1:We had many lessons in the past six years.There were Chinese,maths,English,science and so on.Our favourite subject was Music in Grade One...
T:You w ill go to the Middle School in September.Which Middle School will you go to?
S1:The eighth Middle School.
......
T:I w ill miss you,boys and girls.What w ill you do in the future?Please write a short poem about your future.
討論分享和詩歌創(chuàng)編的過程正是靈活運(yùn)用語言知識的過程,真實且有意義的語言表達(dá)幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)一步熟練掌握兩種時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu),實現(xiàn)語言內(nèi)化達(dá)成學(xué)以致用的教學(xué)效果。
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:My favourite season B Read and write語言拓展環(huán)節(jié)
T:Which season does Robin like?
Ss:All the four seasons.
......
T:Which season do you like best?Why?
S1:I like spring best.Because the weather is warm.There are many beautiful flowers.
......
T:Now can you write a letter to Robin?Please tell him your favourite season.
學(xué)習(xí)了Robin喜歡的季節(jié),再通過給Robin寫信談?wù)勛约鹤钕矚g的季節(jié),這種交流、表達(dá)情境無異于同桌之間的Pair Work,教師沿用了操練環(huán)節(jié)的語言活動,語言輸出停留在基于文本內(nèi)容的仿寫,沒有實現(xiàn)語言學(xué)習(xí)的拓展和遷移,導(dǎo)致高年級英語寫作教學(xué)高耗低效。
T:Which season do you like best?
S1:Ilike summer best.
T:Why?
S1:Because the weather is hot and sunny in summer.I can go sw imming and eat ice cream.
......
T:But if you are a kite,a flower or a snowman,which season do you like best?Please write something now.
S1:Iam a kite.Ilike all the four seasons.My favourite season is spring.Because the weather is warm.The wind is warm and soft.Ican fly high in the sky.Ican see many children on the grass.The children are happy,and Iam happy,too.
......
教師準(zhǔn)確捕捉寫作主題與學(xué)生年齡心理特點的契合點,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把自己化身為a kite,a flower等,從不同角度感受四季的美好。富有情趣的審美體驗激發(fā)了學(xué)生寫作興趣,使得學(xué)生迅速進(jìn)入情境,語言輸出豐富,學(xué)生的寫作潛能得以挖掘。
小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)活動離不開情境的創(chuàng)設(shè),教師應(yīng)基于教學(xué)主題,依托教材情境,在遵循生活化、整體化的原則下,將學(xué)生的體驗、情感、成長的意義進(jìn)行多維聯(lián)結(jié)整合,真正從知識本位走向?qū)W科育人。