>>王玉素本文以2020年全國卷Ⅰ英語語法填空為例分析考生的答題情況,據(jù)此探究突破備考難點——句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。一、看真題China has"/>
>>>王玉素
本文以2020年全國卷Ⅰ英語語法填空為例分析考生的答題情況,據(jù)此探究突破備考難點——句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探 測 器 )——the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess——(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is(extreme) challenging.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spotit could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(環(huán) 形 山 ),more sothe familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon(construct).”Data about the moon’s composition,such as howice and other treasures it contains,could help China decide whether(it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
Keys:61. touched 62. extremely
63. where 64. interest
65. than 66. to find
67. means 68. is constructed
69. much 70. its
這兩個考生的錯誤主要集中在謂語動詞、非謂語動詞和連詞上,這正是語法填空的熱點,也是考生的難點。
解析:
61題:考查動詞。本題句子較長,考生不清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)就無法判斷該用謂語形式還是非謂語形式,所以要先簡化句子:“the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess”是插入語,可以刪掉;剩下“The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin”我們就能輕松地看出要用謂語形式了,再根據(jù)時間狀語last week,得知答案為touched。
63題:本題考查連詞,有些考生沒有掌握好從句結(jié)構(gòu),看不出這里需用連詞。我們分三步思考:第一步,從句位置從空格開始到句末結(jié)束;第二步,空格前為名詞spot,考慮定語從句;第三步,先行詞spot“地點”,且放回定語從句后做狀語。
65題:考查介詞。考生看不出比較級結(jié)構(gòu),誤把它認(rèn)作從句,歸根結(jié)底還是理不清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,本題的難點在so。作為代詞,so代替前面的deep craters,反之,在文中可以用deep craters代替so,即because it has a lot of deep craters (環(huán)形山),more deep cratersthe familiar near side.比較級結(jié)構(gòu)顯而易見。
68題:考查動詞。通過觀察 “...about how the moon(construct)”,我們知道這是how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,空格處應(yīng)用謂語形式,由“means”“have”的一般現(xiàn)在時形態(tài)可知空格處用一般現(xiàn)在時。construct為及物動詞,所以用被動語態(tài)。
英語句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為3種類型:簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句。
1.六種簡單句句型
(1)主語+不及物動詞。如,She came.
(2)主語+及物動詞+賓語。如,She likes English.
(3)主語+系動詞+表語。如,She is happy.
(4)主語+雙賓動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如,She gave John a book.
(5)主語+賓補動詞+賓語+賓語補語。如,She makes her mother angry.
(6)There+be結(jié)構(gòu)。如,There lies a book on the desk.
2.并列句
用并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接而成的句子。
參考公式:并列句=簡單句1+并列連詞+簡單句2。
He is a student and I am a teacher.
3.復(fù)合句
一個句子里包含一個或多個充當(dāng)成分的句子,大句子叫主句,充當(dāng)成分、附屬于大句子的句子叫從句,連接兩個句子的詞為從屬連詞。
參考公式:
(1)I believe that you are right. (賓語從句)
(2)The boy who is sitting under the tree is Tom.(定語從句)
由以上講解可知,兩個或兩個以上的簡單句可以用句號、分號、連詞連接在一起,還可以把一個句子里的謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞。下面我們通過一組句式變換來體會句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。
(1)I need a pen now. I will go to the shop to buy one. 句號區(qū)分兩個簡單句。
(2)I need a pen now;I will go to the shop to buy one.分號連接兩個簡單句。
(3)I need a pen now,so I will go to the shop to buy one. 并列連詞so連接兩個簡單句。
(4)Because I need a pen now,I will go to the shop to buy one.從屬連詞because連接兩個簡單句。
(5)Needing a pen now, I will go to the shop to buy one.把第一句的謂語動詞need改為非謂語動詞needing之后合在一起的句子。
1.謂語動詞
一定要慎重考慮謂語動詞三要素——時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。
例1.Since 2011, the country___________(grow)more corn than rice.(2018年,全國卷II,61題)
解析:本題考查動詞時態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時,since 2011為時間標(biāo)志詞,此外 so for,up to now,in/over the past/last +數(shù)字+years/months/weeks/days也是??嫉默F(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞。綜合考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致,答案為 has grown.
例2.The parts of a museum open to the public(call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum's collection(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020年,全國新高考卷I)
解析:這兩個空連續(xù)考查動詞。因為都是簡單句,所以很容易判斷出用謂語形式。由從第一句的open 和第三句的is可知用一般現(xiàn)在時;40空call的主語為parts,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,而且需用被動,所以答案為are called;41空需要參考后一句的is,因為他們的主語是一致的。
2.非謂語動詞“有法可依”
第一步,辨別“謂與非謂”
若句中已有謂語,且設(shè)空格處不作并列謂語,應(yīng)考慮該空考查非謂語動詞。
例 3.There are nine planets __________(move)around the sun, and the earth___________(be)one of them.
解析:這是一個由and連接的并列句。第一個空所在的句子中已經(jīng)有are做謂語了,所以空格處應(yīng)該用非謂語動詞moving。第二個空所在的句子中沒有謂語動詞,所以空格處應(yīng)該用謂語動詞is。
第二步,找非謂語動詞的邏輯主語
(1)作定語時,被修飾的詞是邏輯主語
The students following the teacher are from our class.
(2)作狀語時,句子的主語是邏輯主語
Seen from the top of the mountain, it looks more beautiful.
(3)作賓語補足語時,賓語是邏輯主語
I saw the boy crossing the road.
第三步,判斷語態(tài)
在確定邏輯主語之后,分析非謂語動詞和邏輯主語是主謂關(guān)系還是動賓關(guān)系,主謂關(guān)系用主動,動賓關(guān)系用被動。
第四步,分析時態(tài)
根據(jù)非謂語動詞自帶的時間狀語確定時間。
The problem to be discussed next is of great importance.
The building being built now is our future classroom.
The problem discussed just now is of great importance.
另外,對于不定式的考查,多以表目的的狀語和固定句型來設(shè)空。
例1.You don’t have to run fast or for long__________(see) the benefit.(2018年,全國卷I,62題)
解析:空格前已有謂語動詞don’t have to run,所以空格處應(yīng)用非謂語,根據(jù)句意,此處表目的,所以答案為to see。
例2.Once his message was delivered, he allowed me_______ (stay) and watch.(2018年,全國卷III,70題)
解析:本題考查allow的句型,allow sb to do sth. “允許某人做某事”。
3.連詞選定“三步走”
第一步,找出從句。一般而言,從句的位置是從所設(shè)的空格開始到后面第二個謂語動詞結(jié)束,如果沒有第二個謂語動詞則到句尾。
第二步,判斷從句類型??涨盀槊~,考慮定語從句和同位語從句;空前為動詞或介詞,考慮賓語從句;空前為系動詞,考慮表語從句;空在句首或句首為形式主語it時,考慮主語從句;其他情況考慮狀語從句。
第三步,選擇合適的連詞。我們要明確不同從句的不同連詞。
例1.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence_____________they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019年,全國卷I,61題)
解析:第一步,從句位置從空格開始到逗號結(jié)束。第二步,空前為名詞evidence,考慮定語從句和同位語從句;evidence不能直接代入從句,借助介詞也不可以,所以考慮同位語從句。第三步,從句成分和語義都很完整,所以用連接詞that。
例2.Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on______________could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2020年,浙江卷7月,57題)
解析:第一步,從句位置從空格開始到逗號結(jié)束。第二步,空前為介詞,考慮賓語從句。第三步,從句中缺少主語,意思為“所......的”,所以用連接代詞what。
近幾年,語法填空題的語言越來越靈活,做題時一定要結(jié)合語境,比如2020年全國卷Ⅰ65題和69題的設(shè)空出其不意,但是結(jié)合上下文就能得出答案。再者,對冠詞、代詞和介詞的用法考查得越來越基礎(chǔ)化,仍需要考生系統(tǒng)記憶。