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    詞形變換解題指導(dǎo)

    2021-01-19 18:35:29高潔
    瘋狂英語(yǔ)·初中版 2021年10期
    關(guān)鍵詞:比較級(jí)詞類(lèi)輔音

    高潔

    出題方向

    1.出題量最大,也是最難把握的方向——同詞根不同詞類(lèi)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換??嫉南嗷マD(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)有四種:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞

    動(dòng)詞、形容詞→名詞

    名詞→動(dòng)詞、形容詞

    動(dòng)詞→形容詞

    形容詞→動(dòng)詞

    形容詞→副詞

    副詞→形容詞

    做這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換需要我們平時(shí)大量的積累,建立詞根詞綴的概念,多掌握常用的詞綴,靈活變通。

    2.最基本題型,必考方向——名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞

    名詞考查方向:復(fù)數(shù)。

    代詞考查方向:①賓格;②形容詞性、名詞性物主代詞轉(zhuǎn)換;③反身代詞可能出現(xiàn)。

    數(shù)詞考查方向:①基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞的拼寫(xiě)與互換;②分?jǐn)?shù)可能出現(xiàn)。

    3.簡(jiǎn)單題型,多練即可把握——比較級(jí)最高級(jí)

    需要掌握:①比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化方式;②比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的辨識(shí)關(guān)鍵詞。

    4.較難題型,多次轉(zhuǎn)換,反義理解

    有時(shí)候詞類(lèi)之間需要越級(jí)變換,要仔細(xì)斟酌詞類(lèi)間的修飾關(guān)系,確保答案的正確性。較難題目不僅會(huì)越級(jí)變換,還需要添加反義,這需要更耐心細(xì)致地解題,分析題意。

    解題技巧

    1.形容詞修飾名詞、代詞性成分,部分名詞也可以修飾名詞。

    2.動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞需要副詞修飾,副詞也可以修飾整句話(huà)。

    3.系動(dòng)詞后一般使用形容詞,系動(dòng)詞后尤其需注意添加形容詞,這點(diǎn)易和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用副詞修飾混淆。

    4.扎實(shí)掌握名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞的基本知識(shí)。

    5.注做完需要通讀一下,檢查反義及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題。

    考點(diǎn)解析

    考向一:可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)類(lèi)

    1.規(guī)則變化

    (1)一般情況加-s,如:girls,books,pens,bags,boys,days,等等。

    (2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾加-es,如:buses,boxes,watches,brushes,等等。

    (3)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,無(wú)生命的名詞多加-s,有生命的名詞多加-es。

    (4)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es,如:city→cities,story→stories,等等。

    (5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變f或fe為v加-es。如:leaf→leaves,knife→knives,

    shelf→shelves,等等。(roof→roofs)

    2.不規(guī)則變化的名詞要熟記

    child→children

    deer→deer

    man→men

    woman→women

    tooth→teeth

    foot→feet

    mouse→mice

    Japanese→Japanese

    Chinese→Chinese

    people→people

    sheep→sheep

    考向二:名詞變形容詞類(lèi)

    1.在動(dòng)詞或名詞后加后綴-ful,如:

    forget→forgetful

    thank→thankful

    care→→careful

    use→useful

    help→helpful

    beauty→beautiful

    wonder→wonderful

    meaning→meaningful

    2.在名詞后加-y,如:

    cloud→cloudy

    luck→lucky

    wind→windy

    noise→noisy

    surhe?sunny

    rain→rainy

    health→healthy

    snow→snowy

    3.在名詞后加-ly,如:

    love→lovely

    friend→friendly

    week→weekly

    day→daily

    4.方位名詞加-ern,如:

    north→northern

    east→eastern

    west→western

    south→southern

    5.在名詞后加-less,變成否定含義的形容詞。如:

    hope→hopeless

    use→useless

    care→careless

    考向三:形容詞加后綴變成名詞

    1.形容詞加-ness變成名詞,如:

    ill→illness

    happy→happiness

    weak—weakness

    careless→carelessness

    kind→kindness

    good→goodness

    2.形容詞加-ty變成名詞,如:

    safe→safety

    certain→certainty

    3.形容詞加-th變成名詞,如:

    true→truth

    warm→warmth

    young→youth

    4.形容詞加-ence/ance變成名詞,如:

    dependent→dependence

    different–difference

    important→importance

    考向四:形容詞變副詞類(lèi)

    形容詞修飾名詞、代詞等作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞作狀語(yǔ)。

    1.一般形容詞詞尾加-ly變成副詞,如:

    slow→slowly

    clear→clearly

    quick→quickly

    real→really

    careful→carefully

    hopeful→hopefully

    quiet→quietly

    sudden→suddenly

    2.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的,要變y為i加-ly,如:

    easy→easily

    happy→happily

    heavy→heavily

    lucky→luckily

    busy→busily

    angry→angrily

    3.以元音字母加輔音字母+e結(jié)尾的重讀開(kāi)音節(jié),直接加-ly,如:

    safe→safely

    polite→politely

    wide→widely

    4.以元音字母+e結(jié)尾,去e加-ly,如:

    true→truly

    5.以輔音字母加-le結(jié)尾,去e加-y,如:

    terrible→terribly

    possible→possibly

    6.形容詞與副詞異形,如:good→well等。

    7.形容詞與副詞同形,如:

    fast→fast

    early→early

    high→high

    hard→hard

    注意:hard作形容詞時(shí)意思是“困難的;硬的;生硬的”等,作副詞時(shí)意思是“努

    力地”。hardly是否定副詞,意思是“幾乎不”。

    既是形容詞又是副詞的單詞如下:

    考向五:動(dòng)詞變名詞類(lèi)

    1.動(dòng)詞加-er變成名詞,如:

    1.動(dòng)詞加-er變成名詞,如:

    farm→farmer

    teach→teacher

    work→worker

    speak→speaker

    sing→singer

    play→player

    read→reader

    drive→driver

    write→writer

    ride→rider

    dance→dancer

    run→runner

    win→winner

    cook→cooker

    wash→washer

    2.動(dòng)詞加-or變成名詞,如:

    invent→inventor

    visit→visitor

    operate→operator

    conduct→conductor

    edit→editor

    act→actor

    3.動(dòng)詞加-tion變成名詞,如:

    invent→invention

    iberate→liberation

    operate→operation

    考向六:基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞類(lèi)

    主要掌握好1~12和20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90及21、22、23這幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞的形式:

    one→first

    twenty→twentieth

    two→second

    thirty→thirtieth

    forth→fortieth

    three→third

    four→fourth

    fifty→fiftieth

    five→fifih

    sixty→sixtieth

    six→sixth

    seventy→seventieth

    seven→seventh

    eighty→eightieth

    ninety→ninetieth

    eight→eighth

    twenty-one→twenty-first

    nine-ninth

    twenty-two→twenty-second

    ten→tenth

    eleven→eleventh

    twenty-three→twenty-third

    twelve→twelfth

    考向七:形容詞與副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)類(lèi)

    1.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)構(gòu)成

    (1)單音節(jié)詞與部分雙音節(jié)詞規(guī)則變變化。

    ①一般詞尾加er,est;如:fast,faster,fastest,等等。

    ②以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加-er,-est;如:easy,easier,easiest,等等。

    ③以一個(gè)元音加一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié),雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母再加-er,-est:

    如:hot hotter hottest,等等。

    ④以e結(jié)尾加-r,-st;如:fine→finer,nice→nicer,等等。

    (2)部分雙音節(jié)詞或以形容詞加-ly變成的副詞和多音節(jié)詞,在其前加more,most變

    成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如:

    interesting→more interesting, most interesting

    beautiful→more beautiful, most beautiful

    slowly→more slowly, most slowly

    quickly→more quickly, most quickly

    (3)不規(guī)則變化。

    good→better→best

    well→better→best

    much→more→most

    many→more→most

    far→farther/further→farthest/furthest

    little→less→least

    ill→worse→worst

    bad/badly→worse→worst

    old→older/older→oldest/eldest

    2.原級(jí):as+形容詞或副詞的原形+as

    “和……一樣……”

    “和……不一樣……”

    not as/so+形容詞或副詞的原形+as

    考向八:人稱(chēng)代詞變化類(lèi)

    要熟練掌握和運(yùn)用主格、賓格、形容詞性物主代詞及名詞性物主代詞。

    考向九:常見(jiàn)的反義詞

    1.動(dòng)詞

    buy—sell

    take—bring

    remember—forget

    die — live

    love — hate

    rise — fall

    start—finish

    miss—catch

    ask — answer

    pull—push

    lend—borrow

    go — come

    2.形容詞

    short—tall / long

    little—much

    right—left / wrong

    free—busy

    full—empty

    few—many

    white — black

    good — bad

    careful — careless

    dead — living

    cheap—expensive

    clean—dirty

    same—different

    easy—difficult

    wet—dry

    open— closed

    strong —weak

    light—heavy

    練習(xí)

    1. Would you mind making a little less ________? They are having a meeting atthe moment. (noisy)

    2. The Smiths live on the________floor of the building. (nine)

    3. All the great________are respected by the world. (invent)

    4.Mypetisa________cat. She is very lovely. (male)

    5. I'll do my homework more________next time. (care)

    6. When you study a foreign language, it's important to make a good________.(begin)

    7. Everyone knows such kind of books is________to children. They shouldn't besold at any bookstore. (harm)

    8. In the past punishment was decided by the university. The student had no________but to accept it. (choose)

    9. Our teacher told us the________story I had ever heard at yesterday's classmeeting. (sad)

    10. The________Lesson is very difficult but very important. You must learn it byheart.(twelve)

    11. They looked very________in the idea. (interest)

    12. After they got on the bus, they found two________.(sit)

    13. Help________to the fish, everyone. (you)

    14. What we have had is just part of the truth. We should try to ge________information about it. (far)

    15. A________sight stopped them from going forward. (frighten)

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