西建大建筑學(xué)人：歷史擔(dān)當(dāng)，西部棟梁

劉加平/LIU Jiaping

梁思成先生于1962年在《人民日報》發(fā)表系列科普文章，一方面闡釋了建筑設(shè)計如何遵循堅固、實用和美觀三原則，另一方面給出了建筑學(xué)學(xué)科同時具備社會科學(xué)、技術(shù)科學(xué)和藝術(shù)學(xué)三重屬性的定義。事實上，梁思成先生自賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)畢業(yè)回國后，一直將這一理念滲透在他畢生的建筑教育事業(yè)之中。源自于原東北工學(xué)院及蘇南工專等四院校的“西冶”1）建筑系，在全然繼承梁思成先生創(chuàng)立的建筑教育體系的基礎(chǔ)上，一直在踐行和豐富職業(yè)建筑師綜合素質(zhì)教育的理念和思想。自1956年招收第一屆建筑學(xué)本科專業(yè)至今，“西冶”建筑學(xué)院（系）已培養(yǎng)出13,000余名本科、碩士和博士畢業(yè)生。在歷屆畢業(yè)學(xué)子中涌現(xiàn)出的業(yè)界翹楚們，倶皆重視地域建筑文化、強調(diào)適應(yīng)性建筑技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，保留著很深的“梁氏”烙印。我在研究生學(xué)習(xí)階段有幸從物理學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)為建筑物理學(xué)、主攻建筑熱工與節(jié)能設(shè)計，由我這位“外行”來撰寫“西冶”建筑學(xué)人介紹，難免以偏概全，不足以窺其全貌，只能僅憑在“西冶”任教學(xué)習(xí)40年的閱歷和目睹建筑學(xué)院在改革開放大潮中跌宕起伏的過程，匯集那些彌散在腦海里的印象點滴成文，權(quán)以為序。

新中國成立后國家進行建筑院系調(diào)整和布局的初心，是由“西冶”擔(dān)負(fù)起培養(yǎng)服務(wù)于西北乃至西部的建筑設(shè)計與城市規(guī)劃人才的責(zé)任。20世紀(jì)五六十年代至今，學(xué)校經(jīng)歷了數(shù)次隸屬關(guān)系變更和更名，服務(wù)對象從城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)移到冶金和采礦行業(yè)又回歸到城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)，故而“西冶”培養(yǎng)的建筑類專業(yè)畢業(yè)生遍布建筑、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃、有色、冶金和采礦領(lǐng)域。師承的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、西遷的初心、始終不移的堅守，歷經(jīng)數(shù)十年的演化和積淀，“西冶”的建筑學(xué)教育風(fēng)格逐漸顯現(xiàn)：基礎(chǔ)扎實、功夫到家、樸素?zé)o華、持之以恒。許多畢業(yè)生服從國家分配，扎根西部、任勞任怨、淡泊名利，全身心服務(wù)于少數(shù)民族地區(qū)乃至艱苦行業(yè)，1956年遷至西安后第一屆入學(xué)的畢業(yè)生、著名建筑大師王小東院士是“文革”前10年眾多“西冶”建筑學(xué)子的杰出代表。

1977年恢復(fù)高考，西安建筑科技大學(xué)亦隨即恢復(fù)招收建筑學(xué)本科專業(yè)學(xué)生。傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)培養(yǎng)方案得以沿襲，教學(xué)與實踐過程健全，學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)一如以往。新三屆（77、78、79級）畢業(yè)生大多成為改革開放中城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃和建筑設(shè)計行業(yè)的骨干和學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)頭人，2015年當(dāng)選中國科學(xué)院院士的1978級畢業(yè)生常青教授，是他們中的典型代表。1980年代后，隨著國家改革開放力度的逐步加大，國內(nèi)建筑院校開始參與國際建筑師協(xié)會（UIA）組織的大學(xué)生建筑設(shè)計競賽?！拔饕薄苯ㄖW(xué)子們與兄弟院校一起，盡情地向國際建筑學(xué)界展示出了他們的嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練、設(shè)計功底和專業(yè)才華?！皩殑︿h從磨礪出，梅花香自苦寒來”，“西冶”建筑學(xué)子1984年首次參賽即榮獲銅獎，此后30多年來連續(xù)參賽并獲獎，不經(jīng)意間成為國際上獲此競賽獎項最多的建筑學(xué)校。歷屆獲獎的優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生在其職業(yè)生涯中為我國建筑設(shè)計行業(yè)的整體進步做出了重大貢獻，成為業(yè)內(nèi)的翹楚。

隨著國力的日益強大，中國正在逐漸成為世界的標(biāo)桿，文化自信和綠色發(fā)展更成為社會進步的引領(lǐng)與標(biāo)志?！拔饕薄苯ㄖW(xué)人緊跟時代步伐，率先以學(xué)術(shù)團隊形式開展服務(wù)國家重大需求的理論探索、設(shè)計創(chuàng)作和應(yīng)用實踐研究。先后獲得我國建筑學(xué)類學(xué)科第一個國家創(chuàng)新研究群體科學(xué)基金資助，獲準(zhǔn)建筑類學(xué)科第一個國家自然科學(xué)基金重大項目資助；建立了業(yè)內(nèi)唯一以綠色建筑命名的“西部綠色建筑國家重點實驗室”和“西部綠色建筑國家級協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心”以及“西部綠色建筑與環(huán)境控制技術(shù)學(xué)科創(chuàng)新引智基地”；入選“高等學(xué)校學(xué)科創(chuàng)新引智計劃”（111計劃） 。依托這些國家級平臺，多個團隊在相關(guān)研究方向團結(jié)協(xié)作，形成了多個重點研究方向，包括以劉克成教授和林源教授為代表的建成遺產(chǎn)保護方向，以王樹聲教授和陳曉鍵團隊為代表的本土城市規(guī)劃方向，以王小東院士和雷振東教授為代表的西部建筑和鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃方向，以劉加平院士和國家“杰出青年”獲得者、長江學(xué)者特聘教授楊柳為代表的綠色建筑設(shè)計方向，國家“杰出青年”獲得者、長江學(xué)者特聘教授王怡和長江學(xué)者特聘教授劉艷峰為代表的綠色建筑技術(shù)方向，其承擔(dān)的任務(wù)和取得的創(chuàng)新成果，分別代表著我國在各自方向的學(xué)術(shù)水平，在國內(nèi)外建筑學(xué)界享有盛譽。緊隨其后的百余名“80后”青年建筑學(xué)子們奉行“韜光養(yǎng)晦”理念，蓄勢待發(fā)，定將成為新時代中國建筑設(shè)計界的棟梁。

新時代綠色發(fā)展已經(jīng)開局，“碳達峰”“碳中和”已成為新時代的發(fā)展主流之時，“高品質(zhì)綠色宜居建設(shè)、建筑文化自信下的建筑創(chuàng)新、綠色低碳的城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展”將成為建筑業(yè)新時代的主旋律。“西冶”建筑學(xué)人將秉持“自信、自強、堅韌、求實”的學(xué)術(shù)傳統(tǒng)，根植西北，踐行使命擔(dān)當(dāng)。

注釋

1）1956年成立之時校名為：西安建筑工程學(xué)院；1959年更名為：西安冶金學(xué)院；1963年更名為西安冶金建筑學(xué)院；1994年更名為：西安建筑科技大學(xué)（現(xiàn)用名）。在西建大建筑學(xué)人的集體記憶中“西冶”是個更具時代感的稱謂。

Mr. LIANG Sicheng published a series of special popular science articles in People's Daily in 1962. On the one hand, he explained how to follow the three fundamental principles of stability, utility and beauty through architectural design. On the other hand, he gave the definition maintaining social science, technological science and art as the triple essential attributes for architecture. In fact, since his return after graduation from the University of Pennsylvania, Mr. LIANG had persevered in this idea through his lifelong architectural education career. Originated from the four well known old institutions for architectural education in China including the former Northeast Institute of Technology and Sunan Institute of Technology while inheriting the architectural education system founded by Mr. LIANG, the architecture department of "XIYE"1), has always been implementing and improving the ideas and thoughts of comprehensive quality oriented education for professional architects. Up to now, more than 13,000 undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students have been educated in the architecture college (department) of "XIYE", since its first round of architecture undergraduate students were recruited in 1956. The industry elites emerging from the past graduates, still bear the deep LIANG's imprint, as they all attach great importance to regional architectural cultures and highlight the application of adaptive architectural technologies. During my postgraduate study, I was fortunate enough to change my major from physics to architectural physics, with the minor focusing on thermal engineering and energy-saving design for buildings. It is therefore inevitably biased or limited for me, as a "layman" of the field, to write this introduction and to show the overall picture of "XIYE" architecture alumni. What I can only rely on to finalise this prologue, should then be my 40 years of teaching and learning experience in "XIYE", ups and downs of the architecture college I witnessed in the process of National Reform and Opening Up, together with impressions and tidbits that are still dispersing and remaining in my minds.

After the founding of People's Republic of China and through the National Architectural College Department Adjustment, to take the responsibility of cultivating architectural design and urban planning talents to serve the Northwest and even the West became the original mission that the country set for "XIYE". Since the 1950s and 1960s, the institution has experienced affiliation and name changing for several times, with its serving field firstly shifting to metallurgy and mining industry and then back to urban and rural construction. Therefore, the architecture majored graduates cultivated by "XIYE" can be found throughout all fields of architecture, urban and rural planning, nonferrous metals, metallurgy and mining. Due to the inherited rigorousness, the consistent intention of westward migration and the unshaken persistence of the institution, after decades of accumulation and evolution, the education style of "XIYE" architecture has been gradually emerging with the following keywords: strong background, professional performance, plain and persistent personality. Many graduates obeyed the state work allocations, took root in the west, bore hardship without complaint, showed indifference to fame or wealth and dedicated their lives to serving minority regions and even hard industries. WANG Xiaodong, one of the first graduates, Academician and famous architect who moved to Xi'an in 1956, was an outstanding representative of "XIYE" architecture alumni during the ten years before the "Cultural Revolution".

With the National College Entrance Examination resumed in 1977, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology also resumed the recruitment of undergraduate students majoring in architecture. The high comprehensive quality of graduates got maintained, as the traditional education programme together with the sound teaching and practice process could be carried on as before. In the process of National Reform and Opening Up, most graduates of the New Thirds (school graduates of 1977-1979) have become the industry or academic leaders in the field of architectural design, or urban and rural planning. Professor CHANG Qing, one of the graduates from grade 1978, who was elected as the academician in the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015, is a typical representative of them. After the 1980s, with the National Reform and Opening Up gradually stepping up, domestic architectural colleges in China began to participate in the architectural design competition of university students organised by the International Union of Architects (UIA). Together with other universities, "XIYE" had its strictly trained design skills and professional talents heartily shown to the international architecture academy by its architecture students. "Honing gives a sharp edge to a sword, and bitter cold adds keen fragrance to plum blossom". The architecture students of "XIYE" won the Bronze Award in 1984 when they first participated in the competition. Since then through rounds of the competition, they have won awards continuously for more than 30 years. Inadvertently, it has become the architectural institution with most awards won in this international competition. As previous winners, many outstanding graduates have made great contributions in their career to the overall progress of China's architectural design industry and become leaders in their profession.

With the growing national power, China is gradually becoming the benchmark of the world, while cultural confidence and green development starts to symbolise and lead its social progress. "XIYE" architecture alumni kept up with the times and took the lead in carrying out theoretical exploration, design creation and application practice research in the form of academic team to serve the major needs of the country. Over the years, it had received China's first National Science Fund for Innovative Research Group in architecture discipline, had won China's first National Natural Science Foundation Major Project in architecture discipline; had established the "State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China", "Green Architecture Collaborative Innovation Centre in Western China" as well as "Innovation and Talent Introduction Base of Green Building and Environmental Control Technology in Western China", all unique in the field entitled with green building; and had been selected for the "Plan of Talent Introduction for University Disciplines" (111 Plan). Relying on these national platforms, and collaborations over related research directions among different research teams, a number of key research directions has been formed, including the direction of Heritage Conservation represented by Prof. LIU Kecheng and LIN Yuan, the direction of Domestic Urban Planning represented by Prof. WANG Shusheng and the team of Prof. CHEN Xiaojian, the direction of Western Architecture and Rural Planning represented by Academician WANG Xiaodong and Prof. LEI Zhendong, the direction of Green building design represented by Academician LIU Jiaping and Prof. YANG Liu, winner of National Funds for Distinguished Youths and Chang Jiang Scholar, and the direction of Green building technology represented by Prof. WANG Yi, winner of National Funds for Distinguished Youths and Chang Jiang Scholar, together with Prof. LIU Yanfeng, winner of Chang Jiang Scholar. The tasks undertook and the innovative achievements obtained by them represent the highest academic level of the country respectively, and enjoy a high reputation in domestic and international architecture academy. And another more than 100 "post-80s" young architecture students, with "keeping a low profile" in mind, are going to become the pillars of Chinese architectural design industry in the new era.

The competition of green development has begun in a new era. When the "Carbon Peak" and "Carbon Neutrality" dominate the mainstream of development, "high quality and green livable construction, architectural innovation under the confidence of architectural culture, together with green and low-carbon balanced rural and urban development" will become the main theme of construction industry in this new era. "XIYE" architecture alumni will take root in the northwest, adhere to their academic tradition of "selfconfidence, self-improvement, tenacity and realism", and fulfill their missions and responsibilities.

Note

1) When founded in 1956, the institution was named Xi'an Institute of Architecture and Engineering; In 1959, it was renamed as Xi'an Institute of Metallurgy; In 1963, it was further renamed as Xi'an Institute of Metallurgy and Architecture; In 1994, it was renamed as Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (Current name). "XIYE" exhibits as a more reminiscent title of the institution for the collective memory of the XAUAT architecture alumni.