Three Competition Zones of the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2022年北京冬奧會及冬殘奧會三大賽區(qū)

張菊

Beijing， located on the north of the North China Plain， is the capital of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jing-jin-ji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China. It is an ever-changing megacity rich in history but also truly modern， exemplified in its global influence in politics， business and economy， education， history， culture， language， music， sport， architecture， civilization， fashion， art， entertainment， innovation， and technology.

[2] Beijing is a major hub for the national highway， expressway， railway， and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010， and， as of 2016， the city’s subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world， after Shanghai’s subway system.

[3] The city’s history dates back three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China， Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces， temples， parks， gardens， tombs， walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China. Encyclopedia Britannica notes that “few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China.”

[4] Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites—the Forbidden City， Temple of Heaven， Summer Palace， Ming Tombs， Zhoukoudian， as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal， all popular locations for tourism.

[5] Beijing Municipality covers a total area of 16，411 km2 with 21.729 million permanent residents. Beijing has a typical monsoon-influenced semi-humid continental warm temperate climate， characterized by humid and hot summers， dry and cold winters and brief springs and summers. The average annual temperature is 12.1℃.

[6] Yanqing City is about 75 kilometers north-west of central Beijing. The area around the city is the Yanqing District， one of the 16 districts of Beijing. It has good communication to the capital， by railway and road， through Badaling. Yanqing is one of three sites for games of the 2022 Winter Olympics.

[7] Rich in natural resources， the picturesque natural landscape of Yanqing is a beautiful painting showcasing the versatile face of Beijing. The district boasts outstanding ecological environment and high forestation， and its air quality is the best in the city for many consecutive years. As a national ecological civilization pilot base and national ecological county， lush mountains， crystal-clear water and blue sky have become its model image.

[8] The district is a top tourist destination in suburban Beijing and has over three-dozen unique sights， including Badaling， Longqing Gorge and Mount Yudu. Many spectacular leisure activities take place in Yanqing District， such as the ice lantern and snow festival， attracting over 20 million visitors each year. Yanqing District is steep in history with profound culture. Its highly distinctive regional cultures such as that of the Yan and Yellow Emperors， Guichuan and Great Wall added to that of Beijing. For the 2022 Winter Olympics， the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Intercity Railway will serve Yanqing with a spur line for fast trains between the other Olympic cities being one hour either side of Yanqing.

[9] Yanqing District occupies a total surface area of 1，993.75 km2. It has a permanent population of 327，000. It is the ecological and resource development area of the capital， and is known as the summer city of Beijing. Yanqing is fully committed to becoming a “city of ice and snow”. It has a continental monsoon climate， between temperate to mid-temperate and from semi-arid to semi-humid zone. The weather is cold in winters and cool in summers， with an annual average temperature of 8℃ （4℃ lower than Beijing city）.

[10] In recent years， Yanqing District has accelerated its connection to the world. It has successfully created Yanqing UNESCO Global Geopark in 2013 and hosted the World Car Camping Conference and the International Conference on Grapevine Breeding and Genetics in 2014， and the World Potato Congress in 2015. The International Horticultural Exhibition 2019 will take place in Yanqing Zone， while Alpine skiing plus the luge， bobsleigh， and skeleton competitions of Beijing 2022 will also take place here， plus a major Olympic Village and media centre.

[11] With 6 districts and 10 counties under its administration， Zhangjiakou is a prefecture-level city in the north of Hebei Province， bordering Beijing to the southeast， Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Shanxi to the southwest.

[12] Zhangjiakou is only 180 kilometers away from Beijing. Because of its strategic position above and northwest of Beijing， Zhangjiakou has been nicknamed “Beijing’s Northern Door”. It constitutes a key portal between Beijing and northwestern China， as well as a critical component of the Capital Economic Rim. Zhangjiakou has 4.68 million people with a total area of 37，000 km2.

[13] Zhangjiakou is steeped in history. The Nihe Bay is believed to be the birthplace of East Asians， while the Emperor Town in Zuolu County is said to be where the three ancestral tribes of Yan Emperor， Yellow Emperor and Chi You formed alliances. The city therefore upholds historical and cultural prominence as the place where East Asians and Chinese civilization emerged. Zhangjiakou has been a key inland trading port in northern China since the Ming and Qing dynasties， and along with Guangzhou， is known as the “dual ports”. The Zhangjiakou-Kulun （present-day Ulan Bator） Trade Route， which rivals the Silk Road， begins here.

[14] Zhangjiakou has a monsoon-influenced， continental semi-arid climate， with long， cold， dry， and windy winters due to the Siberian anticyclone， and hot， humid summers driven by the East Asian monsoon; in between spring and autumn are dry and brief. Conditions are much cooler than in Beijing due in part to the elevation. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from ?8.3℃ in January to 23.7℃ in July， and the annual mean is 8.81℃.

[15] Zhangjiakou is well served by transport and highly accessible. It is home to 6 railways， 6 expressways， 9 national highways and 20 provincial highways. Its public road network spans a total of 21，000 kilometers， among which 926 kilometers are expressways， making it top of the country. Zhangjiakou Ningyuan Airport now operates flights to Shijiazhuang， Shanghai， Shenzhen， Shenyang and Haikou. Their three-dimensional transport system is gradually taking shape. Beijing-Zhangjiakou Intercity Railway is under construction. Once open， the Zhangjiakou Zone may be reached within 50 minutes from downtown Beijing， and its development will join that of Beijing.

北京是中華人民共和國首都，位于華北平原北部。整個北京市幾乎由河北省環(huán)繞，只東南部與天津市接壤——這三部分共同形成京津冀城市群和國家首都區(qū)。北京是一座歷史悠久、變化萬千且極富現(xiàn)代感的大都市，它的全球影響力突出體現(xiàn)在政治、經(jīng)貿(mào)、教育、歷史、文化、語言、音樂、體育、建筑、文明、時尚、藝術(shù)、娛樂、創(chuàng)新與技術(shù)等方面。

[2]北京是國道、高速公路、鐵路和高鐵等交通網(wǎng)絡的主要樞紐。自2010年以來，北京首都國際機場旅客吞吐量已達到世界第二;2016年，北京地鐵已成為世界上最繁忙的城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)，路線長度世界第二，僅次于上海。

[3]北京城的歷史可上溯3000年。北京是中國四大古都中時間最晚的一個，過去800年的大部分時間里，北京都是國家政治中心。20世紀的大部分時間里，北京都是世界上人口最多的城市。北京因其眾多的宮殿、廟宇、公園、園林、陵墓、城墻和城門而聞名。藝術(shù)珍寶及高等學府使其成為中國的文化和藝術(shù)中心?！恫涣蓄嵃倏迫珪啡绱擞浭觯骸叭驔]有幾座城市像北京那樣，能長時間作為像中國這樣幅員遼闊之地的政治和文化中心?！?/p>

[4]北京擁有聯(lián)合國教科文組織認定的七處世界文化遺產(chǎn)：故宮、天壇、頤和園、明十三陵、周口店北京猿人遺址、長城和大運河——這七處均是頗受歡迎的旅游觀光地。

[5]北京市區(qū)總面積1 6411平方千米，常住人口2172.9萬。氣候為典型的暖溫帶半濕潤大陸性季風氣候，夏季高溫多雨，冬季寒冷干燥，春、秋短暫，年平均氣溫12.1℃。

[6]延慶城區(qū)位于北京市中心西北約75千米處。圍繞該城的這片區(qū)域即延慶區(qū)，是北京16個區(qū)之一。該區(qū)交通便利，有鐵路及公路穿越八達嶺與首都相連。延慶是2022年冬奧會三大賽區(qū)之一。

[7]延慶自然資源豐富，風景如畫，展示出北京美麗多姿的另一面。該區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境優(yōu)良，林木綠化率高，空氣質(zhì)量連續(xù)多年全市最佳。作為國家生態(tài)文明示范基地和國家生態(tài)縣，青山綠樹、碧水藍天已成為延慶的典型形象。

[8]延慶是京郊旅游勝地，擁有八達嶺長城、龍慶峽、玉渡山等30余個風光獨特的景區(qū)景點。這里還有冰燈冰雪節(jié)等精彩紛呈的諸多休閑活動，每年吸引游客2000多萬人次。延慶歷史文化底蘊深厚，炎黃文化、媯川文化和長城文化等特色鮮明的地域文化熠熠生輝，為人文北京增光添彩。為舉辦2022年冬奧會，北京至張家口城際鐵路（京張城際鐵路）將有一條快車支線連接延慶和其他奧運城市，從延慶出發(fā)去往任意一邊都只需一小時。

[9]延慶區(qū)總面積1993.75平方千米，常住人口32.7萬，是首都生態(tài)涵養(yǎng)發(fā)展區(qū)，素有北京“夏都”之名。延慶依托豐富的冰雪資源，全力打造“冰雪之城”。延慶屬大陸性季風氣候，處于溫帶與中溫帶、半干旱與半濕潤帶的過渡地帶。氣候冬冷夏涼，年平均氣溫8℃（比北京市年平均氣溫低4℃）。

[10]近年來，延慶區(qū)加快了與世界的聯(lián)系。2013年，延慶地質(zhì)公園被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入世界地質(zhì)公園名錄;2014年，成功舉辦世界汽車房車露營大會和世界葡萄大會;2015年，成功舉辦世界馬鈴薯大會。2019年，世界園藝博覽會將在延慶舉行。2022年北京冬奧會期間，高山滑雪、雪橇、雪車和鋼架雪車等項目的角逐將在延慶進行，同時延慶還將設有重要的奧運村和媒體中心。

[11]張家口地級市位于河北省北部，轄6區(qū)10縣，東南與北京交界，西部和北部與內(nèi)蒙古交界，西南則與山西交界。

[12]張家口距北京僅180千米。因位于北京上方西北處，張家口極具戰(zhàn)略地位，一直被稱為“北京的北大門”。張家口是北京連通中國西北地區(qū)的主要門戶，也是首都經(jīng)濟圈的重要組成部分。張家口總面積3.7萬平方千米，總?cè)丝?68萬。

[13]張家口歷史十分悠久。泥河灣據(jù)說是東方人類發(fā)源地，而涿鹿黃帝城是炎帝、黃帝、蚩尤“三祖”合符地，這里因此擁有“東方人類從這里走來”“中華文明從這里走來”兩大人文歷史名片。自明清以來，張家口就一直是我國北方重要的陸路商埠，與廣州并稱“陸水雙碼頭”。與絲綢之路相媲美的張庫大道（張家口—庫倫大道，庫倫即為現(xiàn)在的烏蘭巴托）就從這里起始。

[14]張家口屬于半干旱大陸性季風氣候。因西伯利亞反氣旋，張家口冬季漫長多風，寒冷干燥;夏季由于東亞季風，炎熱多雨;春秋兩季干燥而短暫。張家口比北京涼爽很多，部分歸因于海拔略高。日平均氣溫從1月的零下8.3℃，到7月的23.7℃，年平均氣溫8.81℃。

[15]張家口交通四通八達，十分便捷，已建成6條鐵路、6條高速、9條國道和20條省道，公路通車里程達2.1萬千米，其中高速公路通車總里程達到926千米，居全國前列。張家口寧遠機場現(xiàn)已開通至石家莊、上海、深圳、沈陽和?？诘暮骄€，立體交通運輸體系逐步成型。京張城際鐵路已開工建設，通車后，從北京市區(qū)50分鐘可到達張家口賽區(qū)，張家口將實現(xiàn)與北京的同城化發(fā)展。

（譯者單位：中華女子學院）