家國情懷“寧波幫”

鄭海立

歷史上的“寧波幫”，是指舊寧波府所屬鄞縣、奉化、慈溪、鎮(zhèn)海、定海、象山六縣在外埠經(jīng)營的商人，以血緣姻親和地緣鄉(xiāng)誼為紐帶聯(lián)結(jié)而成的商業(yè)群體。他們崛起于明朝天啟、萬歷年間，鼎盛于“五口通商”之后。而現(xiàn)代意義上的“寧波幫”，除舊屬六縣外，還包括余姚、寧海在外埠的商人及其后裔。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，有10多萬寧波籍商人分布在世界64個國家和地區(qū)，加上他們的后裔，“寧波幫”總?cè)藬?shù)超過40萬。他們中不乏工商巨頭和世界級的名流，如包玉剛、董浩云、王寬誠、邵逸夫、陳廷驊、曹光彪、李達三、孫忠利等?！皩幉◣汀痹谙愀鄣氖蟾缓乐性加腥?在為數(shù)不多的“世界船王”中也占有二席。

“寧波幫”素有愛國愛鄉(xiāng)、樂善好施的傳統(tǒng)美德。歷史上“寧波幫”中有同情和支持孫中山民主革命的，有在民族危難中舍身取義的。至于熱心公益事業(yè)，更是歷代不乏其人。如在本世紀初老一代“寧波幫”中，著名的旅日華僑吳錦堂先后出巨資興修家鄉(xiāng)杜、白兩湖水利，耗資22萬銀兩。在當(dāng)代“寧波幫”中，原香港中華總商會會長王寬誠在新中國成立后積極購買愛國債券，在抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭中捐獻了一架飛機，在二十世紀六十年代還捐贈了兩所學(xué)校——“東恩中學(xué)”和“東恩小學(xué)”。

1984年，鄧小平同志在作出指示：“把全世界的‘寧波幫’都動員起來，建設(shè)寧波?！遍_啟了寧波改革開放的輝煌歷程。

“寧波幫”，作為一個富有家國情懷的群體，傾情奉獻出了所有的力量。

“寧波幫”與中國近代史

從唐宋浩浩蕩蕩走過來的那個東南沿海的繁華港口，以良好的地理條件、濃郁的商業(yè)氛圍孕育了一代代長袖善舞的寧波商人。從明清輾轉(zhuǎn)走出去的那些遍布半個中國的商貿(mào)足跡，帶著海天一色的豪氣，拋卻了“走西口”的哀怨與“闖關(guān)東”的悲壯，走出“無寧不成市”的“寧波幫”群像，并撼動了中國近代工商史。

康熙年間，鎮(zhèn)海十七房鄭家在北京開設(shè)了“四恒號”錢莊，慈城人樂尊育在北京創(chuàng)辦了同仁堂，這些嘗試都為日后“寧波幫”的異地經(jīng)營提供了方向。

“小白菜，嫩艾艾，丈夫出門到上海;十元十元帶進來，上海末事加小菜;鄰舍隔壁分點開，介好老公阿里來?！边@首始于清朝末年的寧波民謠，記錄了“寧波幫”通過上海闖進近代經(jīng)濟的起點。

寧波、上海一葦可航。1843年上海開埠，中外貿(mào)易的中心逐漸從廣州轉(zhuǎn)移到上海，讓早期的“寧波幫”商人看到了新的商務(wù)契機。迅速的介入讓他們在金融、貿(mào)易、航運、制造等行業(yè)嶄露頭角，“寧波幫”由此創(chuàng)造了百余個中國第一——第一艘商業(yè)輪船、第一家機器軋花廠、第一家商業(yè)銀行、第一家日用化工廠、第一批保險公司、第一家由華人開設(shè)的證交所、第一家信托公司、第一家味精廠、第一家燈泡廠……“寧波幫”新式商人群體，確立了在近代中國的產(chǎn)業(yè)主導(dǎo)地位。

從寧波到上海、到香港、再到海外，大時代里，“寧波幫”經(jīng)歷著不衰的輝煌。王寬誠、嚴信厚、邵逸夫、包玉剛、董浩云、曹光彪……一個個寧波人的名字在世界各地閃耀。宇宙中就有4顆以寧波工商界人士名字、兩顆以寧波籍著名科學(xué)家名字命名的小行星。

“千朵桃花一樹生，是“寧波幫”最樸素的民族觀。每一代“寧波幫”人士，總會把自己的前途和祖國的命運緊密聯(lián)系在一起，竭盡奉獻襄助之能力?！薄皩幉◣汀辈┪镳^館長王輝說，“寧波幫”之所以綿延200年至今依舊旺盛，就在于他們的家國情懷濃郁，赤子丹心有史可鑒。他們在堅守民族大義、投身民主革命、振興教育實業(yè)、致力國家建設(shè)、促進香港回歸上都作出了巨大貢獻。

于是，我們聽到了一個個家國故事。

吳錦堂，出資幫助孫中山開展革命活動、秘密協(xié)助運送革命軍備。孫中山曾親筆題贈“熱心公益”匾額。

陳順通，在上海開辦中威輪船公司?？谷諔?zhàn)爭時期，為建立海上防御工事自沉全部船舶，破產(chǎn)而赴國難。

嚴修，先后創(chuàng)辦了南開大學(xué)、南開女中、南開小學(xué)，這些學(xué)校培養(yǎng)了以周恩來、陳省身、吳大猷、曹禺等為代表的一大批杰出人才。

王寬誠，抗美援朝時期賣掉了自己的一塊地皮，向國家捐獻了一架飛機。他還率先兩次認購人民勝利折實公債三萬六千份，成為“海外購債冠軍”。

兩次四明公所事件

四明公所成立于1797年，為當(dāng)時寧波府屬七縣旅滬商幫集資公建。寧波旅滬同鄉(xiāng)會成立于1911年。這兩個寧波同鄉(xiāng)團體是上海城市發(fā)展、商貿(mào)繁榮的產(chǎn)物。

在上海歷史上，上海市民反抗外國侵略者的最早的兩次大規(guī)模群眾性斗爭，正是寧波同鄉(xiāng)團體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的兩次四明公所事件。

第一次，是在1874年（清同治13年）。法租界公董局為謀求更大利益以開筑馬路為借口，即使在寧波同鄉(xiāng)會一再請求公董局將道路稍向北遷移并表示愿意承擔(dān)筑路費用的情況下，還是強令寧波人遷走四明公所內(nèi)寄存的棺柩。寧波同鄉(xiāng)聚集在公所附近舉行抗議，趕走法國巡捕，包圍法租界路政負責(zé)人住宅，要求取消筑路計劃。該負責(zé)人開槍，造成一死一傷，憤怒的群眾愈集愈多，廣大市民支持寧波人的斗爭，支持的群眾達1500多人，燒毀了數(shù)間法國人住宅。群眾于傍晚包圍了公董局。法國軍艦“亞士拉”號武力鎮(zhèn)壓群眾，殺害群眾7人，傷者眾多。群眾堅持斗爭的結(jié)果，最后迫使法國領(lǐng)事館宣布取消筑路計劃，并允許公所建筑圍墻。

第二次，是在1898年（清光緒24年）。法租界公董局借口建造學(xué)校和醫(yī)院，強行征收四明公所地產(chǎn)，遭到拒絕。于是法國領(lǐng)帶指使“偵察”號軍艦上的水兵登陸，強行拆除四明公所圍墻，遭到寧波同鄉(xiāng)和廣大市民的堅決反對，法軍開槍打死2人，打傷多人。當(dāng)晚，群眾反擊了法租界，打碎路燈。次日，法侵略者實施報復(fù)，開槍打死打傷30余人，逮捕10余人，造成第二次四明公所血案。在滬寧波人以罷市罷工沉重反擊侵略者，30多萬人參加斗爭，并得到了廣大市民的支持，結(jié)果法租界被迫放棄了強占四明公所的企圖。

兩次四明公所事件，突出地體現(xiàn)了上海的“寧波幫”人士團結(jié)一致、敢于反抗侵略者的頑強斗爭精神和熱忱愛國精神。這兩次群眾性的反侵略斗爭，不僅在上海，而且在全國產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。

投身抗日戰(zhàn)爭

1931年“九一八”事變后，國民黨政府對日本侵略者采取“不抵抗”政策，全國各地以上海為首掀起抗日救國運動。在此后的“一二八”“八一三”兩次淞滬抗戰(zhàn)中，上海的“寧波幫”都發(fā)揮了積極作用。

“一二八”抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，寧波同鄉(xiāng)團體大力支援了十九路軍的浴血抗戰(zhàn)，募捐了大筆款項和物資支援前線，當(dāng)時各民眾團體紛紛組織籌建傷兵醫(yī)院，而寧波同鄉(xiāng)團體組織籌建的傷兵醫(yī)院最多?！耙欢恕笨箲?zhàn)中，大批難民無家可歸，成為嚴重的社會問題，各同鄉(xiāng)團體都組織了收容和運送難民回原籍的工作，而寧波同鄉(xiāng)會在其中的努力最為突出。

在“八一三”抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)當(dāng)天，寧波同鄉(xiāng)會就派出了10支救護隊，每隊卡車一輛，救護員20名，前往戰(zhàn)地救護傷兵和難民。還免費運送了20多萬同鄉(xiāng)返回原籍。

更有不少寧波籍企業(yè)家，在致力于提倡國貨、實業(yè)救國的同時，還熱情投身于抗日救亡運動。

方液仙，浙江鎮(zhèn)海人，生于1893年。他是中國日用化工業(yè)的奠基人，不僅創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)，卓有建樹，還在當(dāng)時抵制日貨、提倡國貨運動中成績顯著，被社會各界稱為“國貨大王”。他是一位熱情的愛國者，在上?！耙欢恕焙汀鞍艘蝗眱纱武翜箲?zhàn)中讓出廠房，興辦兩期傷兵醫(yī)院，救護大批抗日戰(zhàn)士。他還積極支持中共上海黨組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的群眾性聯(lián)誼團體“益友社”，并任名譽理事。

方液仙的愛國行動引起日本軍部的極端仇視。日本軍部多次提出要與他主持的中國日用化學(xué)工業(yè)社聯(lián)營，他不為所誘，拒絕聯(lián)營;日本軍部又以沒收工廠相威脅，他嚴詞指責(zé)，不為所屈。1939年，汪偽傀儡政權(quán)派人向他游說，邀他擔(dān)任偽上海市政府實業(yè)部長，又遭拒絕。汪偽見引誘不成，繼施恐嚇、威脅的手段，恐嚇信不斷飛來，方液仙仍不為所懼，汪偽見其始終不肯就范，遂萌生殺意。

1940年7月25日，方液仙被汪偽特務(wù)綁架，被害時年僅47歲。為了紀念方液仙的愛國精神，上海淞滬抗戰(zhàn)紀念館陳列了他的事跡和照片。

愛國殉職的藥業(yè)先驅(qū)項松茂，浙江鄞縣人，1880年出生。他創(chuàng)辦的五洲大藥房、五洲皂藥廠，以精誠為店訓(xùn)，團結(jié)店員共同努力，生產(chǎn)人造自來血、固本肥皂等優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，與洋商競爭并取得成功，為中國西藥業(yè)發(fā)展作出貢獻。

他不僅是一位成功的實業(yè)家，更是位大義凜然的愛國主義者?！熬乓话恕笔伦兒?，項松茂參加了抗日救國會，抵制日貨，并在廠里成立抗戰(zhàn)義勇軍一營，自任營長，聘請軍事教官進廠訓(xùn)練，以為對日宣戰(zhàn)之準備。“一二八”抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，五洲店員11人為日軍拘捕，身為公司總經(jīng)理的項松茂為營救店員，不顧生命安全，兩度深入戰(zhàn)亂地帶，終于陷入敵手。日軍審問：“你為何抵制日貨？為何組織義勇軍？店內(nèi)裝有軍服，誰敢抗日，殺無赦！”項松茂侃侃回答：“中國人愛中國，你我同種（黃種人），不謀共存，為何強占我土地、屠殺我民眾？”項抗?fàn)幉磺?月31日晨，與店員11人慘遭殺害，時年僅52歲。他的立身格言是“平居宜寡欲養(yǎng)身，臨大節(jié)則達生委命，治家須量入為出，徇大義當(dāng)介視千金”。他以生命實踐了自己的諾言，令人敬重。

項松茂壯烈犧牲后，章士炎等撰文悼念，蔣介石題贈“精神不死”匾額。鄞縣縣志記述了項松茂的事跡。他威武不屈的民族氣節(jié)將永遠為后人所崇敬。

積極投入抗日戰(zhàn)爭的愛國企業(yè)家不勝枚舉。比如張逸云，浙江鎮(zhèn)海籍，1871年出生在上海，后來成為上海醬園業(yè)的巨子。他創(chuàng)辦的天廚廠生產(chǎn)佛手牌味精，不但擊敗日本的味之素，而且向英、美、法等國申請了味精專利，成為中國最早在國際上獲得專利的化工產(chǎn)品。

“一二八”淞滬戰(zhàn)爭期間，天廚廠一再捐助財物，為抗日出力。他冒著生命危險向國外購買兩架飛機（教練機和戰(zhàn)斗機），并在機身寫上“天廚”兩個大字，曾轟動一時，還受到當(dāng)時國民政府的嘉獎。著名愛國民主人士楊衛(wèi)玉致函說：“老哥等慨捐飛機，愛國情切，為天下人矚目，實可敬可佩?！笔潞髲堃菰埔采罡凶约鹤隽艘患Q心快意的大事。

“寧波幫”，是一群人，但已不單是一個群體的代名詞，更是一種地域人文現(xiàn)象，是一種團結(jié)互動的家國情懷。

Ningbo Bang： A Beacon of Patriotism

By Zheng Haili

Ningbo Bang， alternatively translated as the Ningbo Merchants Group， the Ningbo Commercial Group or simply the Ningbo Group， refers historically to a group of merchants doing business outside their native place， namely Yinxian， Fenghua， Cixi， Zhenhai and Xiangshan， the six counties under the jurisdiction of the historical Ningbo prefecture. These businessmen， connected by ties of blood， marriage or birth place， formed a loose community， emerged during the Ming （1368-1644） dynasty and became as one of the biggest regional commercial groups in China during the late Qing （1616-1911） period. Ningbo Bang in its modern sense includes not only the traders in the six counties but also those businessmen from Yuyao and Ninghai， as well as their descendants.

Statistics show that there are currently over 100，000 businessmen of Ningbo origin living in 64 countries and regions all cross the globe. With their offspring， the number of Ningbo Bang “members” stands at more than 400，000. Among them are business tycoons and world-renowned celebrities， such as Bao Yugang （1918-1991， aka Yue-Kong Pao， founder of the Worldwide Shipping Group）， Dong Haoyun （1912-1982， aka C. Y. Tung， founder of the Orient Overseas Line） and Shao Yifu （1907-2014， aka Run Run Shaw， entertainment mogul and philanthropist. Indeed， three of the ten richest people in Hong Kong were from the Ningbo Bang， in addition to two world shipping magnates.

Known for their entrepreneurship and business acumen， Ningbo Bang is also recognized for their patriotism and charity. For example， some supported the revolutionary causes of Sun Yat-sen （1866-1925）. Wang Kuancheng， former president of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong， actively bought national bonds after the founding of the People’s Republic China， and apart from funding schools， he also donated an aeroplane in China’s war to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

China’s late leader Deng Xiaoping said in 1984 that “worldwide resources of Ningbo Bang should be fully leveraged for the development of Ningbo”， heralding a four-decade glorious journey for the city’s reform and opening-up.

The development of Ningbo Bang goes a long way back. The Tang （618-907） and Song （960-1279） dynasties witnessed the rise of Ningbo as a prosperous port along the southeast coast. With good geographical conditions and rich commercial atmosphere， generations of traders were born. Then during the Ming and Qing dynasties， the footprints of Ningbo businessmen spread across half of China. The establishment of qianzhuang （money shops or old-style banks） and pharmacies such as Tong Ren Tang in early Qing offered guidance for the future business operation of Ningbo Bang members. In 1843， the opening of Shanghai as a commercial port signaled the shift of Sino-foreign trade from Guangzhou to Shanghai， and attracted businessmen from its close neighbor， Ningbo， who quickly rose to prominence in finance， trade， shipping， manufacturing among other industries.

It is also during this period in Shanghai that two of the earliest and largest mass protests， led by a guild established by Ningbo Bang businessmen， against foreign occupiers took place.

Founded in 1797， Siming Gongsuo， also known as the Ningbo Association， was a native place association predominantly composed of people of Ningbo origin living in Shanghai.

In 1874， the French Council of the French Concession forced Siming Gongsuo to relocate the charitable cemetery inside its premises for a road it plans to build. Native Ningbo people gathered near Siming Gongsuo in protest， drove out the French police and surrounded the house of the Frenchman in charge of the matter， demanding its cancellation. The Frenchman opened fire， killing one and wounding another on the spot， which ignited the anger of the crowd. As an increasing number of people gathered， estimated to be over 1，500 people， and houses were burned down. A French warship was even called in to quell the protest， killing seven people and injuring many. Eventually， the French authority gave in and canceled the road construction plan.

In 1898， the French Council of the French Concession again ordered the confiscation of the land properties of Siming Gongsuo， ostensibly to build schools and hospitals， but the request was firmly rejected. The French authority then asked its naval forces to land and violently demolished the walls of Siming Gongsuo， killing two and injuring many more. Angry crowds stormed the French Concession that night before France retaliated the next day， killing and injuring another 30 and arresting more than a dozen. Led by Siming Gongsuo， over 300，000 went on strike or protested against the French atrocities， and once again， the French attempt to seize Siming Gongsuo was thwarted.

The solidarity of Ningbo Bang and the group’s perseverance and patriotism had a great influence in Shanghai and all over China. When the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in September 1931， Ningbo Bang played a significant role in the January 28 Incident in 1932 and the Battle of Shanghai in 1937， donating money， materials， medical supplies and helping refugees return to their native places.

During the Japanese invasion， many entrepreneurs of Ningbo origin were devoted to promoting national goods and threw themselves into the fight against the invaders.

Born in Zhejiang’s Zhenhai in 1893， Fang Yexian was known as the “King of Daily Use Chemicals”. A scion of a family of financiers from Ningbo， Fang was an ardent supporter of the National Products Movement. During the January 28 Incident of 1932 and the Battle of Shanghai in 1937， he converted his plants into hospitals and saved a great number of wounded Chinese soldiers. Resented for his resistance efforts， Fang was executed for refusing to collaborate with the Japanese on July 25， 1940.

Xiang Songmao， born in Yinxian in 1880， was another merchant of Ningbo Bang. He was not only the founder of the Great Five Continents Drugstore， contributing to the development of medicine in China， but also organized paramilitary troops in his factory to combat the Japanese invasion. Unfortunately， Xiang was captured during the January 28 Incident of 1932 and， together with 11 members of his drugstore， was killed. He was only 52.

Fang and Xiang are just two of many patriotic Ningbo Bang entrepreneurs who contributed efforts and even sacrificed lives in China’s resistance against Japanese invasion. And that fighting spirit still shines through.