• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Culture Merging:A Logic Based Method*

    2020-12-24 02:19:42XiaoxinJing
    邏輯學(xué)研究 2020年6期

    Xiaoxin Jing

    Abstract. Intercultural conflict resolution is an important issue worldwide.However,we should avoid resolving them by war,violence,or even terrorism.To this end,this paper proposes a logic based merging method to resolve opinion conflicts on the same things in different cultures.Specifically,we first define each agent’s logic system,in a specific culture,as a tuple of the language and a binary relation over the language,which can well reflect different opinions on the same things in different cultures.Then we define a kind of the Hamming distance to measure the distance between any two cultural logic systems.Further,based on the distance measure,we define a kind of merging operator (including its special cases such as impartial merging operator,cautious operator,and tolerant merging operator)and reveal some of their properties such as consistency,agreement,strong unanimity,groundedness,anonymity,majority preservation,and uniqueness.In addition,we propose a method for merging cultural logic systems with different degrees of importance and with opinions which are important differently.

    1 Introduction

    Culture is a collection of elements,such as values,beliefs,opinions,and knowledge of the world,shared by a group of human beings.([13])Generally speaking,conflict means some form of friction,disagreement,or discord arising within a group.([2])Therefore,cultural differences can cause cultural conflict.([29])The study of conflict resolution started centuries ago,but only recently this problem was systematically investigated because conflicts between different cultural groups are among the most difficult problems we are facing today.For these conflicts,of course,we should avoid resolving them by war,violence,and terrorism.As a result,it is very important to investigate other more acceptable ways for achieving consensus,so that social problems caused by the conflicts of different cultures can be resolved peacefully.([25])Moreover,a study on intercultural resolution can also benefit governments to make their policy concerning immigration,because such a method can be used to predict what kind of a new culture will appear if they grant immigrants with different cultural background.In addition,if agent systems act on behalf of humans in different cultures,they have to model accurately their human users’interests,preferences,and prejudices? otherwise,their human users would not delegate their tasks to the agents.([12])

    So far,to resolve intercultural conflict,much work has been done.Nevertheless,most of them are sociological or anthropological theories.([3,6,1])The formal theories of intercultural conflict resolution focus on intercultural negotiation([30,15]),which all are game-theoretic approaches instead of logical-based ones.Nonetheless,the game-theoretic approaches can just be used to figure out which strategy is the best one in a particular intercultural negotiation scenario,and they cannot be used to predict what kind of new culture will appear if people with different cultural opinions on the same things are put together.

    On the other hand,merging is a process for agents to fuse conflicting information from several sources with equal reliability to build a coherent description of the world.([36])A lot of formal theories about merging have been developed ([34,35,28,19]),and most of them focus on the problem of belief merging in the same culture.However,from the viewpoint of cultural pluralism and the information processing in intercultural communications,these merging theories need to be extended to intercultural environments.For example,when two friends,Chinese Xiaoming and American Angela,meet in the street,Xiaoming asks Angela,“Where are you going?”For Xiaoming,this is just a kind of daily greeting in China?but Angela may feel uncomfortable and view it as an invasion upon her privacy.Therefore,in an intercultural communication,not only the language barrier but also the logic systems reflecting their cultural characteristics(unnecessarily the same)prevent people from different cultures to understand each other.In other words,different cultures may be modelled as different logic systems.As far as we know,at present researchers in merging theories presume a unified underlying logic system,while individuals or groups from different cultures often reach different,even opposite,conclusions even from the same precondition.([38,27])

    To this end,this paper will propose a merging method in the context of intercultural communication.More specifically,we will design a distance-based operator to merge logic systems that model different cultures.This brings a number of new challenges.That is,we need not only to merge logical languages but also to reach coherent binary relations over the languages.Actually,such a binary relation represents an implication relation in a logic system,which reflects the opinion on a thing in a specific culture,e.g.,the question of“where are you going?” is a“daily greeting”or an“invasion upon privacy”.

    We advance the state of art in the following aspects.(i)We model different cultural opinions on the same thing as a binary tuple,where one element is some propositions about the thing and the other is a proposition that reflects the opinion on the thing in a culture.In other words,we define each agent’s logic system as a pair,which consists of the language and a binary relation among the language.(ii)We propose a two-step process to merge different cultural logic systems:first all the logic systems are expanded to be based on the same language,and then the distancebased method is employed to select the logic system that is nearest to the expanded logic systems.(iii)We introduce three special merging operators:impartial merging operator,cautious operator,and tolerant merging operator.(iv)We reveal some basic properties of our merging operator.And(v)we also propose a solution to the problem of merging cultural logic systems with different degrees of importance and opinions which are important differently.

    The rest of this paper is organised as follows.Section 2 defines the logic systems of different cultures.Section 3 discusses how to merge the logic systems by using the distance-based approach.Section 4 reveals some properties of our merging operators.Section 5 we discuss how to merge cultural logic systems with different degrees of importance and with opinions which are important differently.Section 6 discusses the related work to show how our work advances the state-of-art in the research area of information fusion.Finally,Section 7 concludes this paper with future work.

    2 Cultural Logic Systems and Their Expansions

    This section will define the cultural logic systems of agents from different cultures.

    There are several different perspectives to consider the notion of logic.Firstly,the classical logic systems,which were introduced by Frege and Rusell ([14]),are defined as a set of valid formulas in some logic system.Specifically,a logic system is given by a formal language and a deductive calculus(namely a set of axioms and a set of inference rules).The total formulas derivable in the calculus,which are valid in the system,compose the logic system.This view has been proved to be too narrow because of the emergence of numerous non-classical logics,in particular,logics without valid formulas at all,such as Kleene’s three-valued logic([10]).In this paper,we adopt another abstract approach and define logic as a pair(S,?),where S is the set of sentences and ??P(S)×S is the consequence relation.Such pairs are used,for example,as entailment systems in[26],or logical systems in[39].

    Now let L be a fixed language(i.e.,a set of sentences).Here,we do not give a specific definition for language L,just assume that it is formal.It may have a set of connectives(with an arity n),a set of propositional variable V,and formulas in L are defined inductively as usual in propositional logic.In intercultural communication([16]),agents from different cultures may have different languages,which we represent as L,and restrict them to finite set of sentences.Thus,a cultural logic system includes a kind of language L and a set of binary relations R?between P(L)and L,1The binary relation indicates that given some sentences in P(L)as premises,we could get a sentence in L as their conclusion.Besides,we think that in the different cultural logic systems,the monotonicity is not necessarily satisfied.where P(L)is denoted as the power set of L.Formally,we have:

    Definition 1(Cultural logic system).Given a formal language L,which is a finite set of sentences,a cultural logic system over L is a pair L=P(L)×L.We denote a profile of n cultural logic systems as P=(L1,...,Ln),where eachis the cultural logic system for agent i.

    In the rest of our paper,sometimes we will useto denote the complete version of a cultural logic system,wherebut we will not distinguish these two notations if there are no confusions arisen.

    Intuitively,a cultural opinion belongs to a consequence relation in a cultural logic system.Formally,we have:

    Definition 2(Opinion).Given a formal logic language L,an opinion in L is a tuple(Σ,φ) ∈P(L)×L,where Σ is a set of premises and φ is a conclusion.An opinion(Σ,φ)is said to be valid in a cultural logic system Liff(Σ,φ)∈.We denote O(L)as all the valid opinions in L.If an opinion(Σ,φ)is not valid in L,then(Σ,φ)

    Notice in this paper,we assume a cultural logic system is consistent,i.e.,for anysuch that(Σ,φ) ∈In other words,the above two conflictive opinions cannot be in the same cultural logic system.

    Given a profile of multiple cultural logic systems,our purpose is to characterise the set of logic systems acceptable to a group of agents from different cultures.That is,we will give a coherent logic,which is resulted from fusing different cultural logic systems with equal reliability.Thus,our approach is a two-step process.First,each cultural logic system is expanded to a new one over the language considered by the group of agents from different cultures.This aims to reflect that some agents may not know the language given by other agents from other cultures,as well as how to add the sentences and the inference relations based on the sentences into their own logic systems.Then,merging is applied into the expanded systems for resolving the possible conflicts between them.

    In order to achieve this goal,we first introduce the concept of cultural logic systems’expansion.Intuitively,it extends a number of cultural logic systems so as to represent the ignorance of the sentences and implication relations in different cultural logic systems given by agents from different cultures.This is necessary in our setting because the in intercultural communication,agents probably have different languages.Hence,the cultural logic system of each agent is first expanded,and all such cultural logic systems are built upon the same language,in which the sentences are given by at least one agent in intercultural communication.Formally,we have:

    Definition 3(Expansion of a cultural logic system profile).Given a cultural logic system profile P=(L1,...,Ln)of n cultural logic systems in which each Li=and a cultural logic systeman expansion of L over P is defined as a cultural logic system exp(L,P)=where:

    In the above definition, Le=means that Leis the expansion of L over languages Liin the cultural logic system profile P=(L1,...,Ln).As we mentioned before,the languages in different cultural logic systems have different sentences.The expansion of L over Li(i ∈{1,...,n})is obtained just by adding all the sentences occurring in Liinto L.As for the expansion of the implication relation,means that the valid opinions in L are still valid in its expansions.

    Besides adding the sentences,we should also consider the implication relations based on the sentence.This is because each agent can have her own expansion policy to incorporate a new implication relation into her cultural logic system.More specifically,we focus on a special one,called the consensual expansion:when incorporating a new implication relation into his/her own cultural logic system,an agent thinks that the premise infers the conclusion whenever all the other agents who are aware of all the sentences do not object to this implication relation?otherwise,he/she thinks that he/she ignores this implication relation.Formally,we have:

    The above definition reflects the intuition that given a profile P of multiple cultural logic systems,if valid opinions in one cultural logic system are not conflictive with those in other cultural systems,they should be added into the consensual expansion for all cultural logic systems in the profile.Clearly,the consensual expansion of L over P is also a cultural logic system.

    In the following,we will reveal a property for consensual expansion.Before presenting it,we first need two concepts below:

    Definition 5(Non-clash part).Let P=(L1,...,Ln)be a profile of cultural logic systems,where each Li=is a logic system.Then the non-clash part of P,denoted as nc(P),is given by:

    Definition 6(Common part).Let P=(L1,...,Ln)be a profile of logic systems,where each Li=is a logic system.Then the common part of P,denoted as cp(P),is given by:

    The following theorem reveals an important property of the consensual expansion:when we take the consensual expansion over a profile,the valid opinions in the non-clash part of the profile is always preserved.In other words,any consensual expansion for a logic system over a profile of Lipreserves the pieces of information that are not questioned by any other agent.Moreover,the consensual expansion is the most cautious expansion that one can define because an opinion is added into the merged logic system only when all the other agents do not oppose to it.

    Theorem 1.2Some proofs in this paper are omitted due to space consideration,see[17]for details.Let P=(L1,...,Ln)be a profile of cultural logic systems,andbe the consensual expansion of Liover P.Then ?i ∈{1,...,n},

    3 Cultural Logic Systems Merging

    In this section,we will propose a merging approach on the expanded systems as a way to resolve possible conflicts between them.

    3.1 Hamming distance between cultural logic systems

    Our method of merging a profile of cultural logic systems is a two-step process.Firstly,each cultural logic system Liover the language of Liis expanded such that all the expansions of the logic systems are over the same language L′=Here we assume that the expansion of each agent’s logic system over the profile is the consensual one.Next,the logic systems over L′are selected with the distancebased method as the result of merging.To do this,we will apply the idea behind the well-known Hamming distance ([36,34])to define the Hamming distance between two cultural logic systems as follows:

    Definition 7(Hamming distance between cultural logic systems).Given two cultural logic systems L1and L2over the same language L,their Hamming distance is the number of opinions on which the two logic systems differ,i.e.,

    After defining the distance between two cultural logic systems,we need to justify what we did is proper.That is,we need to prove that our definition of the distance satisfies the basic axioms of a distance measure.Formally,we have:

    Theorem 2.3See the proof in details in[17].Given any cultural logic systems Li,Lj,and Lkover language L where i,j,k ∈{1,...,n},their Hamming distance satisfies:

    1.non-negativity:d(Li,Lj)≥0?

    2.identity of indiscernible:d(Li,Lj)=0iffLi=Lj?

    3.symmetry:d(Li,Lj)=d(Lj,Li)?and

    4.triangular inequality:d(Li,Lk)≤d(Li,Lj)+d(Lj,Lk).

    3.2 Merging method

    Our merging method aims to select cultural logic systems that are as close as possible to the extended systems generated from the original ones of agents in different cultures.We will measure the closeness by the distance between a cultural logic system and a profile of cultural logic systems.Formally,we have:

    Definition 8(Cultural logic systems merging).Given a profile P=(L1, ..., Ln)where each Li=is a cultural logic system,let d be a kind of distance between two cultural logic systems.And suppose thatis the expansion of Liover P.Then the merging of P is defined as:

    where an aggregation function ?is a total function mapping from a finite tuple of non-negative integers to a non-negative integer and satisfies:

    In the literature,aggregation function ?in the above definition can be in many forms([34,40,24,44,20]),but in this work we just use the normal addition operator,on real number set,as the aggregation function,because it is the most intuitive one.

    Generally speaking,given two cultural logic systems L1and L2over the same language of L,since language L is finite,we can suppose the number of the sentences in L is m.Thus,in totalopinions can be generated by language L.4representsindicating the number of ways to select n distinct objects from a set of m objects without considering the order of the objects.Since some opinions may be valid in a logic system but not in others,given any two logics,we can always count the number of the conflicting opinions between them(i.e.,valid in one logic but not in the other).Sometimes we will simply use d(L,P)to indicate the distance from a logic system to a profile P of logic systems,where P=(L1,...,Ln)and d(L,P)=

    3.3 Three special kinds of merging operator

    In the above,we have introduced our merging operator for a profile of logic systems.Normally,we aim to reach a common logic system after merging.However,sometimes with our merging method,the merged logic systems may not be unique.

    Example 1.L0,L1,L2and L3are logic systems over the same language L={s1,s2,s3,s4},i.e.,

    In other words,L0,L1,L2,and L3are all among the logic system list after merging.Therefore,we need to consider additional requirements to constrain further the behaviour of our merging operators,so that we can pick up the merging result that meets our needs.In the following,firstly we consider a merging operator,which is fair for all the cultural logic systems to be merged.

    Definition 9(Impartial merging operator).Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln)where each Li=is a cultural logic system,let d be a Hamming distance between two cultural logic systems.Suppose thatis the expansion of Liover P,and the resulted logic systems after merging by Definition 8 (i.e.,formula (8))areA merging operator,denoted as △im,for a profile logic systems is an impartial merging operator if it satisfies:

    Intuitively,an impartial merging operator is fair because it selects the result that is not partial to any logic system in the expanded profile.

    The following is an example of using impartial merging operator:

    Example 2(Example 1 continued).Given the logic systems L1and L2as we mentioned in Example 1,and letSince obviously the resulted logic system using impartial merging operator are L0=L,?and L3=(L,{(s1,s2)(s3,s4)}).

    Secondly,we consider other two kinds of important merging operators:

    Definition 10(Cautious merging operator).Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln)where each Li=is a cultural logic system.The resulted logic systems after merging by Definition 8 (i.e.,formula (4))areA cautious merging operator,denoted as △c,is defined as:

    The cautious merging operator reflects the fact that when the merging result is not unique,the logic system that includes the least valid opinions in it should be selected.On the contrary,the tolerant merging operator is the one with the most valid opinions in it.Formally,we have:

    Definition 11(Tolerant merging operator).Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln)where each Li=is a cultural logic system.The resulted logic systems after merging by Definition 8(i.e.,formula(4))areA tolerant merging operator,denoted as △t,is given by:

    The following is an example of cautious merging operator and tolerant merging operator.

    Example 3(Example 1 continued).Given the logic systems L1and L2as we mentioned in Example 1,and letSince

    obviously the resulted logic system using the cautious merging operator is L0=(L,?)and the resulted logic system using the tolerant merging operator is L3=(L,{(s1,s2),(s3,s4)}).

    4 Properties

    In this section,we reveal some properties of our merging operator on cultural logic systems.Note in this section,we denote the consensual expansion for each logic system over P=and our merging operator as

    Firstly,the resulted logic systems after merging are all consistent.Formally,we have:

    Theorem 3(Consistency).Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln),in which each Li=is consistent.

    ProofWe need to prove that if there is an opinion(Σ,A) ∈then(Σ,?A)suppose the number of the expanded logic systems which include(Σ,A)as a valid opinion is k(k ≥).Since the logic systems in the merging are all consistent,suppose the number of the expanded logic systems which include(Σ,?A)as an valid opinion is h,then h <,by Definition 8,we know(Σ,?A)□

    The above property is reasonable because we are always aiming to reach consistent logic systems after merging.

    The following property reflects that if there are no conflicts among the given profile,then the merged profile is simply the union of all the logic systems in the profile.

    Theorem 4(Agreement).5See the proof in details in[17].Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln)in which each Li=if no disagreements appear in P,i.e.,?i,j ∈{1,...,n},?(Σ,φ) ∈P(Li∩Lj)×(Li∩Lj),(Σ,φ)∈

    Now we turn to the next property,which reflects the intuition that if an opinion is not questioned by any of other agents,it should be collectively accepted.Formally,we have:

    Theorem 5(Strong unanimity).6See the proof in details in[17].Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln)in which eachbe the non-clash part of the profile.Then

    The following property states that if an opinion is collectively acceptable in the merged result,then it must be valid in at least one of the cultural logic systems in a profile.

    Theorem 6(Groundedness).7See the proof in details in[17].Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln),for a merging oper-ator △,?(Σ,φ) ∈then there exists at least one i ∈{1,...,n}such that

    The following property means that a merged result should be independent of the merging order because all individual cultures equally important in the merging.

    Theorem 7(Anonymity).8See the proof in details in[17].For any two profiles P=(L1,...,Ln) and P′=over L,which are permutations of each other,L is in the outcome after merging Piffit is also in the outcome after merging P′.

    The following property states that if a cultural logic system is achieved simply by the majority vote on the opinions over the language,then this logic system is the output by using the merging operator we defined.Formally,we have:

    Theorem 8(Majority preservation).Given a profile of logic system P=(L1,...,Ln) over the same language L,in which each Li=,a merging operatoris that we have defined in Definition 8.If a logic system LMajis obtained using the majority rule,9Several alternative definitions are possible for the majority rule in judgment aggregation when abstention is allowed.Here,for any(Σ,A)where Σ,A ∈L,one considers that the majority rule includes(Σ,A)as a valid opinion(resp.invalid opinion)when the number of logic systems which include(Σ,A)as a valid opinion(resp.invalid opinion)is strictly bigger than the number of logic systems that include(Σ,A)as a invalid opinion(resp.valid opinion),and it will do nothing otherwise.then ?L△∈(L1,...,Ln),they share the same language and

    ProofSuppose there is a logic system Lthere exists an opinion(Σ,A)over language L,(Σ,A)∈while(Σ,A)Then we can give another logic system L′based on L simply by adding(Σ,A)in it as a valid opinion.Since(Σ,A)∈the number of expanded logic systems which include(Σ,A)as a valid opinion is strictly bigger than the number of expanded logic systems which include(Σ,A)as an invalid opinion.Suppose there are k logic systems which include(Σ,A)as a valid opinion,it is obvious that k >By Definition 7,we have Thus,according to our merging method defined in Definition 8, LLn).Contradict.Therefore,?L△∈they share the same language and□

    The following theorem states that if a cultural logic system is achieved simply by the majority vote on the opinions over the language,then it is exactly the merging result using our cautious merging operator on the opinions.Formally,we have:

    Theorem 9(Uniqueness).Given a profile of logic systems P=(L1,...,Ln)over the same language L,in which each Li=let LMajbe the merged logic system obtained using the majority rule and let Lcbe the merged result by usting the cautious merging operator(see Definition 10),then LMaj=Lc.

    ProofSince the logic systems in the profile share the same language L,then the language of Lcand LMajare the same,we just need to prove thati.e.,

    5 Discussion on Weighted Merging of Cultural Logic Systems

    In the previous two sections,we study the problem of merging cultural logic systems with the same importance.However,in reality sometimes a certain cultural logic system may have a greater voice in merging.So,a weighted approach is required in this case.Moreover,all the pieces of opinions in a cultural logic system may not have the same importance,so weighted opinions should also be dealt with.Thus,in this section we will take the weight of each cultural logic system and each opinion in one cultural logic systems into consideration.Instead of giving new merging operators,we will revise the definitions of distance and aggregation function to fit in the situation where all sources are not equally important.

    Firstly,we have:

    Definition 12(Weight function).A weight function σ associated with an opinion o(or a cultural logic system L)is a total function that maps each o(or L)to a positive integer.

    This definition of weight function is a measure of the importance of an opinion or a cultural logic system.Clearly,the greater the value is,the more important the opinion is in a cultural logic system(the more importance the cultural logic system is in a profile).This is in accordance with our intuitions.Notice that we assume the weight of an opinion or a cultural logic system is always given,as the valuation in classical proposition logic.When a weight is not given,we assume it is 1.

    Based on the weight function we have defined above,we can introduce the concept of the weighted Hamming distance between two cultural logic systems as follows:

    Definition 13(Weighted Hamming distance).Given two cultural logic systems L1and L2over the same language L,let σ1and σ2be weight functions for the opinions inThe weighted Hamming distance of L1and L2induced by σj(j ∈{1,2})is given by:

    The following theorem means that our definition above is proper.

    Theorem 10.The weighted Hamming distance holds the properties of non-negativity,identify of indiscernible,symmetry and triangular inequality we have mentioned in Theorem 2.

    ProofLet Li=We check these properties one by one.

    (i)Non-negativity:By Definition 13 and formula(13),d(Li,Lj)≥0 is obvious.

    (ii)Identity of indiscernible:The proof is similar to that given in the proof of Theorem 2(ii).

    (iii)Symmetry:The proof is similar to that give in the proof of Theorem 2(iii).

    (iv)Triangular inequality:We define the conflict part of two logic systems Liand Ljas the set of opinions on which the two logic systems differ,i.e.,

    We can see that d(Li,Lj)= |Cf(Li,Lj)|.Suppose d(Li,Lj)= l1,d(Lj,Lk)= l2and d(Li,Lk)=l3,by Theorem 2,we have l3≤l1+l2.Actually,?o ∈Cf(Li,Lk),it is always that o ∈Cf(Li,Lj)or o ∈Cf(Lj,Lk).By Definition 13,we have

    Definition 14(Hamming distance between cultural logic systems).Given two cultural logic systems L1and L2over the same language L,their Hamming distance is the number of opinions on which the two logic systems differ,i.e.,

    In the following,we will define the aggregation function that are used when the cultural logic systems do not have the same importance.

    Definition 15(Weighted sum).Given a profile P=(L1,...,Ln),where each Li=and the weighted function of each cultural logic system Liis σi.Let L=be a logic system and dw(L,Li)be the weighted Hamming distance between L and Li(1 ≤i ≤n)then the weighted sum aggregation function induced by σiis a function from 2N+to N+(N+is the positive integer set)defined as:

    In the following we give an example:

    Example 4.Suppose American Amy(A),Russian Blair(B),and Chinese Chris(C)have a brief conversation about the cultural phenomena of their own countries.In Amy’s opinion,the sentence of “Where are you going?” (s1)is an invasion upon privacy(s2),and she thinks“Dragon(s3)symbolises evil(s4)”?while for Chris,she does not think the question has any thing to do with the privacy issue,and thinks that dragon could not symbolise evil.At last,Blair agrees with Amy on the privacy issue but agree with Chris on the dragon.In addition,they have different importance degrees.Amy is the most important one.In particular,the weight of her cultural logic system is σ(LA)=3,while σ(LB)= σ(LC)=1.In addition,Amy thinks that the opinion of “Dragon(s3)symbolised evil (s4)” is much more reliable than other opinions.Specifically,the weight of this opinion is σ(s3,s4)=3 while Blair and Chris take all their opinions with the same reliability.

    We first expand their logic systems to the same language L′with the consensual expansion,then based on language L′={s1,s2,s3,s4},there are in total 260different logic systems by taking different numbers of opinions as valid opinions.

    Table 1:Weight Hamming Distances with WS

    We summarise the calculations in Table 1.For each possible logic system generated over languages L′= {s1,s2,s3,s4},we give the distance between this logic system and the expanded logic systems for Amy,Blair,and Chris using our weighted Hamming distance measure in Definition 12 and the weighted sum of them.By using our weighted sum aggregation function,we can obtain the total distance from one logic system to the profile.10In Table 1,for example,the weighted Hamming distance between L1 and is 8,and the weighted sum of weighted Hamming distance is 3×8+5+5=34.Putting all the information together,we find that the result of merging the weighted cultural logic systems of Amy,Blair,and Chris is:

    6 Related Work

    In this section,we will compare our study with some existing ones which concerns how to fuse logic based information.

    6.1 Propositional belief merging

    Propositional belief merging has received much attention for the past two decades.A number of belief merging operators have been defined and investigated so far from a logical standpoint,and an important subset of propositional merging operators consists of the distance-based operators.([21,34,35])For such operators,the models of the merged base are precisely the models of the integrity constraint which are at a minimal distance of the input profile.Also a lot of studies extend the framework of logic-based merging introduced above in different ways.([28,19,11,8])For example,Konieczny,Lagniez,and Marquis([19])focus on the computational aspects of propositional belief merging.They present encoding schemes for distance-based belief merging operators relying on the (possibly weighted)drastic distance or the Hamming distance between interpretations,and using sum,GMax(leximax)or GMin(leximin)as aggregation function.

    There are several similarities between the above studies and the merging of our cultural logic system.Nevertheless,there are three significant differences between theirs and ours.Firstly,the merging of belief systems is supposed to be under the same cultural background,while our work considers the merging of cultural logic systems in different cultures.As a result,the cultural logic system that we defined in this paper emphasises the plurality of logic system,while the merging theories above do not put it into consideration.Secondly,the representation language of our framework is a binary relation structure other than the propositional logic in belief merging theories,which is more suitable to reflect different opinions on the same thing.Thirdly,we reveal a number of properties(i.e.,consistency,agreement,strong unanimity,groundedness,anonymity,majority preservation,and uniqueness),while in the above work they did not discuss these properties.Hence,our framework of merging cultural logic systems may benefit the research in their topics as well.

    6.2 Merging argumentation systems

    Some researchers investigate how to merge argumentation systems.For example,Coste-Marquis et al.([7])present a general framework for merging argumentation systems from Dung’s theory of argumentation ([9]).The merging argumentation systems is under the same cultural background,while our merging of cultural logic systems is concerned with different cultures.Moreover,although the argument framework is also a pair,it is totally different from ours.Actually,its binary relation is an attack relation,while that in our cultural logic system is an implication relation,indicating that a sentence could be reached as a conclusion from a set of premises.

    6.3 Judgment aggregation

    Judgment aggregation is about how to aggregate individual judgments on logically interconnected propositions into a collective decision on the same proposition.([22])So,it is also a merging process of information from different sources.For example,the logic aggregation theory([41])is closely related to our work.More specifically,their logic aggregation is treated as argument-wise,and some possibilities and impossibilities of aggregating logics are studied.Moreover,they prove that certain logical properties can be preserved by some desired aggregation functions,while some of other logical properties cannot be preserved together under nondegenerating aggregation functions,as long as some specific conditions are met.Their work aims to investigate under which conditions aggregation functions satisfy certain logical properties.Nonetheless,the purpose of our work is to investigate how to apply the distance-based merging operator into logic systems with binary relation that well reflects different opinions on the same thing in different cultures.Thus,we propose a particular merging framework in intercultural environments,which satisfies a set of logical properties.

    6.4 Weighted merging

    Some researchers studied the weighted approaches in belief merging and argument system merging(see[35]for a survey).For example,Dubois,Kaci,and Prade([5])present a general approach for fusing prioritised propositional information,in which priorities are represented in the possibilistic logic framework.Nevertheless,what they merged are beliefs which are represented simply as propositions,while the cultural logic systems in our work are two-tuple structures.Accordingly,our weighted merging method is obviously different from theirs.

    Although in their work an argument system is also a two-tuple structure,there are some significant differences between their approach and ours.Firstly,their merging method focused on defining the weight of attack relations of the arguments in an argument system.However,in our merging approach,what we concern is the weight of each cultural logic system and the weight of each valid opinion in certain cultural logic systems,but think that the inference relations between sentences are decided.Secondly,the merged result of their approach is a weighted argument system emphasising the weight of attack relations between the arguments,while the outcome of our method is simply a set of valid opinions.

    6.5 Logic system combination

    Also many studies concern the general definition and combination of logic systems.([33,31,32])For example,[33]gives general definitions of logical frameworks and logics,and then general definitions for equivalence of logics,translation between logics,and combination of logics.They also establish general criteria for the soundness and completeness of these logic systems.Both their work and ours are concerned with logic systems using approaches independent of the specific logical framework.However,our work is quite different from theirs.Firstly,they define logic systems using a formalist approach,while we adopt an abstract one.Roughly speaking,the former explicitly represents the syntax and proof theory,whereas the latter assumes abstract sets of sentences and consequence relations.Secondly,they formulated logic systems systematically as logical theories,while we represent a logic system simply as a binary relation and use the distance-based merging method to get a coherent logic system.Thirdly,their study is irrelevant to culture,while ours focus on cultural opinion merging.

    7 Conclusion

    The resolution of cultural conflicts is a very important issue worldwide.To this end,this paper presents a method for merging cultural logic systems.More specifically,we define each agent’s cultural logic system as a tuple of the language and a binary relation over the language,which reflects well different opinions on the same thing in different cultures.Then merging different systems of this kind is a two-step process.Firstly,all the logic systems are expanded to be based on the same language?and then a distance-based method is used to select a logic system that is the nearest to the expanded one from the given profile of cultural logic systems.In this work,we employ the Hamming distance to measure the distance between any two cultural logical systems,and we define three special merging operators:impartial merging operator,cautious operator,and tolerant merging operator.Moreover,we reveal that our merging operators possess some good properties such as consistency,agreement,disagreement,strong unanimity,groundedness,anonymity,majority preservation,and uniqueness.In addition,we also discuss how to merge cultural logic systems with different degrees of importance and with opinions which are important differently.Our resolution to intercultural conflict can be used as the basis for agents from different cultures to communicate with each other,and benefit governments in making their immigration policies.

    There are several things worthy doing in the future.First,with our merging operator,the merged logic systems may not be unique.If a particular one among them is required,a choice function needs to be designed.Second,besides distance-base merging methods,other merging operators (such as disjunctive operators,conflictbased operators,and default-based operators)may be used to merge cultural logic systems.If so,it is also interesting to examine their differences.Third,as we have seen,given a certain language,because the number of opinions and cultural logic systems that could be generated over the language grow exponentially,the computation complexity of the distance calculation is very higher.Therefore,a new method for cultural logic system merging,which can significantly reduce the computation complexity,is required.Fourth,it is also interesting to integrate our merging method with negotiation methods([18,23])to resolve cultural conflicts.Finally,our work in the paper actually is a method for resolve opinion conflicts.Maybe it is worth integrating our method with opinion mining methods([4,37,43,42]),so that computer systems not only can mine out different opinions from social media but also can merge them to resolve potential conflicts among them.

    欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 超色免费av| 电影成人av| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 一级片'在线观看视频| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| www.熟女人妻精品国产| av网站在线播放免费| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| videos熟女内射| 黄片小视频在线播放| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看 | a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 青草久久国产| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 在线 av 中文字幕| av一本久久久久| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 欧美日韩av久久| 韩国av在线不卡| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 欧美97在线视频| 黄色视频不卡| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 国产一区二区 视频在线| 精品久久久精品久久久| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 一区二区三区激情视频| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 国产精品免费视频内射| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 国产毛片在线视频| 赤兔流量卡办理| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 捣出白浆h1v1| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 婷婷色综合www| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看| 老司机影院毛片| 一区二区av电影网| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 国产在线一区二区三区精| av有码第一页| 亚洲精品视频女| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影 | 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影 | 国产探花极品一区二区| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 日本色播在线视频| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 在线观看三级黄色| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 搡老岳熟女国产| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲国产欧美网| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 在线天堂中文资源库| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 欧美在线黄色| 午夜av观看不卡| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 日韩伦理黄色片| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 久久久久久久精品精品| 在线 av 中文字幕| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 日日啪夜夜爽| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品 | 欧美在线一区亚洲| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 国产成人91sexporn| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 不卡av一区二区三区| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 亚洲人成电影观看| 好男人视频免费观看在线| av在线老鸭窝| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 悠悠久久av| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| av一本久久久久| 国产成人欧美| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 国产乱来视频区| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 国产麻豆69| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 99热网站在线观看| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 午夜久久久在线观看| 另类精品久久| 老司机影院毛片| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| av网站在线播放免费| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 高清av免费在线| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| av网站免费在线观看视频| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产又爽黄色视频| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 亚洲成人手机| kizo精华| 成人国产av品久久久| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 七月丁香在线播放| 99热全是精品| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 观看美女的网站| 91成人精品电影| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 午夜91福利影院| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 美国免费a级毛片| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| www.熟女人妻精品国产| videos熟女内射| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 婷婷色综合www| 黄片小视频在线播放| 日日撸夜夜添| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 国产成人系列免费观看| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频 | 精品少妇内射三级| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 欧美成人午夜精品| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 国产一级毛片在线| 看免费av毛片| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 国产精品无大码| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看 | 国产av一区二区精品久久| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 超色免费av| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 亚洲精品自拍成人| www日本在线高清视频| 精品酒店卫生间| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 欧美另类一区| 亚洲精品第二区| 免费看不卡的av| 亚洲精品视频女| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 午夜激情av网站| 久热这里只有精品99| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 1024视频免费在线观看| 久久影院123| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 亚洲国产av新网站| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| av不卡在线播放| 捣出白浆h1v1| 综合色丁香网| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 国产精品欧美亚洲77777| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 黄色 视频免费看| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 999久久久国产精品视频| 18在线观看网站| 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 美女午夜性视频免费| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码 | 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 色网站视频免费| 综合色丁香网| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 一级毛片 在线播放| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 久久久久网色| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 伦理电影免费视频| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 国产精品成人在线| 99热全是精品| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影 | 国产麻豆69| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 观看av在线不卡| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 久久免费观看电影| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 黄频高清免费视频| 亚洲综合精品二区| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 五月开心婷婷网| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 夫妻午夜视频| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 视频区图区小说| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 免费av中文字幕在线| 国产乱来视频区| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密 | 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 成人影院久久| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 久久99精品国语久久久| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 考比视频在线观看| 香蕉国产在线看| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 最黄视频免费看| 老司机影院成人| 亚洲国产精品999| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 久久人人爽人人片av| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 秋霞伦理黄片| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 久久人人爽人人片av| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 青草久久国产| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 日本av免费视频播放| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网 | 一级黄片播放器| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 两性夫妻黄色片| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 国产精品无大码| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 国产av国产精品国产| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 国产成人精品无人区| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播 | 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 尾随美女入室| av在线播放精品| videosex国产| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| av.在线天堂| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 国产极品天堂在线| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 日日撸夜夜添| 国产淫语在线视频| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 亚洲精品第二区| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 久久婷婷青草| 天堂8中文在线网| 黄色一级大片看看| 一本久久精品| 精品福利永久在线观看| 亚洲精品在线美女| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 丁香六月欧美| 免费观看av网站的网址| 97精品久久久久久久久久精品| 91国产中文字幕| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 亚洲国产看品久久| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 成人手机av| 久久久久久人人人人人| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 人人澡人人妻人| 在线天堂中文资源库| 99九九在线精品视频| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 国产精品无大码| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看 | 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 女人精品久久久久毛片| av视频免费观看在线观看| 黄片播放在线免费| 色网站视频免费| 欧美日韩av久久| 两性夫妻黄色片| 99久久人妻综合| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲精品一二三| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产野战对白在线观看| av一本久久久久| 黄色视频不卡| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 高清不卡的av网站| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 在线观看人妻少妇| 国产片内射在线| 国产在线免费精品| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 亚洲伊人色综图| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 久久狼人影院| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 亚洲成人手机| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 99久久综合免费| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 午夜影院在线不卡| 综合色丁香网| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 蜜桃在线观看..| 精品少妇内射三级| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 午夜激情av网站| 操出白浆在线播放| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频 | 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀 | 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 精品一区二区免费观看| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 咕卡用的链子| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 国产av精品麻豆| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 宅男免费午夜| 婷婷色综合www| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 国产成人精品福利久久| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯 | 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 曰老女人黄片| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 中文欧美无线码| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 免费观看性生交大片5| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 色94色欧美一区二区| 国产 精品1| 国产麻豆69| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 超碰成人久久| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| av在线观看视频网站免费| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| av网站免费在线观看视频| 老熟女久久久| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 久久av网站| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 两性夫妻黄色片| av在线app专区| 我的亚洲天堂| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 亚洲图色成人| 黄片播放在线免费| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 自线自在国产av| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 伦理电影免费视频| 黄频高清免费视频| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 日本wwww免费看| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品 | 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线 | a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 国产1区2区3区精品| 男女免费视频国产| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 久久久久久人妻| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影 | 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 免费少妇av软件|