Appendix：The most promising plants in the Russian Arctic (Lobanov, 2014)

1 Black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum)

Figure A1 Black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum).

(1) Unique attributes

It significantly improves mental and physical performance, the efficiency of decision making under stress, survival during extreme cooling, and accuracy and speed of hand movement coordination. It also reduces weather sensitivity. Unlike other stimulants, it does not increase blood pressure.

(2) Scope of application

● functional foods and dietary supplements; supplements for martial arts athletes, participants in team sports and figure skating, adventure tourists, and climbers;

● dietary supplements for people experiencing a highly emotional and intellectual load (managers, operators, drivers, rescuers, police, teachers, doctors, and students);

● dietary supplements for people allergic to weather changes.

(3) Raw materials: bamboo shoots and berries.

(4) Preparation method: drying, freeze-drying. Wide range of growth, at least 100 t of stock each year.

(5) Products: soft drinks, chocolate, candy, marmalade, and chewing gum.

2 Tundra white birch (Betula nana)

Figure A2 Tundra white birch (Betula nana).

(1) Unique attributes

It increases the elasticity of blood vessel walls, reduces tissue swelling, increases collagen spiraling and skin elasticity, protects cells from free radicals (slowing down aging), and improves cellular use of oxygen during exercise.

(2) Scope of application

● suitable for various beverage ingredients;

● functional foods and dietary supplements for athletes;

● consumption by patients receiving chemotherapy and antibiotics.

(3) Raw materials: leaves.

(4) Preparation method: drying.

(5) Products: soft drinks, chocolate, candy, marmalade, and chewing gum.

3 Siberian larch (Larix sibirica)

Figure A3 Siberian larch (Larix sibirica).

(1) Unique attributes

It protects cells from free radicals (slows down aging), increases resistance to intoxication with organic toxins, gives drinks a fresh flavor and extends shelf life.

(2) Scope of application

● functional foods and dietary supplements for athletes;

● consumption by patients receiving chemotherapy and antibiotics.

(3) Raw materials: tender leaves.

(4) Preparation method: drying, freeze-drying.

(5) Products: soft drinks, chocolate, candy, marmalade, and chewing gum.

4 Sphagnum（Sphagnum fuscum）

Figure A4 Sphagnum (Sphagnum fuscum).

(1) Unique attributes

It absorbs heavy metals, water-soluble and fat-soluble toxins, reduces the rate of glucose absorption, promotes food digestion, stores products for long periods of time, and prevents food allergies.

比如，幼兒園的新老師舞蹈跳得特別好，孩子們都喜歡看她的舞蹈，希望了解有關(guān)舞蹈的知識，于是就有了生成課程“和舞蹈老師在一起”。根據(jù)幼兒對舞蹈知識的提問，及時(shí)借助現(xiàn)代教學(xué)媒體從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上獲取知識和答案。這種教學(xué)手段遠(yuǎn)比老師反復(fù)說教的效果更為突出。幼兒不僅獲得了關(guān)于舞蹈的很多知識，還學(xué)會了一種獲取知識的方法，掌握了一種學(xué)習(xí)方法。

Unlike other adsorbents of plant origin, it does not irritate the intestinal wall. It prolongs the shelf life of products. It has a neutral taste and is suitable for inclusion in sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, and sour preparations.

(2) Scope of application

● functional foods and dietary supplements;

● high protein content in food;

● suitable for patients with impaired digestive function of the small intestine, type 2 diabetes patients, and patients who have received treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

(3) Raw material: tender buds.

(4) Preparation method: drying and crushing.

5 Greygreen reindeer lichen (Cladina rangiferina)

Figure A5 Greygreen reindeer lichen (Cladina rangiferina).

(1) Unique attributes

It enhances immunity, promotes the treatment of chronic inflammatory processes in the lungs and bronchi, and reduces intestinal fermentation. It absorbs heavy metals and large-scale organic toxins, reduces the rate of glucose absorption, and assists food digestion without irritating the intestinal wall. It can also play a role in long-term storage of food products.

(2) Scope of application

● functional foods and dietary supplements for patients with chronic lung disease;

● digestive disorders in the small intestine；

● type 2 diabetes；

● following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

(3) Raw material: tender shoots.

(4) Preparation method: drying and crushing.

(5) Products: bread, chocolate, candy, jam, and sausages.