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    南詞?走書?評話,寧波人的鄉(xiāng)音藝術(shù)

    2020-12-08 02:07:56周東旭
    文化交流 2020年11期
    關(guān)鍵詞:四明曲藝藝人

    周東旭

    曲藝是中國一門古老的說唱藝術(shù)。許多人分不清楚戲曲與曲藝,其實兩者是傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)中一枝樹上的兩朵奇葩,有點“近親”關(guān)系。曲藝是說唱藝術(shù),而戲曲是扮演藝術(shù),戲曲的許多聲腔來源于曲藝,比如寧波甬劇的許多調(diào)腔,就吸收了四明南詞的音樂;當(dāng)年嵊縣的落地唱書藝人涂脂抹粉,在4個翻過來的稻桶上鋪上木板當(dāng)作舞臺,開始扮演人物,演出簡單的小戲,從此誕生了一個名叫越劇的新劇種。

    曲藝歷史悠久。曾經(jīng)出土過兩漢時期的說唱俑,說唱俑一手抱著鼓,一手拿著槌,表情生動而滑稽。中國文學(xué)里的唐傳奇、宋話本,與曲藝關(guān)系密切?!傲形豢垂佟薄坝笫氯绾?,且聽下回分解”,話本小說就是說書人的底本?!墩f唐》《說岳》均來自古代的說唱藝術(shù),說書人根據(jù)這個底本加以發(fā)揮。

    清代文學(xué)家、戲劇家李笠翁說,書是寫給識字人看的,而戲則是演給識字和不識字的人看的。在舊時代,文化藝術(shù)、人文教養(yǎng)的提高,戲曲與曲藝起著非常重要的作用,以前教育普及率低,加之勞作辛苦,娛樂項目極少,而且曲藝比起戲曲,更不講究場地和排場,幾乎隨時隨地都可以演出,所以曲藝深受百姓歡迎。

    明末文學(xué)家張岱描述過同時代著名評話藝術(shù)家柳敬亭說書的盛況,“一日說書一回,定價一兩。十日前先送書帕下定,常不得空?!边@里有當(dāng)時最有名的說書藝人演出時的行情價格。同樣是說景陽岡打虎,“與本傳大異。其描寫刻畫,微入毫發(fā)”,說武松到了店門口大吼一聲,店中的酒甕都嗡嗡有聲,“閑中著色,細(xì)微至此”。“其疾徐輕重,吞吐抑揚,入情入理,入筋入骨”,描繪了柳敬亭說書的高超藝術(shù),同時記錄了當(dāng)時的說書盛況。

    晚清的劉鶚在《老殘游記》里有一段“明湖居聽書”,也十分經(jīng)典?!俺耸?dāng)?shù)句之后,漸漸的越唱越高,忽然拔了一個尖兒,像一線鋼絲拋入天際,不禁暗暗叫絕。那知他于那極高的地方,尚能回環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)折。幾囀之后,又高一層,接連有三四疊,節(jié)節(jié)高起?;腥缬砂羴矸逦髅媾实翘┥降木跋螅撼蹩窗羴矸逑鞅谇ж?,以為上與天通;及至翻到傲來峰頂,才見扇子崖更在傲來峰上;及至翻到扇子崖,又見南天門更在扇子崖上:愈翻愈險,愈險愈奇。”劉鶚用了通感手法,描寫了唱書藝人的高超。

    從現(xiàn)代的角度來看,曲藝已經(jīng)式微,但細(xì)心一想,曲藝并不曾離開你的生活,在熱播電視劇《都挺好》里蘇大強就喜歡聽蘇州評彈,在喜馬拉雅平臺上的說書欄目,是許多人睡前的必修課。近來走紅的“脫口秀”節(jié)目,類似單口相聲,其實也有曲藝的影子在,只是脫口秀門檻要求低,無需說學(xué)逗唱的基本功訓(xùn)練,但一個一個的段子一如相聲的“抖包袱”,這一點是舞臺藝術(shù)的共通點。

    寧波有許多曲藝品種列入國家級非遺項目,如四明南詞、寧波評話、寧波走書、唱新聞等。

    寧波有一句老話叫“南詞唱華堂,走書下農(nóng)莊,評話進茶坊”,這里就包含了寧波的三種曲藝:四明南詞、寧波走書、寧波評話。從他們各自演出場所的不同,我們也可以看出四明南詞相對比較文雅,出入于大戶人家的廳堂;走書通俗易懂,是農(nóng)民兄弟喜歡的節(jié)目;評話講的都是歷史故事,適合在茶坊里喝茶的男人們聽,他們最關(guān)心歷史政治故事。不同的演出形式,有不同的觀眾群,這是一種藝術(shù)形式繁榮的現(xiàn)象。

    四明南詞是唱、奏、念、白、表相間的表演形式。主唱人要有“一白、二唱、三弦”的硬功夫。南詞常用曲調(diào)有詞調(diào)、賦調(diào)、正賦、平湖、緊平湖,俗稱“五柱頭”。調(diào)和調(diào)式轉(zhuǎn)換較多,也有板腔變化,曲調(diào)文靜優(yōu)美。唱腔大多是七字句,有的間隔襯字流暢動聽。還有大段起板、間奏、尾奏等器樂段。在開演之前或休息之后必奏一曲,以顯示該班社的藝術(shù)水平,并起到靜場的作用。所用曲子多為江南絲竹樂曲,如《四合如意》《得勝令》《三六》等,最具特色的是四明南詞獨有的《將軍令》(也稱《文將軍》)。主要樂器有:小三弦、揚琴、二胡、琵琶、簫、笙等。演奏時,演奏員們各顯身手,配合默契,十分優(yōu)雅。

    四明南詞的主要書目有:《珍珠塔》《玉蜻蜓》《白蛇傳》《雙珠球》《十美圖》《盤龍鐲》《雪雨亭》《果報錄》《雙珠鳳》《西廂記》等。

    我先前曾在寧波海曙區(qū)文化館工作過一段時間,海曙區(qū)文化館是四明南詞的傳承基地。當(dāng)時的一位副館長陳祥源先生即是四明南詞的傳承人,他學(xué)的是揚琴,他的妻子陳雅蕓彈唱。文化館組織群文綜藝演出時,也常常能聽到四明南詞,但大都是開篇,唱上一段,如《阿拉寧波歡迎你》《悠悠青蒿》(說的是屠呦呦的故事),至于長篇的書目,則少有人演唱了。今年疫情期區(qū),我在小區(qū)門口參加抗疫值班,碰上陳先生,和他聊了許多關(guān)于南詞傳承的問題。南詞雖然文辭優(yōu)雅,曲調(diào)優(yōu)美,但現(xiàn)今的傳承人幾乎就是新中國成立后藝校專業(yè)培養(yǎng)的一批,現(xiàn)在文化部門雖然也舉辦一些公益類的培訓(xùn),但十年樹木,百年樹人,速成也難。要培養(yǎng)人才,須投入大量人力物力和資金,而且希望藝校專業(yè)培養(yǎng),不然終成廣陵散。目前看來不如蘇州評彈發(fā)展得好。

    在2016年“東亞文化之都”評選活動中,中國的寧波、日本的奈良、韓國的濟州三城入選。為了祝賀,在寧波天一閣狀元廳演出了寧波走書《牡丹燈》,演出時間僅半小時,讓許多觀眾感覺意猶未盡。我由此認(rèn)識了走書藝人聞海平先生。

    《牡丹燈》是元末明初錢塘才子瞿佑在《剪燈新話》里的一篇小說,是一個類似倩女幽魂的故事,發(fā)生在寧波月湖。雖然這個故事在本地已鮮為人知,但流傳至日本、朝鮮后,影響深遠。在日本,通過各種藝術(shù)的傳播和改編,幾乎人人知曉,成為日本的“三大怪談”之一。因為這一層緣故,所以選擇這個故事,改編成演出樣式相對簡單、又有地方特色的寧波走書來演出。把劇本和故事梗概給了聞海平先生之后,聞先生又根據(jù)走書特色進行了編排。從這之后,《牡丹燈》也成了聞海平先生的一個保留曲目。2020年10月,聞先生也參加了“融入現(xiàn)代生活,弘揚時代價值——2020全國非遺曲藝周四進演出”,在故事發(fā)生地寧波的月湖街道講述了這個寧波故事。

    從事寧波走書的藝人,是3種曲藝?yán)镒疃嗟?。相比南詞,走書更通俗,說唱形式簡單;相比評話,走書則多了一把胡琴伴奏,有唱腔有音樂,更能讓人感受音樂唱腔的魅力。

    寧波走書,又名蓮花文書(犁鏵文書),流傳于寧波、舟山、臺州一帶。走書的表演形式比較靈活,常常是一演員一伴奏,后來也有雙檔分角色說唱。走書的曲調(diào),常用的有四平調(diào)、馬頭調(diào)、賦調(diào)三種,俗稱“老三門”。有時也用還魂調(diào)、詞調(diào)、二簧、三頓、三五七等?!八钠秸{(diào)”一般作為一部書的開頭,末句常由樂隊和唱,有點類似幫腔。賦調(diào)隨內(nèi)容情節(jié)、人物性格有緊、中、慢之分。如慢賦調(diào)節(jié)奏緩慢,曲調(diào)下行為主,多用于哀訴之類的敘述或回憶。

    寧波走書的代表書目有:《白鶴圖》《黃金印》《十美圖》《玉連環(huán)》《雙珠球》《包公案》《狄青平西》《薛剛反唐》《綠牡丹》等。

    我小時候在書店買過一本《盧俊義演義》的書,這本書比《水滸》里盧俊義的故事要豐富得多,后來才知道,這是根據(jù)寧波著名評話藝人張少策先生的評話整理的。張少策先生在寧波評話界紅極一時,上了年紀(jì)的一些人小時候都癡迷過張少策先生的評話,像《王瑞伯大鬧天妃宮》之類的本地故事,也是由于張少策先生的評話藝術(shù)而廣為人知。

    評話,寧波稱之為武書,以示與四明文書(南詞)區(qū)別。寧波人形容一個人說話繪聲繪色,就說像“講武書”一樣。除正式專業(yè)評話藝人之外,也有南詞和走書藝人兼講評話的,藝人中稱為“單拍”。

    評話演出時,演員僅用醒木和扇子作道具,不配音樂,不帶伴奏。說書的單憑一張嘴,要靠真功夫。一個人分飾幾個至十余個角色,要把生旦凈末丑、三教九流、星相醫(yī)卜及故事中人物的形態(tài)、個性和口吻描述得維妙維肖,栩栩如生。手中一把扇子,可以作刀槍,可擬做筆紙,一塊醒木,既要用作靜場,又可用于烘托書中情節(jié)氣氛。

    寧波評話說的大多是長篇演義書和公案書,講歷代興衰和傳奇故事,人們稱為講大書,《水滸》《三國》《隋唐》《岳傳》《包公案》《施公案》都講。其實評話藝術(shù)的關(guān)鍵在于“評”,每講完一段,或者在故事的緊要處,都要有一個評論,還會問列位看官怎么看?是非善惡,需要傳遞一種社會公序良俗正義之聲,所謂“說書看戲勸人方”。同時也可以插入許多同樣的小故事進行評比,這些書中書,都是考驗一個評話藝人的藝術(shù)控場能力。現(xiàn)在,張少策先生雖然年已九旬,仍在不斷地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生,傳承這門藝術(shù)。

    南詞、評話、走書都是寧波人的鄉(xiāng)音藝術(shù),因為各種歷史原因,現(xiàn)狀不容樂觀。現(xiàn)在城市中新移民越來越多,下一代中會說方言的越來越少,就導(dǎo)致他們聽不懂地方的戲曲、曲藝,聽不懂自然沒有興趣。另外,新創(chuàng)作的曲目,其內(nèi)容也須跟上年輕人思想,貼近現(xiàn)代人的生活??梢越梃b一些發(fā)展得好的兄弟曲種,比如德云社的相聲,演出市場就很好,張云雷、郭麒麟也都是“90后”,他們的演出就很受年輕人的追捧。做好藝術(shù)傳播、搞活藝術(shù)市場是一門學(xué)問,須不斷學(xué)習(xí)。

    Nanci, Zoushu, Pinghua: Three Treasures of the Folk Musical Arts of Ningbo

    By Zhou Dongxu

    The evening of October 10, 2020 saw the opening of China Folk Musical Arts Cultural Heritages Week at the Ningbo Cultural Poly Grand Theater. It was an eye-opening feast for all visitors to indulge in the multifaceted charm of ancient Chinese folk musical arts.

    Collectively referred to as “”, Chinese folk musical arts are different from traditional Chinese performing arts with its unique features. The vocal parts of Ningbo Opera, for example, come from the music of “”, and the innovation of the story-telling performers in the old times of Shengxian County evolved into the prototype of Yue Opera, one of the cultural pearls of present-day Shaoxing.

    The story-telling tomb figures carbon-dated as from the Han times (202BC-220AD) of China offer some solid clues about the origin of Chinese “”. “” contributed greatly to folk literature of the Song (960-1279)and Yuan (1279-1268). About the difference between the art of writing and traditional drama, the dramatist and writer Li Yu (1611-1680) of the Qing (1644-1911) went straight to the heart of the matter. Books were written for the literate; whilst dramas could be enjoyed by the illiterate, Li Yu pointed out. Folk operas played an extremely important role in the cultural life of ordinary people in the old times when formal education was a luxury for the privileged. Performers did not need a special venue for their stunts, making this art form easily accessible.

    The peak days of the popularity of Yangzhou-style story-telling artist Liu Jingting (1587-1670) were described by late-Ming writer Zhang Dai (1597-1689) as “one tael of silver for one session and written reservation at least 10 days prior to the show day is needed”. Zhang Dai also made the conclusion that the artists interpretation of ?“is way above the original literature”. In Liu Jingtings show, “Wu Songs arrival makes the wine bottles in the tavern shiver”.

    The virtuosity of story-tellers of the late Ming (1368-1644) is masterfully recorded by Liu E (1857-1909) in his masterpiece, .

    In the eye of many modern people, “” is for old-timers. The more observant, however, may find the story-telling and singing in local dialects never truly has phased out in the life of people today. Strictly speaking, the shadows of traditional Chinese “” are still “haunting” the cultural life of us. A good example is the popularity of talk shows sweeping social media today.

    Ningbo is home to a variety of folk musical arts represented by “”, “” and “”. Targeting different audiences, the three “” genres rank side by side in Chinas national cultural heritage legion, with “” being considered the most cultured.

    “” features beautiful, exquisite melodies with a large section of instrumental performances serving as the opening, interlude and epilogue. The instrumental episodes are also designed to pacify the audience and, more importantly, to show off the artistic level of the troupe. The most performed piece in the “” repertoire is ?(Generals Command), using many instruments such as Chinese dulcimer, , pipa, vertical bamboo flute, and “” (a reed pipe wind instrument). Many stories are drawn from ancient classics including .

    For a taste of the unique features of Ningbo “”, the Culture Center of Haishu District in Ningbo is an ideal place to visit. The Culture Centers deputy director Chen Xiangyuan and his wife Chen Yayun are two of the inheritors of Ningbo “”. According to the director, the financial and educational investments are far from enough to keep this endangered art form alive. “Comparably, Suzhou ?(ballad singing in Suzhou dialect) is luckier,” said Chen.

    The beauty of “” was fully displayed in a 30-minute show staged at Tianyige Library in celebration of Ningbo being ranked together with Nara (in Japan) and Cheju (South Korea) as one of the “Cultural Capitals of Eastern Asia” in 2016. The show ushered me into the fantastic world of , a well-known piece in the classic syllabus of Ningbo “zoushu”.

    The story, taken from one of the pieces in a book by Qu You, is set in the Moon Lake in Ningbo. Interestingly, the story known by very few in its birthplace has a startling impact on the Korean and Japanese audiences. The original storyline, similar to Hong Kong filmmaker Tsui Harks , went through repeated adaptation by different people for varying purposes, evolved to eventually become one of the “top three ghost stories in Japan”. The 2016 show was adapted by “” artist Wen Haiping, who recently shared his thoughts about “” and the artistic beauty of the folk art form in the 2020 China Cultural Heritages Week.

    Compared with “” and “”, “” is easier to understand and much more musical, and thusly has the largest number of practitioners. Performers and instrumentalists are allowed to have more flexibility on the stage, with the narrative featuring a noticeable melancholy tone.

    My first encounter with Ningbo “ “was from a storybook I bought when I was a little child. It turned out to be much more interesting than I expected it to be, and later found out that the text was from the adaptation by famous “” artist Zhang Shaoce.

    The most striking feature of “”, as its name suggests, is the shows “commentary” sessions alternating with the story-telling chapters. The “comment” comes where the performer feels necessary, used as something like a brief “question and answer” session for some sort of interaction with the audience.

    It is a sad reality that all the three folk musical arts are struggling for survival in the tech-savvy modern world today. With local dialects phasing out of the daily life of the younger generations, there is urgent need to find ways in order to bring these art forms closer to the life of young people.

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