張小玉
【摘要】主題單元下的作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),需要對(duì)教材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整體的解讀,凸顯語(yǔ)境的完整性,制定單元教學(xué)總目標(biāo)和單元作業(yè)目標(biāo)。對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)和學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn),有效地解決問(wèn)題,構(gòu)建語(yǔ)言知識(shí)體系。作業(yè)形式豐富多樣,通過(guò)搭建支架培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主探究和協(xié)同合作的能力,從書(shū)本知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐,體現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)的價(jià)值,鍛煉思維,提高學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】主題單元? ?支架式? ?作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G633.41
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】1992-7711(2020)31-095-02
引言
上海市教育委員會(huì)教學(xué)研究室編著的《高中英語(yǔ)單元設(shè)計(jì)指南》一書(shū)中指出單元作業(yè)是教師基于單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)內(nèi)容所設(shè)計(jì),根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)需求,綜合規(guī)劃單元作業(yè)內(nèi)容,作業(yè)水平,作業(yè)難度,作業(yè)形式,作業(yè)時(shí)間等。此書(shū)也給出了教師設(shè)計(jì)單元作業(yè)的流程圖建議(圖1)。本文以牛津英語(yǔ)高二下冊(cè)第4單元閱讀課時(shí)為例,探討“主題單元整體教學(xué)”下的支架式作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),及其實(shí)踐意義。
1.教學(xué)分析
1.1 課標(biāo)研讀
本單元屬于“人與社會(huì)”主題語(yǔ)境,內(nèi)容為“藝術(shù)”。根據(jù)《上海高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)科教學(xué)基本要求》,學(xué)習(xí)要求為“理解”和“運(yùn)用”。即學(xué)生能在理解藝術(shù)相關(guān)詞匯和表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)上,推斷關(guān)于該話題的基本內(nèi)容、主旨大意、隱含意思、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等信息,在聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)中積累并運(yùn)用與該話題相關(guān)的詞匯和短語(yǔ)。學(xué)生不僅要知道與藝術(shù)相關(guān)的表達(dá),還要聽(tīng)懂讀懂與藝術(shù)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,學(xué)會(huì)分析語(yǔ)篇特征,了解議論文的行文結(jié)構(gòu),并能夠獲取相關(guān)信息。通過(guò)觀察分析,歸納事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)的區(qū)別,鍛煉學(xué)生的思維能力。同時(shí),加強(qiáng)對(duì)藝術(shù)的賞析,增強(qiáng)文化意識(shí)。
1.2 教材分析
1)縱向分析
本案例研究的單元是牛津教材S2BU4,單元主題為人與社會(huì)——文學(xué),藝術(shù)相關(guān)。閱讀語(yǔ)篇The Vincent Van Gogh exhibition 為議論文題材,基于前幾冊(cè)教材中議論文語(yǔ)篇的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生掌握了議論文基本的結(jié)構(gòu),論點(diǎn)論據(jù)的提出及辯證。研究語(yǔ)篇?jiǎng)t是以藝術(shù)評(píng)論的方式,對(duì)梵高生平的介紹以及其藝術(shù)作品的評(píng)價(jià)。該文不屬于典型的議論文結(jié)構(gòu),以議論為主,中間夾雜著記敘的方式,要求學(xué)生在掌握議論文結(jié)構(gòu)的同時(shí),還需要分清藝術(shù)評(píng)論中的觀點(diǎn)及事實(shí),難度有所加大。
2)橫向分析
整體分析本單元的教學(xué)文本和內(nèi)容,確定了本單元的主題是“藝術(shù)”,并且設(shè)定主題情境為“參觀美術(shù)館”,而原有各模塊與主題情境的關(guān)系分析如下;
1.3 學(xué)情分析
研究對(duì)象高二(5)班的學(xué)生,大部分英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱,整體水平不高。本單元的主題“藝術(shù)”雖然抽象,但在高一u1 A trip to a theatre 有所接觸。同時(shí)之前學(xué)生已奠定了分析議論文和記敘文語(yǔ)篇的文體特色,結(jié)構(gòu)的能力,能抓住關(guān)鍵信息。能根據(jù)主題展開(kāi)討論,并且使用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)自己的想法和觀點(diǎn)。但知識(shí)掌握不扎實(shí),需創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,將新知識(shí)與舊知識(shí)有機(jī)整合,為學(xué)生搭建支架,由易向難進(jìn)行過(guò)渡。
2. 單元目標(biāo)的確定
基于教材分析和學(xué)情分析的基礎(chǔ)上建立的單元整體教學(xué)目標(biāo),必須考慮三維目標(biāo)的建立。王斌華教授提出在英語(yǔ)的單元設(shè)計(jì)中,三維目標(biāo)不可能體現(xiàn)或落實(shí)到每一堂英語(yǔ)課,但它們應(yīng)該在一個(gè)完整的單元教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中有所體現(xiàn)?;诖?,本單元設(shè)計(jì)的單元教學(xué)總目標(biāo)如下:
3.單元作業(yè)目標(biāo)的確定
基于本單元的主題和單元目標(biāo),進(jìn)行了分課時(shí)的統(tǒng)籌與劃分。針對(duì)不同的分課時(shí)教學(xué)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)內(nèi)容,結(jié)合高二(5)班學(xué)生的實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)水平,設(shè)定了單元作業(yè)目標(biāo),以第4-5課時(shí)的閱讀課為例。
4. 作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
單元作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循作業(yè)目標(biāo),并與單元教學(xué)總目標(biāo)保持一致。作業(yè)可分為學(xué)前,學(xué)中和學(xué)后,對(duì)應(yīng)的目的是預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué),操練鞏固,和拓展延伸。作業(yè)類(lèi)型多樣,層次分明,由淺入深,體現(xiàn)之有效性。
本研究的作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)以閱讀課為例,重點(diǎn)是深入挖掘文章,明確議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和要點(diǎn),提取文章的關(guān)鍵信息,所以通過(guò)搭建支架的方式引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇層次。
作業(yè)1:
Find out the arguments given in The Vincent Van Gogh exhibition, and list the points and evident.
作業(yè)1為學(xué)中作業(yè),目的是整合運(yùn)用,作業(yè)要求是深入分析文本,解析結(jié)構(gòu),挖掘議論文的論據(jù)和要點(diǎn)。小組合作完成,完成時(shí)間5分鐘,當(dāng)堂匯報(bào),老師點(diǎn)評(píng),提高學(xué)生的綜合性思維。
作業(yè)2:
Read the following passage, and do the corresponding tasks.
Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse, according to the doctors. I feel there are a number of reasons for this.
Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling unhealthy, fatty foods. This has turned out a whole generation of grown-ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves. If there were fewer of these restaurants, then probably children would buy less take-away food.
There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight. I agree with this, because good eating habits begin early in life, long before children start to visit fast food shops.
There is a third reason for this situation. Children these days take very little exercise. They do not walk to school. When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers and play computer games.
The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as steering them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits
Task 1: Answer the following questions
1.Whats the main idea of the passage?
2.How many points does the writer list to support the main idea?
3.Whats the structure of the passage?
Task 2: Find the outline of the passage.
Thesis statement:____________________________________________
Point 1:____________________________________________
Supporting details:____________________________________________
Point 2:____________________________________________
Supporting details:____________________________________________
Point 3:____________________________________________
Supporting details:____________________________________________
Conclusion:____________________________________________
作業(yè)2為課中作業(yè),作業(yè)目的是操練鞏固+整合運(yùn)用。作業(yè)要求是基于對(duì)議論文結(jié)構(gòu)和要點(diǎn)的掌握,能夠在具體的語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)篇中提煉論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。完成時(shí)間:10分鐘,獨(dú)立完成,小組討論,教師講評(píng)。
作業(yè)3:
Read the following passage, and do the corresponding tasks.
Is investing in paintings a good way to get rich fast?
“With extreme carefulness” is the advice of Patrick Connolly, a financial adviser. “We dont recommend our customers to invest in art because the downsides are greater than the upsides. It doesn't produce income or earnings. What you get back is exclusively based on supply and demand.”
To invest in art as a true investment, you need a starting fund of at least $5,000. But it's not just about having enough money to buy the painting in the first place. Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels, and to protect them from sun damage or other accidents such as a spilled cup of coffee. And if you do put it on your wall, the then your insurance costs are likely to be high. If word gets out that you have expensive art hanging on your wall, then you're likely to be a target for thieves.
Art is also not a regulated investment so when things go wrong -for example, an artwork turns out to be a fraud -then investors cannot fall back on regulation for any repayment of low interest rates, thats still a better return than many savings accounts will give you. As art has no association to the stock market, it means paintings can go up in value even when the market crashes, making it a good option for investment selections.
Task1: Please draw a mind map to explain the passage.
Task2: Rewrite the passage in shorter words clearly, and logically.
作業(yè)3為課后作業(yè),目的是整合運(yùn)用。要求通過(guò)一定的訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生能自主提取語(yǔ)篇的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù),繪制思維導(dǎo)圖,并行文成小短文。Task1完成時(shí)間8分鐘,Task2完成時(shí)間10分鐘,獨(dú)立完成+小組討論,隔天提交,教師解析。__________________________________________________________________
5. 檢視作業(yè)品質(zhì)
按照“目標(biāo)一致,形式多樣,分層遞進(jìn),反饋有效”四個(gè)原則對(duì)作業(yè)進(jìn)行分析檢視。該課時(shí)為閱讀課,作業(yè)目標(biāo)是學(xué)生能夠把握文章的中心思想,通過(guò)閱讀技巧的訓(xùn)練捕捉重要的細(xì)節(jié)信息,學(xué)會(huì)梳理和歸納議論文的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。該作業(yè)目標(biāo)與本單元的教學(xué)目標(biāo)相一致,并且明確了預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué),操練鞏固和拓展延伸多方面的作業(yè)目的,體現(xiàn)了單元的一致性。
作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)是以學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)為考量的,考察的知識(shí)點(diǎn)和能力由單一到多重,語(yǔ)篇的選擇也由簡(jiǎn)到難。先在學(xué)中總結(jié)學(xué)生較為熟悉的語(yǔ)篇,掌握結(jié)構(gòu)和技巧,然后再根據(jù)問(wèn)題的一步步引領(lǐng),搭建支架,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生獨(dú)自發(fā)現(xiàn)新語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu),并畫(huà)出思維導(dǎo)圖,完成自己的概要寫(xiě)作。
當(dāng)前作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的反饋時(shí)間和方式是根據(jù)教師經(jīng)驗(yàn)和學(xué)生的實(shí)際學(xué)情而定,較為合理。部分設(shè)定當(dāng)堂完成的作業(yè),與所教學(xué)的內(nèi)容相關(guān),題量小難度低,由學(xué)生速度完成并當(dāng)堂反饋,發(fā)揮學(xué)生的積極性。而對(duì)于隔天作業(yè),需要學(xué)生的認(rèn)真思考,鞏固復(fù)習(xí),并達(dá)到拓展延伸的效果。
6. 反思調(diào)整方案
在實(shí)際作業(yè)的反饋中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),作業(yè)3 Task2學(xué)生直接對(duì)文章進(jìn)行summary的能力不夠??紤]到可以給學(xué)生的直接輸出搭建支架,給出部分的引導(dǎo)信息,讓學(xué)生來(lái)填詞填句,因此修改如下:
Task 2: Can you rewrite the passage in shorter words clearly, and logically? You can follow the directions.
Investing in paintings ______________________a good idea. Firstly, it______________________? ? ?for______________________? . In addition,____________________________________________? ? ? .
______________________? ? ? ? ? ?and______________________? ?, if you dont,____________________________________________? ? ? . Whats more,____________________________________________? ? ? ? ? ? ? better return. All in all,____________________________________________? ? ? ? ? .
結(jié)論
作業(yè)是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的延續(xù),是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生知識(shí)掌握的有效工具,也是鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí),鍛煉技能的有力方式。在單元整體的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)單元作業(yè),需同一主題,并且根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況搭建支架,由易到難,提高學(xué)生的積極性和主體性,從語(yǔ)言到技能,到思維全方面的提高學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng)。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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