楊瓊 滑蓉蓉 劉春艷
[摘要] 目的 研究醋甲唑胺(MTZ)對(duì)正常壓力腦積水(NPH)患者治療的有效性及安全性,探討其作用機(jī)制,豐富NPH的治療手段,拓寬MTZ應(yīng)用新途徑。 方法 收集中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)航空總醫(yī)院2019—2020年4例特發(fā)性正常壓力腦積水(iNPH)和1例繼發(fā)性正常壓力腦積水(sNPH)患者。iNPH患者均符合2005年國際iNPH指南診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),5例患者均完善單次腰穿放液試驗(yàn)陽性,且因各種原因不適宜或拒絕手術(shù)治療,在征得患者及家屬同意后,給予口服MTZ 25~50 mg,2次/d進(jìn)行治療。評(píng)價(jià)患者口服MTZ前后步態(tài)評(píng)分、認(rèn)知評(píng)定、膀胱功能測(cè)定、頭MRI檢查、iNPH分級(jí)評(píng)分??诜﨧TZ后iNPH評(píng)分改善≥1分定義為有效,并密切觀察藥物不良反應(yīng),評(píng)估MTZ對(duì)NPH的有效性及安全性。 結(jié)果 5例患者中4例有效,輕度改善1例,明顯改善3例(2例iNPH和1例sNPH患者),表現(xiàn)為步態(tài)、認(rèn)知或膀胱功能三方面改善。5例患者均未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確的MTZ相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)。 結(jié)論 MTZ可能成為潛在的治療NPH的藥物之一,但仍需大樣本隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 醋甲唑胺;乙酰唑胺;正常壓力腦積水;腰穿放液試驗(yàn)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.7 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)09(b)-0053-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the effectiveness and safety of Methazolamide (MTZ) in the treatment of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), to explore its mechanism of action, to enrich NPH treatment methods, and to broaden new ways of MTZ application. Methods A total of four cases of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and one case of secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (sNPH) were collected from 2019 to 2020 in Aviation General Hospital, China Medical University. All iNPH patients met the diagnostic criteria of the 2005 International iNPH Guidelines. The five patients were all tested positive for a single lumbar puncture and were not suitable for or refused surgical treatment for various reasons. After obtaining the consent of the patient and their family members, they were given oral MTZ 25-50 mg, two times per day for treatment. The gait score, cognitive assessment, bladder function measurement, head MRI examination, iNPH grading score before and after oral MTZ were evaluated. After oral administration of MTZ, an improvement in iNPH score is greater than or equal to one point was defined as effective, and adverse drug reactions could be closely observed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of MTZ on NPH. Results Among the five patients, four case were effective, including one case was slightly improved, and three cases were improved significantly (two patients with iNPH and one patient with sNPH), showed improvements in gait, cognition or bladder function. None of the five patients found clear MTZ-related adverse reactions. Conclusion MTZ may become one of the potential drugs for the treatment of NPH, but it still needs to be further confirmed by large randomized controlled trials.
[Key words] Methazolamide; Acetazolamide; Normal pressure hydrocephalus; Cerebrospinal fluid tap test
1965年Adams和Hakim首先提出正常壓力腦積水(NPH)綜合征的概念[1],其臨床表現(xiàn)為認(rèn)知障礙、行走困難及尿失禁三聯(lián)征,伴有腦室擴(kuò)大,腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)壓力正常。NPH臨床分為常繼發(fā)于明確原因的繼發(fā)性正常壓力腦積水(sNPH)和無明確病因的持發(fā)性正常壓力腦積水(iNPH)。目前國際指南及共識(shí)一致推薦腦脊液分流手術(shù)是NPH的唯一確切有效治療措施,早期手術(shù)可明顯改善患者病情及預(yù)后[2-3]。但臨床實(shí)踐中iNPH患者多具有高齡、常伴有心腦血管疾病、骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病、合并神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病等特點(diǎn),外科手術(shù)在臨床應(yīng)用中具有一定的局限性,因此探討NPH非手術(shù)治療勢(shì)在必行。乙酰唑胺(AZA)相對(duì)于其他藥物依據(jù)較多,應(yīng)用廣泛[4-7],醋甲唑胺(MTZ)與AZA結(jié)構(gòu)類似,具有脂溶性高、易透過血腦屏障等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[8]。因此,MTZ有可能成為治療NPH的有效手段之一。本研究旨在研究口服MTZ在NPH患者中的有效性及安全性,拓寬對(duì)NPH發(fā)病和進(jìn)展機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)航空總醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)2019—2020年門診及住院的臨床診斷為iNPH患者4例,sNPH患者1例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):4例iNPH患者均符合2005年國際iNPH指南診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],5例患者均完善單次腰穿放液試驗(yàn)為陽性(一次性放出CSF 30 mL),經(jīng)臨床醫(yī)師評(píng)估外科手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大且患者及家屬因各種原因堅(jiān)持拒絕手術(shù);患者本人或法定代表簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不能配合MRI;嚴(yán)重失語、視聽障礙等不能配合相關(guān)評(píng)估;嚴(yán)重腎功能不全、肝硬化、閉角型青光眼、磺胺過敏等禁止服用MTZ的患者。本研究通過我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理審查委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
患者評(píng)估基線資料后口服MTZ 25 mg,2次/d,1周后依據(jù)患者耐受情況增加至50 mg,維持2次/d(劑量依據(jù)MTZ說明書),且常規(guī)給予氯化鉀緩釋片補(bǔ)鉀治療。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及檢測(cè)方法
1.3.1 認(rèn)知功能評(píng)測(cè) ?包括簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)和蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)。任意一項(xiàng)評(píng)分增加3分或>10%為有效[10]。
1.3.2 步態(tài)分析 ?①10 m行走試驗(yàn):選擇固定10 m無障礙直線距離行走,要求患者按照平常步速或輔助工具行走,由2名受過培訓(xùn)的神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行評(píng)估,另有1名醫(yī)師錄像,評(píng)估步態(tài)、步數(shù)及時(shí)間,行走3次取平均值,計(jì)算其各自分值及總分。步數(shù)及時(shí)間單項(xiàng)改善>20%或2個(gè)參數(shù)均改善>10%為陽性[11]。②起立-步行計(jì)時(shí)測(cè)驗(yàn)(timed up-and-go test,TUG):受試者從有扶背的椅子上站起,步行3 m,轉(zhuǎn)身180°,返回坐下所需的時(shí)間,行走3次取平均值。所需時(shí)間縮短10%或絕對(duì)值縮短>5 s為陽性[10,12]。
1.3.3 膀胱功能 ?膀胱日記,記錄放液前后72 h內(nèi)排尿次數(shù)、尿急次數(shù)、遺尿次數(shù)。
1.3.4 頭MRI ?包括常規(guī)MRI序列、海馬MRI,計(jì)算Evans′指數(shù)、顳角、胼胝體角,評(píng)價(jià)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔不成比例擴(kuò)大的腦積水(disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus,DESH)征,作為輔助診斷。
1.3.5 iNPH綜合評(píng)分 ?隨訪過程中由2名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行iNPH綜合評(píng)分[13],iNPH綜合評(píng)分改善≥1分定義為有效。
1.3.6 不良反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè) ?檢測(cè)患者血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、電解質(zhì)、血?dú)獾戎笜?biāo)。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 納入患者基本情況描述
納入患者年齡67~86歲,病程10~120個(gè)月。具體情況見表1。
2.2 iNPH患者口服MTZ基線及口服MTZ后臨床評(píng)估
患者口服MTZ基線及口服MTZ后進(jìn)行步態(tài)、認(rèn)知和膀胱功能的評(píng)估見表2?;颊呔幪?hào)與表1對(duì)應(yīng)同一患者,因患者5為sNPH患者,未進(jìn)行上述評(píng)估,但臨床上步態(tài)、認(rèn)知及膀胱功能均有明顯所改善。
2.3 患者分析
上述5例中患者3分別于口服MTZ后23 d和154 d評(píng)估均無明顯改善。患者3單次腦脊液放液試驗(yàn)為陽性,但僅3 m折返試驗(yàn)陽性,改善率為11.1%;而患者2及患者4口服MTZ 1~3個(gè)月后均明顯改善,患者2放液前攙扶下不能行走,放液后6 h可在攙扶下行走。患者4放液前及放液后6 h使用助步器行走,放液后48 h及72 h自己行走?;颊?為系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)繼發(fā)性腦積水,主因“行走不穩(wěn)5年,記憶力下降、二便失禁2年余”就診,曾多次應(yīng)用激素沖擊及免疫抑制劑治療,無明顯效果。患者病情嚴(yán)重時(shí)呈嗜睡、緘默、二便失禁、長(zhǎng)期臥床狀態(tài),口服MTZ 50 mg(2次/d)病情逐漸減輕,停用MTZ后即緩慢逐漸加重,后行腦室-腹腔分流術(shù)(VPS)治療癥狀再度明顯減輕?;颊卟∏樽兓c頭MRI腦積水嚴(yán)重程度、腦室旁白質(zhì)病變嚴(yán)重程度一致。見圖1。
3 討論
本研究推測(cè)結(jié)論如下:無論iNPH或者sNPH,口服MTZ均可能有效;MTZ起效時(shí)間多為2周至1個(gè)月,逐漸起效,停用后患者病情逐漸加重;腦脊液放液試驗(yàn)改善程度可能與口服MTZ效果有一定相關(guān)性;上述患者在50 mg,2次/d劑量?jī)?nèi)無一例出現(xiàn)明確的MTZ相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng),這在臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的應(yīng)用MTZ時(shí)也得到證實(shí)。同時(shí),本研究存在較多局限性:納入患者例數(shù)較少,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完善RCT研究評(píng)估MTZ的有效性及安全性;部分患者影像學(xué)未進(jìn)行定量研究,如比較頭MRI腦室旁白質(zhì)病變體積或血流變化客觀評(píng)價(jià)MTZ的療效;iNPH的自然病程均為逐漸加重,但短期內(nèi)可有波動(dòng),不除外患者本身病情波動(dòng),應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)其隨訪時(shí)間。
AZA和MTZ均為碳酸酐酶抑制劑。1953年,AZA開始被作為利尿劑應(yīng)用于臨床。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)AZA可以減少CSF的產(chǎn)生[14-15],從而應(yīng)用于iNPH和sNPH,且在影像學(xué)上有一定改善[16-21]。MTZ化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)類似AZA(在氮原子上多1個(gè)甲基),藥理作用及作用機(jī)制與AZA基本相同,又因MTZ的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)減少了電離作用,其減少房水形成和穿透血-房水和血-腦屏障的功能亦較AZA強(qiáng)[22]。但國內(nèi)外均無MTZ在NPH的相關(guān)研究。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[22-24],MTZ尚能通過抑制線粒體caspase-3及ROS釋放、抑制細(xì)胞色素C(cytochrome C)及Aβ介導(dǎo)的線粒體損傷起到神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)保護(hù)作用。iNPH病理機(jī)制不明,常合并腦血管疾病、神經(jīng)變性疾病,發(fā)病原因可能涉及多個(gè)機(jī)制。鑒于MTZ較強(qiáng)的透過血腦屏障的能力,在神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞變性、神經(jīng)缺血缺氧損傷中的潛在保護(hù)作用,MTZ可能成為潛在的有效治療NPH的藥物之一。
除此之外,MTZ在其他領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用及本篇研究證實(shí)其相對(duì)安全,不良反應(yīng)大多發(fā)生在治療的早期,包括感覺異常,尤其是四肢末端的麻木感等,也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)代謝性酸中毒和電解質(zhì)紊亂,當(dāng)減少或停止本品治療后這種現(xiàn)象都會(huì)減退。因此應(yīng)當(dāng)定期檢測(cè)血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、電解質(zhì)、尿常規(guī)、血?dú)夥治觥F渲袑?duì)磺胺少見的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng),包括Stevens-Johnson綜合征及中毒性表皮壞死松解癥,與HLA基因型有關(guān),口服MTZ前一定要詢問是否有磺胺過敏史,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行上述基因型檢測(cè)[25]。
綜上所述,較多NPH患者難以進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,推測(cè)MTZ可能比AZA具有更廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,本研究有望為NPH提供更簡(jiǎn)便安全易行的治療方案,但仍需進(jìn)一步大規(guī)模隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-02)