吳元培
動詞不定式由“to + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成,可以在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語之外的任何成分。動詞不定式具有動詞的性質(zhì),可以帶賓語和狀語,且有完成式、完成進行式、進行式、被動式和否定形式等變化。
練習(xí)題
I. 單項填空。
1. More college students are expected to be in the army ______ improve the quality of army.
A. help? ? ? ? ? B. to have helped
C. to help? D. having helped
2. Whom do you want to have ______ the parts of a car together?
A. fix? ? B. to fix C. fixing D. fixed
3. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ______ in making the earth a better place for living.
A. to have played B. to play
C. to be played D. to be playing
4. —What's up? You look down.
—I have piles of papers ______, but I type so slowly.
A. to be typed? ? B. typed
C. to type? ? ? D. being typed
5. Whether ______ a picnic this weekend mainly depends on weather.
A. to have? ? ? ? B. having
C. have? ? ? ? ?D. had
6. My Uncle encouraged ______ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking? ? B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
7. The TV series ______ next week aims mainly to introduce Korean culture.
A. played? ? ? ? B. being played
C. to be played? ? D. having been played
8. Some people think that after they retire, all they can do is ______ their brain.
A. switch off
B. being switched off
C. to have switched off
D. switched off
9. —I heard you were invited to the president's party.
—Yes. I was surprised at how easy the president was ______.
A. for talking B. talking to
C. to talk D. to talk to
10. It's been three days since they began __ __ the missing map.
A. search B. to search for
C. to search D. search for
II. 用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
11. To love and ______ (love) is the greatest happiness on earth.
12. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made it her duty ______ (look after) all the other people's affairs in that town.
13. It took me a whole day ______ (complete) the article.
14. I've worked with children before, so I know what ______ (expect) in my new job.
15. I'm going to Beijing next Sunday. Do you have anything ______ (take) to your parents.
III. 翻譯下列句子。
16. 不用逼著Paul學(xué)習(xí),因為他總是很用功。
__________________________________
17. 新聞記者們匆匆趕到機場,結(jié)果被告知電影明星們已經(jīng)離開了。
__________________________________
18. 他們除了去請醫(yī)生別無他法。
__________________________________
19. 我認為他是個老實人。
__________________________________
20. 當(dāng)時我碰巧正在采訪這個事件。
__________________________________
考點詳析
一、 不定式的基本形式
由“to + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成;其否定形式是“not to + 動詞原形”,若加強語氣可用“never to + 動詞原形”。
She promised never to tell a lie again. 她承諾再也不撒謊了。
二、 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
不定式一般有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(下面以do為例):
1. 不定式的時態(tài)
(1) 不定式所表達的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生時,不定式用一般式。
They planned to employ some skilled workers. 他們打算雇幾個有技術(shù)的工人。
(2) 不定式所表達的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生,并強調(diào)動作正在進行或一直在持續(xù),不定式用進行式。
He pretended to be reading when I came in. 當(dāng)我進來的時候,他假裝在看書。
(3) 不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前,不定式用完成式。
The disabled man is said to have translated several novels into French. 據(jù)說這個殘疾人已將幾本小說翻譯成法語。
(4) 如果強調(diào)不定式所表示的動作從過去某一時刻起一直持續(xù)到某一時刻,不定式用完成進行式,此時,強調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性,不強調(diào)結(jié)果。
She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours. 好像她已經(jīng)看了3個小時的小說了。
2. 不定式的語態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語與不定式是被動關(guān)系時,用不定式的被動式。
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages. 據(jù)說這部小說已經(jīng)被翻譯成了好幾種語言。
三、 不定式的語法功能
不定式在句中不能作謂語,但可以充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、補足語、定語和狀語。
1. 不定式作主語
(1) 通??捎脛釉~不定式直接做句子的主語。
To say is one thing; to do is another. 說是一回事;做是另一回事。
(2) 如果不定式太長,為使句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語(不定式)后置,從而構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu):It + be + adj. / n. + to do sth.。
It is not an easy thing to master a foreign language. 掌握一門外語不是件容易的事。
(3) 如果需要說明是誰發(fā)出不定式所表示的動作,則要在不定式前加上邏輯主語。于是上述結(jié)構(gòu)要改為:It + be + adj. / n. + for sb. to do sth.。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 你不用車的時候,鎖車是必要的。
(4) 上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞如果是:clever, foolish, silly, stupid, wise, unwise, kind, nice, rude, polite, impolite, careless, careful, cruel, crazy等,表示“對某人的贊揚或指責(zé)”,則應(yīng)把其中的for改為of,即:It + be + adj. / n. + of? sb. to do sth.。
It's wrong of you to make fun of others in public. 你當(dāng)眾取笑別人是不對的。
2. 不定式作表語
不定式可放在系動詞后面,作表語。
The problems remain to be settled. 這些問題仍有待于解決。
【注意】 如果不定式對前面do的意思作精確解釋,不定式符號to可省略。
All I want to do is (to) thank my teacher for his help. 我想做的就是感謝我的老師給我的幫助。
3. 不定式作賓語
(1) 只跟不定式作賓語的動詞主要有:agree, decide, expect, hope, want, manage, pretend, promise, refuse, wish, choose, long (渴望), offer, desire, help, demand, dare, plan, prepare, fail, determine等。
I've arranged to meet him at ten o'clock. 我已經(jīng)安排十點鐘見他。
【注意】 不定式作賓語時,如果后面有賓語補足語,通常用it作形式賓語,將不定式后置。
I find it necessary to get everything ready in time. 我覺得及時把一切都準備好是必要的。
(2) “疑問詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作賓語
能夠接“疑問詞 + 不定式”作賓語的動詞(短語)有:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。疑問詞有:who, what, which, when, where和how。
I don't know how to get there. 我不知道怎么去那兒。
【注意】 有時疑問詞前也可用介詞。
My teacher gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 我的老師就如何學(xué)習(xí)外語提出了一些建議。
4. 不定式作補足語
(1) 在部分感官動詞(短語)及使役動詞后,用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,常用的動詞(短語)有l(wèi)et, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, hear, feel等,help后面有無to都可。
Our English teacher has us listen to English every day. 我們的英語老師讓我們每天聽英語。
【注意】 把上面句子變成被動語態(tài)后,不定式成為句子的主語補足語,需要加上不定式符號to,即在被動語態(tài)中不定式一律帶to,不存在省略的問題。
He was seen to take away your dictionary. 有人看見他拿走了你的字典。
(2) 在謂語動詞think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后跟to be作賓語補足語,不跟to do,但其中有些可跟to have done作賓補。
We suppose him to have stolen the computer. 我們認為他偷了這臺電腦。
5. 不定式作定語
(1) 不定式作定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。不定式作定語時,與前面被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系,如果不定式是不及物動詞或所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。
She was the first person to think of such a wonderful idea. 她是想出如此絕妙辦法的第一人。(主謂關(guān)系)
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一個會議要參加。(動賓關(guān)系)
Will you please tell me why you had no pen to write with? 請你告訴我為什么你沒有筆寫?
(2) 當(dāng)名詞被the first, the last, the only等序數(shù)詞以及形容詞最高級修飾時,常用不定式作后置定語,而不管動作是否已完成。
He is the only person to know the truth. 他是唯一知道真相的人。
(3) 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way時,不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上可省略。
He had no money and no place to live. 他沒有錢也沒有地方可住。
6. 不定式作狀語
(1) 作目的狀語。常用的作目的狀語的詞(短語)有:to... ; only to (僅僅為了); in order to; so as to; so (such)... as to...; enough... to。
He went home to see his mother. 他回家去看望他的母親。
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him. 為了不打擾他,我把收音機音量調(diào)小。
【注意】 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時,通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語,但也有例外的情況。
He opened the door for the children to come in. 他打開門讓孩子們進來。
(2) 原因狀語
They jumped with joy to hear the news. 聽到這個消息他們高興得跳了起來。
(3) 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中,在difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, nice, fit, dangerous 等詞后的不定式常用主動表示被動,并在句中作狀語。
The problem is easy to work out. 這些問題容易解決。
(4) 結(jié)果狀語。表示出乎預(yù)料的結(jié)果,要放在句子后面。
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 他們搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。
四、 不定式中的省略
1. 當(dāng)and或or連接同一概念的不定式時,或者當(dāng)它們之間為并列關(guān)系時,可將and或or后面的to省去。
I'd like to go and see a film. 我想去看部電影。
但是,有時為了表示對照或加強語氣,則to不可以省去。
It is easier to say than to do. 說起來容易做起來難。
2. 不定式在一部分感官或使役動詞后面作賓補省略to。(見前面賓語補足語)
3. 在介詞but, except, besides后面的不定式,如果這些介詞前面有do作實意動詞的相應(yīng)形式,那么不定式符號to則要去掉,否則不能去掉to。
What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳之外你還喜歡做什么?
4. 在why not do sth., had better do sth., would rather do sth.等固定句型中,不定式省略to。
Why not take a holiday? 為什么不去度假?
5. to可以代表整個不定式:有時為了避免重復(fù),須省去不定式后面的內(nèi)容,保留不定式符號to,如果是to be / have,保留到be或have。
You can't come into the lab if your teacher doesn't allow you to. 如果你的老師不允許你進入實驗室,你就不能進去。