Word Building Exploration課例分析、反思與評析

張莉 張佩云

師者，傳道授業(yè)解惑也。“解惑”不僅局限于教師課堂教學或課后習題的答疑，也包括某些學習階段教師幫助學生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，研討問題并積極尋求解決辦法。本節(jié)課是一節(jié)以學生為主體，通過探究英語構詞法幫助學生記憶單詞的研究性課程。針對學生提出在記單詞過程中遇到的困難，引導學生嘗試使用構詞法幫助單詞記憶（Abbreviation，Affixation，Conversion，Compound），解決學生提出的問題;同時引領學生探索體驗嘗試這四種構詞法的應用，以此幫助學生實現(xiàn)成為積極學習者（active learner）的角色體驗。

一、課前準備

本節(jié)課共分為四個部分，分別為縮略語（Abbreviation），詞綴法（Affixation），詞性轉換法（Conversion）和復合詞（Compound）。課前布置研究性課題，學生自愿報名。由學生自己選擇研究方向，確定研究方向后，組織研究小組，教師作為指導者參與其中，并提出以下要求：1.明確本小組研究的內容，如定義、構成方式、常見例詞等;2.設計活動，讓盡可能多的學生參與其中;3.設計練習，讓學生學以致用;4.制作課件，進行小組展示;5.與指導教師溝通，不斷完善。

經過為期一周的準備，全班46人都參與其中，十幾名小組負責人進行了各具特色的展示，在展示結束后都使用該部分構詞法的詞匯進行了總結。

二、課堂實錄

Lead-in：Use a conversation between the teacher and a make-believe expert on language learning to introduce the topic.

（一）Abbreviation

Introduction：Abbreviation is a short form of word or expression.Affixation is a way to form new words by adding affixes.Conversion is a process of changing one word from one part of speech to another，eg.，change a none into a verb or vice versa.Compound is a noun or adjective，etc，that is made up of two or more words.

A：Well...Have you heard that the government is promoting the use of ETC throughout the country？

B：Of course！ My dad is actually applying for one online.

A：Wow！ So do you need to upload a picture of your ID card or something to get that？

B：Sure，and along with necessary proof of the car.The ETC card will be sent to our address by EMS in the end.

A：Now please pay attention to the red words on the screen.Obviously there are some similarities among them.

B：（Read the red words on the slide）Right.These are abbreviations.

Part I ?What is an Abbreviation？

A：As we can see，abbreviation is a shortened form of words and phrases.Abbreviations can take various forms，and there isnt a rule that would strictly define how words should be shortened，because the purpose of using abbreviations may be saving space and time，avoiding repetition of long words and phrases，or simply fitting popular usage.

B：There are different ways to form abbreviations.

（1）Use the first or first few letters，such as Co.for？company.

（2）The most important letters of the word remain，such as？Ltd.for？limited.

（3）Take only the first and the last letter，just like？Dr.for？Doctor.

（4）Use the initials of the words in a phrase instead.Examples are BTW for by the way and ASAP for as soon as possible.

Part II ?Create your own Abbreviations！

A：You may think that abbreviations are rather modern stuff that boomed because of technology and？text messages，but theyve actually helped us save space and time for thousands of years.Apparently，it takes a lot less effort to write SARS than to write “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.And another advantage is that it helps to remember.

B：Thats a good point！ Whats more，we can also create our own abbreviations！ Just remember to hold firm to a particular way of organizing your own word.As it will be for personal usage，you can use some symbols in the way you like.

A：Lets have a guess of some of the abbreviations created by our classmates together！

Part III ?Conclusion

A：These self-created abbreviations are simple but rather impressive，and they also show us an accessible way to create interesting and practical abbreviations.

B：Nowadays，for instance，people focus on NBA，CBA or FIFA.And it has be come a daily routine to chat with friends using expressions like LOL and OMG.Some are always eager to pass the TOFEL & IELTS，while others dream of being a CIO or CEO or CFO—probably they should have focused more on a UFO.

A：As cultural exchanging is getting much further，we can see abbreviation everywhere in our lives.I wish everyone can apply the abbreviations to our daily study，and enjoy the fun of creating your own set of abbreviations！Thank you for listening！

教師總結：Good job.We can find abbreviation is common in our life.They can be used not only in the names of organizations，agencies，programs，but also in your names.We can carve our initials in the rings or necklaces.The initials of my name is ....What about you？ And when we talk about something secretly we can also use initials.

（二）Affixation

Introduction：Were here to introduce affixes to all of you.Are you tired of memorizing new words？ Dont worry .Were here to introduce an effective way.Have you noticed that there are a lot of words that look just similar？ Such as“export” and “import” ，and so on.We can notice that there are some identical components in these words.We may find the key to memorizing them easily .As we can see ，these words consist of “root”and “affix”.A very large number of words are formed in this way.So，lets learn some common affixes together.Lets look at the following examples.

1.tri-：three ?trilogy ?a series of three play （三部曲）

2.in-：negative incomparable the synonym is matchless（無與倫比的）

3.inter-：between ?intercept ?to stop sb./sth.that is going from one place to another place（截獲）

4.homo-：the same ?homosexual ?to refer to a “gay”or a“l(fā)esbian”（同性戀的）

Affixes can fall into four groups——Numbers，Negatives，Directions and others.

Numbers

1.uni-：one ? ? unique ? ?being the only one of this kind（獨一無二的）

2.bi-：two ? ?bilingual ? able to speak two languages equally well（雙語的）

3.tri-：three ? ?triangle ? ?a shape with three sides and three angles（三角形）

4.penta-：five ? ?pentagon ? a shape with five sides and five angles（五角形）

……

Negatives

1.a-/ab- ? ?abnormal ? abuse

2.anti- ? ? anti-social ? anticancer ? antiwar

3.de- ? ? ?decode ? ?break the code ?（解碼）

4.il- ? ? ? illiterate ?not knowing how to read or write （不識字的 ）

……

Directions

1.back- ? ? ?backyard ? ? ? ? ? 2.fore- ? ? ?forehead

3.cata- ? ? ?catacomb ? ? ? ? ? 4.wise- ? clockwise ? counterclockwise

Others

1.let -little ? ? ? ?piglet（小豬） ? ? ? booklet（小冊子）

2.ex- former ? ? ?ex-girlfriend（前女友）

3.cyber- something related to information and computer ?cyberspace（信息空間）

4.anthro- being related to human beings ?anthropology（人類學）

And if you know the origin of some words，it will help to arouse your interest.One example is “man”.Originally it means something related to hand，and its exactly where “manual” comes from.And I want you to guess the next words meaning.In the past，people regarded men as a group of people who did a lot of work with hands.And there comes a question：“How did ‘woman come into use？” In fact，women were regarded as those who are always crying.And they are so“l(fā)azy” enough as to put the sound of crying “wowowo” in front of “man”.

Part I ?Activity

Complete the story.Change the words into the proper forms by adding affixes.

Wearing his uniform（form），Xinxin went to work.He rode his bicycle（cycle）on the road and he was not so happy ，for his work was still left unfinished（finish）.At a turn of the road he ran across his ex-girlfriend（girlfriend），who was kissing a girl on the road.“Oh，my God.She was homosexual（sexual）.”Xinxin thought he was lucky that they had parted.

He continued riding.Suddenly ，when he got to a crossing ，a man rushed out.Although he almost hit ?Xinxin ，he began to shout ?at ?the poor boy impolitely（politely）.He carried a camera with a tripod （pod）and he also led a piglet（pig）.Xinxin wanted to quarrel ?with him .But he soon found that the mans words ?were rude as well illogical （logical）.He could do nothing but keep silent.Whats worse ，the man hit him on his forehead （head）.What ?a black day！

After the introduction ，have you already had some understandings of roots and affixes？ When were confronted with a new word，search for the words you have learned to get some familiar affixes，and progressively get the meaning of the new word.

Part II ?Conclusion

Through the learning，we may already formulate some concept of affixation in our mind.Now lets put it into practice.I will go all out to make you believe that affixation is literally the most common way of making new words in English.It is often the case that we may encounter some words which we never met before in our daily English learning.But we still stand the chance that we can guess its meaning even though we dont know it at all.

教師總結：Good cooperation.They co-work，co-study and co-present their findings.Their presentation is meant to popularize some basic affixes.Try to enlarge your vocabulary by deepening your desire to learn more of them after class.

（三）Conversion

Introduction：As we all know ，in ancient Chinese，conversion is quite common.For example，皆白衣冠以送之……乃朝服，設九賓——《荊軻刺秦王》，in the first sentence means wearing white clothes and hats ，and the朝服in the next sentence means being dressed in，both are nouns changed into verbs.In English conversion is also quite common.Our presentation falls into 5 parts—transportation，character，body，animal，and others.

Part I ?Transportation

Firstly ，lets come to some nouns about transportation.A train，all right？ Such vehicles as bus ，ship ，train ，truck ，plane ，and so on，have similar meanings.Turning into verbs ，they mean "go to someplace usually by this sort of vehicle".

Characters：mother，father，nurse，master，dwarf，partner

（1）She mothers two children and adopted a third.n.母親 → v.照顧

（2）A.G.Bell ?is ?thought ?to ?have fathered ?the ?phone.N.父親→v.發(fā)明

（3）Dont ?baby ?your car.N.嬰兒→ v.嬰兒般對待

（4）Patients are ?nursed ?well in the hospital.N.護士→ v.護理

……

Body parts： eye，stomach，palm，leg it，mouth，nose，

（1）How can you ?stomach ?the violence in the film today？ n.胃 → v.忍受

（2）The magician palmed the coin and suddenly produced it from the boys ear.n.手掌 → v.握在掌心

（3）We ?legged ?it home when the storm broke.n.腿→ ?v.快走

（4）He eyed his son with anger.n.眼睛 ?→ ?v.看

……

Animals：dog，monkey，parrot，snake

（1）Whenever I go，my little brother ? dogs ?my footsteps.n.狗→ v.跟隨

（2）Dont monkey with my television.n.猴子→ ?v.搗蛋，亂動

（3）The students seemed serious and hard-working，but they confined themselves to textbooks.n.鸚鵡 → ?v.復述

（4）snake ones way ? 蜿蜒曲折

Others：

（1）Don't trouble trouble ?until trouble you.n.麻煩 → ?v.打擾

（2）The problem has almost cornered him.n.角落→ ?v.逼到角落

（3）Ive never picture in my mind that I will been a superman now.n.照片→ v.想象

……

Part II ?Conclusion

If you grasp the skill you will find English is interesting to learn.Therefore，lets try to enjoy our English study together！

教師總結：Who chaired this part？They partnered each others and gave lots of vivid examples so that we can master these words easily.Thank you all.After class you shall enjoy ice-creams.Dont worry about the bill.I will foot it.Some students are so excited that tears well up，no ，but their mouths are watering.

（四）Compound

Introduction：Hello everyone，today Id like to talk about the compounds.As we know，the theme of the class is“word-building”.As a matter of fact，the word “word-building” itself is a compound word.We cant make a word for each new thing ，or the vocabulary will get so big that you can never remember the words！ ?For example，米飯，白.There are different way to form compounds.

Part I ?Activity

Weve come to the most exciting part：activities.The rule of the game is：Ill show the Chinese translation on the slide.Please guess what the English word is.Each compound is divided into two parts，and the student with one of the two parts， stand up and read out the part.

嶄新的鞋子 brand-new shoes

經常鍛煉身體 work out regularly

聚光燈 spotlight

萬能的上帝 almighty God

費時的工作 time-consuming work

幸福感a sense of well-being

……

Part II ?Conclusion

Id like to recommend using compounds consciously while writing，because they can make your compositions clear and lively.

教師總結：They gave us an all-round study of compounds.He has made all-out preparations for the report.But I overheard that he thought it was an ill-advised choice to concentrate on the job because its time-consuming.Is it true？

課堂總結：Some students may think English is boring but actually its interesting.Whats the bridge？ Hands-on experience.Try to enjoy word building，enhance English，enrich your life and enlighten yourself. Thanks again，my almighty students.I am sure this lesson will have a far-reaching influence on you study life.I hope you have a sense of well-being both in the campus and off-campus life.

Homework：Write a mind map of all the words learned in the class.

三、教學反思

本節(jié)課以詞匯學習為切入點，以任務驅動學習，鼓勵學生自主、富有個性地學習，不斷積累經驗，豐富學習經歷。本節(jié)課激發(fā)了學生的學習動機，讓學生在體驗中學習，在學習中領悟，激發(fā)了學生的求知欲，讓學生體驗、運用研究成果。學生通過查閱與整理，完善知識框架。打破課本內容限制，鼓勵學生進行探究式學習，鼓勵學生交流與合作。倡導學生主動體驗，全員參與。重體驗，重研究，重過程是新課程改革的基本要求。但學生自身程度不一，本節(jié)課對于有些學生難度略大。因此，教師對學習內容要注意分層次，有梯度。由于經驗不足和時間有限，學生的文字材料還有許多不足之處。編寫的故事內容比較單一，語句不夠豐富。研究方式可以更具有多樣性，比如設計調查問卷了解學生更具體的需求;上網查閱的資料更豐富些;查閱更多英語原版書籍等。缺少學習策略的探索。在每一部分的展示中如果能滲透學習策略，課堂效果會更好。編故事本身就是學習的一種策略，能夠讓學生將所學的知識學以致用。學生可以再嘗試其他的學習策略，如編曲子，填歌詞，讓學生唱起來。通過朗朗上口的歌曲，幫助學生更好記憶。

四、教學點評

張老師選擇了一堂對于高二學生非常重要的詞匯構成法校本課進行教學。高中英語考試大綱明確規(guī)定學生需要掌握英語詞匯的復合詞、派生詞、轉化和縮寫的相關內容，但在高中教材中這些內容零散分布在不同的單元任務中，學生對詞匯學沒有一個綜合而系統(tǒng)的學習。所以，高二學生在有了一定的詞匯儲備后，再學習詞匯的四種構詞法，就會領悟到構詞法的規(guī)律，從而進一步進行分類和系統(tǒng)性地掌握更多的詞綴并利用規(guī)律進行猜詞和記詞。

課前充分指導，課上以學生為中心，給學生更多的展示機會。本堂課有十幾名學生站在講臺上，用地道標準的英語進行講解，大家根據不同的任務進行有創(chuàng)意的教學設計，最讓大家驚嘆的是他們關注知識輸入的同時，也能注重跟其他同學的互動和反饋。學生在小組合作探究和同伴互助角色分工下，學習氣氛格外熱烈，學習效果非常突出。

學習的過程中，實現(xiàn)了“一體三重”，即以學生為中心，注重知識向能力培養(yǎng)的轉變，注重知識輸入向輸出運用的轉變，注重知識講解向活動實踐的轉變。關注學生的思維品質和學習能力的培養(yǎng)。在這堂課中，授課教師鼓勵學生課前查閱搜集詞匯學的相關知識，安排學生進行小組合作，合理分工，準備幻燈片、知識梳理、任務認領和課上展示等活動。多樣的教學方法引領學生不斷地進行認知、概括、推理、總結和創(chuàng)造等思維活動，有助于其思維的邏輯性、縝密性和創(chuàng)造性的提升。