蔡琴
廣東省博物館的員工食堂,是我喜歡的停留處,主要是因為透過落地的幕墻玻璃,可以欣賞人稱“小蠻腰”的廣州電視塔的光影變化。在鱗次櫛比的高樓之間,結合展廳里曾經和正在舉辦的外銷系列展覽,仿佛可以辨析出阡陌水路,浮現(xiàn)當年世界各地從珠江口來到廣州的千帆萬桅。
為什么叫馬尼拉披肩
廣東地處南海之濱,海岸線綿長,良港眾多。憑借便利的水陸交通、先進的造船技術、豐饒的物產資源和發(fā)達的手工業(yè),廣東早在秦漢時期就已成為海上絲綢之路的重要發(fā)祥地。
廣東外銷綢在全國絲綢出口中占有重要地位。外銷綢,專指18世紀至19世紀前后,中國輸出到世界各地特別是歐美的中國生產的絲綢織繡品。中國生產,一般指用的是中國的織繡技術;而所謂的外銷,應該是指專為外銷設計的圖案和款式,有可能是完全西方的創(chuàng)意,也可能是帶有東方影響的圖案。而廣繡大披肩,是中國外銷品中重要的一宗,在西方被稱為中國披肩或馬尼拉披肩(mantn de Manila)。
我在中國絲綢博物館任職期間,在趙豐館長的支持、陳列保管部和技術部同事的協(xié)助下,對館藏外銷綢進行了整理和研究,2014年舉辦了展覽和小型學術研討會,成果匯編成《華美致遠:中國絲綢博物館館藏外銷綢珍品》一書。
廣繡大披肩外銷,一般先從中國東南沿海通過平底海船運到馬尼拉,然后通過大帆船從馬尼拉東跨太平洋,到達墨西哥的阿卡普爾科港;上岸之后,用大輪車運至大西洋西岸的韋拉克魯斯港,再度裝船,經大西洋至南歐的塞維利亞港,自此分發(fā)歐洲各地市場。
經幾次轉運之后,歐洲人只知大帆船上的貨都來自集運港馬尼拉,而不知原產地,因而稱之為馬尼拉大披肩。
馬尼拉披肩在順德
馬尼拉披肩的起源目前無考。19世紀,巴黎開始成為時尚之都,擅長描繪室外場景和光影變幻的法國印象派畫家,也隨之開始在自己的作品中描繪那些時髦人士的著裝,捕捉了各種場合的女性形象。從印象派畫家的作品中可以看出,中國外銷的披肩等配飾已經成為當時法國時尚生活的一個部分。安格爾、莫里索、雷諾阿、馬奈、莫奈等著名印象派畫家都曾畫過相應的作品,女士們披著中國外銷的披肩,或在包廂,或在花園,或在陽臺,或執(zhí)扇,或撐傘。
在200多年經久不衰的生產與發(fā)展歷程中,馬尼拉披肩在不同時代各具特色,從絲綢面料、線材、染料、配色、規(guī)格、流蘇、構圖、題材、風格到市場喜好等的變化中,既可以看到中西文化相互磨合和交融的過程,又能看出當時的社會歷史文化背景。
中國絲綢博物館藏黃緞地雙面繡亭臺樓閣披肩(約18世紀60至70年代)把鑊耳屋這種建筑形式整合到畫面里,作為戲曲故事的背景,構圖勻稱,色彩斑斕,極富裝飾效果。
海貿重鎮(zhèn)廣州,包括沙面、黃埔等島嶼,都有這種叫鑊耳屋的建筑形式。這種屋子用青磚、石柱、石板砌成,外墻壁均有花鳥圖案。鑊耳屋的山墻砌成鑊耳狀,故稱鑊耳屋。據說鑊耳狀的建筑,防火和通風性能良好:火災時,高聳的山墻可阻止火勢的蔓延和侵入;微風吹動時,山墻可阻擋風入巷道進而通過門、窗流入屋內。民間還有鑊耳屋蘊含富貴吉祥、豐衣足食意義一說。
1865年之后,中國外銷披肩尺幅更大,流蘇和編結繼續(xù)增長,直接可以當作包裹身體的衣服。中國絲綢博物館藏黑色流蘇披肩(20世紀初期)呈方形,以黑色重縐為地,以平繡針法用白色絲線繡制花卉,四角對稱,構圖細致繁密卻又繁而不亂,四周輔以編織網格和長流蘇。1926年出版的《西班牙區(qū)域服飾》中的一幅插圖,與之幾乎一模一樣。
馬尼拉披肩的魅力是和廣繡的獨特技藝分不開的。2019年1月,“風·尚——18至20世紀中國外銷扇”展在廣東省博物館開展,在策展人白芳博士的陪同下,有幸考察了位于佛山順德大良鎮(zhèn)的廣繡莊。大良,自古以來是順德經濟富庶之地,順德的政治、經濟、文化中心,商賈富人云集,“廣繡重鎮(zhèn)”“南國絲都”“廣東銀都”“粵菜之都”說的都是大良。當年大良的小船可以沿著大小河汊進入廣州城,很多大良人都是在被譽為“第一碼頭”的大良碼頭坐船,途經倫教、勒流,然后直達廣州南方大廈的鐘樓。除承擔客運功能外,“第一碼頭”還是個重要的貨運碼頭,從廣州、江門運來的貨物,都是經“第一碼頭”運到大良,而大良的農副產品、手工藝品等,也是通過這個碼頭運往各地。顯然,這個水網聯(lián)系起了廣闊的世界,使大良成為世界的一部分。
今天的大良華蓋路步行街兩旁,還保留有明末清初騎樓特色的嶺南西洋建筑,在古碼頭,還依稀可見當年“第一碼頭”的風貌,不過整體上大良已經成為一個觀光型的城鎮(zhèn)。在華蓋路的顯著位置上,有8層樓高的廣繡大廈,代表了順德廣繡曾經的繁華。如今這座舊樓略顯破敗,但仍有一批經營者和刺繡從業(yè)者堅持守衛(wèi)著廣繡的記憶,把自己編織進跨海的網絡,一邊傳承著傳統(tǒng),一邊根據市場變化創(chuàng)新設計,制作了一批新版披肩,把廣繡運作至今。由于現(xiàn)代化進程,繡工大量流失。從20世紀80年代初開始,順德刺繡工藝總廠便開始往潮汕、茂名等地區(qū)發(fā)展廣繡生產基地,之后又往江西、湖南、廣西等地擴建廣繡生產基地,同時開拓國內市場,以前百分之百外銷的產品,如今內銷已經占據了產量的近3成。
馬尼拉披肩在秘魯
2019年12月,我旅行來到秘魯東南部的普諾——坐落于世界上海拔最高的可承載航運的湖泊的的喀喀湖岸邊——使我對馬尼拉披肩的現(xiàn)狀,得以有了更全面和深入的認識。
普諾是印第安克丘亞族和艾馬拉族人的故鄉(xiāng),城市歷史悠久。最著名的普諾大教堂,位于普諾中心的武器廣場(Plaza de Armas),建于17世紀。由于正在維修,游客只能在圍擋外觀賞。同時,我偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)寫有“CHIFA”的中餐館?!癈HIFA”是粵語“吃飯”的諧音,這是秘魯中餐館特有的招牌,已經被收入當地詞典,成為秘魯中餐館的專有名稱。炒飯和云吞又是“CHIFA”的招牌菜,而炒飯和云吞這兩個詞在西班牙語里面,也是由粵語直譯過來的。除了“CHIFA”、炒飯、云吞等詞語直接沿用粵語發(fā)音,在秘魯,當地人也直接把“姜”叫做“kion”、醬油叫做“sillao”、白菜叫做“bok choy”,這些都來源于粵語。
“馬尼拉大帆船貿易”帶來的中國商品,對拉丁美洲各地也產生了一定影響。在當時西屬美洲殖民地的上層社會中,女士以穿著中國絲綢為時尚,看起來幾乎是同一時期在歐洲流行的“中國熱”的翻版。
離開普諾的前一天傍晚,在皮諾廣場(Pino Park)的圣母圣殿教堂(Santuario de la Virgen de la Candelaria)前,我幸運地遇見了狂歡的游行隊伍。宗教節(jié)日、印第安傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日、民族獨立日或建城周年,大家都會游行慶祝。
游行的隊伍款款過來,每人都手拿沙槌和花束,隨著鼓樂緩緩前進。一個方陣為一個團隊,統(tǒng)一著裝。一個方陣接一個方陣,男隊女隊間隔行進。男士方陣穿西裝,女士方陣穿印加民族服飾anacu改良過來的有著鮮艷的色彩和多層次的寬大蛋糕裙,而最吸引眼球的是她們的披肩。
披肩的顏色與方陣衣服的顏色統(tǒng)一,流蘇目測長達40多厘米。隨著舞步和手中裝飾絢麗的沙槌的搖動,流蘇甩開來,極富動感,讓人聯(lián)想起西班牙弗萊明戈舞的熱烈奔放以及演員身上那飄逸的大披肩。只是,披肩再也不是精工而奢華的廣繡,而是更加適合快餐文化的機器生產的舞蹈用品??梢?,曾經通過“馬尼拉大帆船”為中南美洲帶來大批商品的中國,在今天依然能夠以開放的姿態(tài)與拉美各國開展貿易。
我沿著利馬街,在觀看游行的人群中穿梭。
我在尋找馬尼拉披肩。
Viewed from the canteen of Guangdong Provincial Museum, the Canton Tower, the landmark of Guangzhou, is a spectacular view of pattern of lights dancing over the glistening skylines of the sleepless city. The museums exhibits interact with the charming urban views set against a network of waterways ushering a thousand sails into the estuary of the Pearl River.
Genesis of the misnomer
Situated at the meandering shores of the port-studded South China Sea, Guangdong became a key seedbed of the “Silk Road on the Sea” in as early as the Qin (221-207BC) and Han (206BC-220AD) times of China. The cornucopia produced a vibrant scene of ship-building and handicraft industry.
The provinces silk export, with a history beginning at the turning point of the 18th Century and 19th Century, has long been a major player in Chinas silk trade. A special category of the high-quality, tailor-made silk products exported to the Western clientele, often referred to as “mantón de Manila” or “mantón de China”, was a Guangdong specialty. The shipping routes normally stretched from several stopovers on the Pacific Ocean to Mexico and then went from the western coast to the eastern coast of the continent all the way to the west bank of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea routes crossed the Atlantic and reached Europe. With little knowledge of the origin of the beautiful fabric, some Europeans unthinkingly and therefore mistakenly took Manila, the first transfer port of the goods from Guangdong, as the source area of the silk wraps, hence the misnomer.
An exhibition and a small-scale academic symposium, based on my research about the silk export of China, held in 2014, led to the release of a book titled .
"Mantón de Manila" in Shunde
Silk wraps and many other accessories became very much sought-after in France in the 19th century when Paris rose to be the “fashion capital” of not only the country but also the greater Europe. The luxurious beauty of the Oriental silk fabric is portrayed by many Impressionists such as Renoir and Monet in their works depicting the leisure life of upper-class Parisian courtesans.
Throughout its history of more than 200 years, the quality and design of “mantón de Manila” varied with times, presenting interesting facts of East-West communication in different social contexts.
Made in the 1860-70s, one of the exhibits at the China Silk Museum in Hangzhou shows the intriguing innovation of a Southern China architectural feature integrated into the pattern design to create a luxuriant, colorful aesthetic effect. Colloquially known as “Cauldron-Ear House”, this special gable wall style is crafted to make the structure fireproof and well-ventilated, with the decorative details suggesting auspicious implications.
A distinct change of the design of “mantón de Manila”?came in the mid 1860s, as can be seen from some exhibits that feature a much bigger width of the fabric and noticeably longer tassels.
The key part of the enduring charm of “mantón de Manila” is the unique artistry of whats known as Guangdong embroidery. People today can admire the handicraft in the historical town of Daliang, where the towns former glory and long-time opulence can be seen from the relics of ancient docks and ravishing architecture flanking the Huagai Road. Since ancient times, the town has been the most vibrant economy of Shunde, Foshan City. The eight-storey Guangzhou Embroidery Building that stands at an outstanding spot of the pedestrian road is a symbol of the towns former embroidery glory.
"Mantón de Manila" in Peru
A visit to Puno, a historic town seated on the shores of Lake Titicaca, in the winter of 2019, refreshed my understanding of “mantón de Manila”. At 3,800 meters above sea level, Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable body of water in the world.
The hometown of Quechuans and Aymara Indians, Puno draws in tourists for a host of historical spots represented by Plaza de Armas, built in the 17th century. The towns trade and cultural communication with Guangdong can be told from many loanwords such as “chifa” (meaning “Chinese restaurant”), “kion” (meaning “ginger”), “sillao” (meaning “soy sauce”) and “bok choy” (meaning “Chinese cabbage”), all from the Cantonese dialect.
On the night before I left Puno, I came across a celebrative procession right in front of Santuario de la Virgen de la Candelaria at Pino Park. The wraps on the girls, all dressed up in colorful layered cake-style dresses, instantly caught my eye. The tassels danced wildly in the air, making me immersed in the fierce passion of Flamenco. Although the wraps used by the dancers were obviously not the fine silk fabric that once enchanted the upper-class Parisians, I knew the connection between east and west was there and would be there for many more centuries to come. And I knew my adventure of “mantón de Manila” would continue.