風景園林的未來

撰文：（美國）丹尼爾·J·納德奈克翻譯：張振威

風景園林的未來

撰文：（美國）丹尼爾·J·納德奈克翻譯：張振威

2015年1月，卡爾·斯坦尼茲博士和跨學科教員在喬治亞大學環(huán)境與設計學院開設的地理設計工作室中。Dr. Carl Steinitz and a group of interdisciplinary faculty at the College of Environment and Design Geodesign Workshop held at the University of Georgia in January of 2015.

當習近平主席指點“美麗中國”之時，他也表達出了一套由全球風景園林專業(yè)所秉承的價值觀念，那就是——設計和審美的重要性、對環(huán)境的關愛、審慎的改造。中國風景園林行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展也揭示了這個國家已經(jīng)與這個職業(yè)的宗旨緊密相連。不幸的是，并不是每個國家的風景園林行業(yè)都有像中國這樣的發(fā)展速度和作為。2008年以來的經(jīng)濟衰退導致了很多國家的風景園林事務所裁員?，F(xiàn)在美國和世界其它國家的經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)回暖，枕戈待旦，風景園林人也必須在技術上吐故納新，為公共健康謀福利。

1　新的技術

用于風景園林實踐的技術進步包括一系列前沿技術和在環(huán)境設計（環(huán)境系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃）領域取得的重要成果。

2　前沿技術

激光探測及測距系統(tǒng)（Light Detection and Ranging，縮寫為LiDAR），簡稱激光雷達，是一種使用數(shù)百萬個激光點來創(chuàng)建精準三維影像的遙感技術。這一技術可以在地表使用，也可以應用于航拍。LiDAR的分析結果可以輕易分層，包括基底層。例如，航拍掃描可使地形清晰可見，甚至可以完整地掃描濃密樹蔭下的地表形態(tài)。所收集的數(shù)據(jù)往往比在地面上的傳統(tǒng)勘測更準確。在條件允許的情況下，還可以借助可穿梭于林冠下的無人機（Unmanned Aerial Vehicles，縮寫為UAV）拍攝的數(shù)碼照片加強激光雷達分析復雜場地的能力。

這些工具收集到的信息為風景園林師提供了可進行復雜地場地分析的方法，這些信息直接應用于設計需要采用地理設計（Geodesign），這是由全球知名的地理信息系統(tǒng)公司ESRI，哈佛大學榮譽退休教授、《地理設計綱要》（2012）一書的作者卡爾·斯坦尼茨博士，以及其它大學的學者和規(guī)劃設計實踐人員共同研發(fā)的工具。地理設計不僅允許復雜的、精準數(shù)據(jù)直接應用于設計過程，還可以生成特殊的程序?qū)⒃O計結果對給定景觀的影響直接反饋給設計人員。正因為可以創(chuàng)建比較深入的影響模擬，以及對客戶、行政機關的直接反饋功能，地理設計將對未來的景觀實踐帶來積極影響。各國對環(huán)境問題的重視，使得對場地生態(tài)健康的影響模擬越來越重要。

3　環(huán)境設計

通過使用地理設計和相關的方法，風景園林師將有機會與科學家和各領域的專家合作來解決更復雜的環(huán)境問題。專注于可持續(xù)發(fā)展和恢復力的設計將成為一種新常態(tài)。我們研究和管理雨洪的能力為其它的跨領域合作者提供借鑒、啟發(fā)和表率，比如我們可以提供與水相關的綠色屋頂、綠化墻體、可滲水鋪裝、生物溝、雨水花園等工程的解決方案。大尺度和創(chuàng)新性的綠色基礎設施設計也有利于促進提升全球飲用水的質(zhì)和量。

費城是一個典型的將這些創(chuàng)造性方法廣泛應用于城市景觀的美國案例。因費城仍有相當數(shù)量的雨污混排管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)在役，因此成本上最有效的方案是在雨水到達混排管網(wǎng)前將其收儲。在獲得美國聯(lián)邦環(huán)境保護署（EPA）的許可后，費城終將這一創(chuàng)新性的綠色基礎設施方案付諸實施。

4　為公眾健康而設計

在美國和世界各地，健康衛(wèi)生行政官員、醫(yī)學院校和公共健康機構認識到優(yōu)質(zhì)的規(guī)劃和設計在社區(qū)健康方面發(fā)揮更加重要的作用。雖然醫(yī)學在精深的疾病診斷和治療領域取得了巨大成就，但在健康問題預防方面還不夠成熟。像城市公園、步行系統(tǒng)和公園大道這樣的風景園林設計成果可以為久坐的辦公族提供另一種生活方式。愛動的人群不會高發(fā)糖尿病和其它疾病。在一些大尺度的景觀中，設計師通過引入包括植物在內(nèi)的景觀元素來營造親人尺度的環(huán)境，為人們減壓和消除精神疾病。

在一些更大尺度的城市項目中，風景園林師將更多的參與治療性花園的設計工作。早期的治療性花園為普遍的病人而設計，但當今的設計工作更有針對性，也更取決于前期研究——通過對老年癡呆癥、焦慮癥、抑郁癥、神經(jīng)麻痹、糖尿病等疾病的行為心理研究來設計專類的花園。

真正健康的環(huán)境還應包括可獲取優(yōu)質(zhì)食品和水，消除“食品沙漠”，這是指較難獲得有營養(yǎng)的和可消費得起的食物的地區(qū)，特別是交通不發(fā)達地區(qū)。從全球來看，食品安全跟種族有很大關聯(lián)，而且以貧困線下的家庭中食品不安全情況尤為嚴峻。可能的一種解決途徑是更好的城市設計和更審慎的交通系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃。

5　結語

風景園林行業(yè)將繼續(xù)致力于應用設計方法解決上述問題。倡導設計過程本身就會讓子孫后代受益，因為設計方法能創(chuàng)造性地解決問題。在美國，大量的設計學科之外的研究者開始理解和領悟內(nèi)植于設計過程的創(chuàng)新力。例如，斯坦福大學成立了哈索普萊特納設計學院，也被稱為d.school設計學校。d.school將學生、教師和實務人員聚到一起傳授設計思想并共同探討解決復雜問題。其它領域的專家發(fā)現(xiàn)設計中蘊含的創(chuàng)造力這一事實，將有助于風景園林師尋求具有開拓精神的科學家和工程師作為合作伙伴共同解決當代與未來的緊迫議題。

When President Xi Jinping emphasizes“Beautiful China” in his speeches， he is articulating an important set of values held by the profession of landscape architecture around the world： the importance of design and aesthetics， care for the environment， and planned change. The rapid growth of the profession in China is another indicator that the nation has aligned with landscape architecture’s principle mission. Unfortunately，such growth and intellectual alignment is not found everywhere in the world. Because of the Great Recession that began in 2008， landscape architecture offices in many nations were forced to lay off designers. While the economy is now turning around in the United States and other parts of the world， in order to fully return to a position of strength landscape architects will need to embrace advanced techniques and design for public health.

1　Advanced Techniques

Important advances in the techniques applied in professional practice in landscape architecture will include the application of several cutting-edge technologies and important progress in environmental design （environmental systems planning）.

2　Cutting-edge Technologies

LiDAR， an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging， is a remote sensing technology in which millions of laser points are analyzed to create highly accurate three-dimensional images. The technology can be used on the ground or from airplanes aimed at covering large portions of the landscape. The results of LiDAR analysis can be easily pulled apart into layers including the ground layer. For example，methods associated with the aerial scans make it possible for landscape architects to clearly see landform and a complete rendering of the ground plane even under the densest of tree canopies. Those data collected are often much more accurate than measurements taken in the landscape itself. When appropriate and useful， LiDAR analysis of complex sites may be enhanced by information gathered with digital photography taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles （UAV）， which can fly directly under the upper level of vegetation.

While the information collected with those tools provides landscape architects with the methods needed to construct very sophisticated site analyses， the direct application of that information to design requires the employment of Geodesign，a process and connected technologies developed by ESRI， an internationally renowned Geographic Information System Company （GIS）， Dr. Carl Steinitz， Professor Emeritus at Harvard University and author of A Framework for Geodesign （2012），and many other university faculty and planning and design practitioners. Geodesign not only allows for the direct application of complex and sophisticated data to the design process， it also can help facilitate aparticipatory process and allow the designer to access immediate information about how heror his design will impact any given landscape. Landscape architectural practice will be influenced by Geodesign well into the future because of the approach’s capacity to create in-depth impact simulations and immediately make that information available to clients and officials. Impact simulations as applied to the ecological health of sites will become increasingly important as nations wrestle with a host of environmental concerns.

3　Environmental Design

Using Geodesign and related methods， future landscape architects will increasingly work on complex environmental problems in partnership with scientists and other experts. Designs focused on sustainability and/or resiliency will be become the norm. Landscape architects’ ability to study and manage stormwater will provide impetus for many of those interdisciplinary partnerships. Through those collaborations landscape architects will provide water-based solutions that will include green roofs and green walls， pervious pavements，bioswales， and rain gardens. The design of largescale and innovative green infrastructure systems has the potential to improve the quality and quantity of potable water around the world.

Philadelphia is an example of an American city that is applying these innovative approaches across much of its urban landscape. Because the city has a number of combined sanitary and stormwater systems still in place， the most cost effective way to solve its environmental problems is to capture as much stormwater as possible before it reaches those combined sewers. The city was able to get permission to pursue its innovative green infrastructure design from the United States Environmental Protection Agency （EPA）.

4　Design for Public Health

In the United States and around the world，health officials， medical schools， and public health programs are increasingly recognizing the part quality design and planning can play in contributing to healthy communities. While medical science has done a good job of developing sophisticated diagnoses and treatments for diseases， the work related to the prevention （and in some cases remediation） of health problems remains in its infancy. Landscape architectural design can provide alternatives to sedentary lifestyles found in many nations through the thoughtful design of urban parks， pedestrian street systems， and bikeways. Active populations develop diabetes and other ailments at a much lower rate. In those larger landscapes designers may lower stress and related psychological problems by introducing features including plants that bring those environments down to the scale of the human being.

In addition to participating in those larger-scale urban projects， landscape architects will increasingly be involved in designing therapeutic gardens. While earlier therapeutic gardens were designed for a broad spectrum of patients， the work today is becoming very specialized and heavily influenced by research. That research is allowing designers to create gardens specifically focused on helping patients with specific ailments-Alzheimer’s， anxiety disorder， depression，paralysis， diabetes， and others.

Truly healthy environments also include access to quality food and water and the elimination of food deserts （geographic areas where nutritious and affordable food is difficult to obtain particularly without access to automobiles）. Internationally，“food insecurity varies by race and is very high in households ［that fall］ below the poverty threshold”（Intersections 2013， 58）. Solutions to this problem may include better urban design and the careful planning of transportation systems.

5　Conclusion

Landscape architecture will continue to apply its design methods in solving many of the problems discussed above. Advocating for the design process itself will be of great benefit to future generations because the approach inspires creative problem solving. In the United States numerous researchers outside of the design disciplines are beginning to understand the creative power inherent in the design process. For example， Stanford University has developed the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design nicknamed the d.school. The d.school brings students， faculty， and professional guests together to teach design thinking and apply the concept to solving complex problems. The fact that other experts are discovering the creative energy inherent in design will benefit landscape architects as they seek innovative partnerships with scientists and engineers focused on solving the most pressing problems of today and tomorrow.

［1］Green City， Clean Waters. 2012［Z］. Philadelphia：Philadelphia Water Department.

［2］Intersections： Health and the Built Environment. 2013［Z］. Washington， DC： Urban Land Institute.

［3］Steinitz， Carl. 2012. A Framework for Geodesign：Changing Geography by Design［M］. Redlands， CA： ESRI.

The Future of Landscape Architecture

Text by： Daniel J. NADENCEK （US）Translation： ZHANG Zhen-wei

丹尼爾·納德奈克/美國佐治亞大學環(huán)境與設計學院院長、德雷珀講席教授/美國景觀學刊（Landscape Journal）聯(lián)合主編

譯者簡介：

張振威/男/博士/清華大學法學院博士后/本刊特約編輯（北京 100081）

Biography：

Daniel J. NADENCEK is the Dean and Draper Chair in Landscape Architecture College of Environment and Design， University of Georgia， and he is the Co-editor of Landscape Journal.

About the Translator：

ZHANG Zhen-wei is a Postdoctoral Fellow of School of Law，Tsinghua University， and he is also a Contributing Editor of Landscape Architecture Journal （Beijing 100081）.