未來(lái)十年風(fēng)景園林的四個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)

撰文：（法國(guó)）文森特·皮弗托

翻譯：劉昱霏

未來(lái)十年風(fēng)景園林的四個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)

撰文：（法國(guó)）文森特·皮弗托

翻譯：劉昱霏

歐洲和法國(guó)所經(jīng)歷的緩慢增長(zhǎng)期，已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了市政工程費(fèi)用的削減；在這種慘淡的背景下，人們可能會(huì)擔(dān)心風(fēng)景園林的未來(lái)。

但這種擔(dān)憂似乎并不合理，因?yàn)槲覀儗⒚媾R的挑戰(zhàn)將持久地使這門(mén)專(zhuān)業(yè)和從事它的人被完全認(rèn)可。我們?yōu)樽约汉臀磥?lái)幾代人所創(chuàng)建的空間品質(zhì)問(wèn)題比以往任何時(shí)候更加突出。自然資源是有限的，應(yīng)予以保護(hù)。如果我們要養(yǎng)活不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口，那么農(nóng)業(yè)用地的保護(hù)也至關(guān)重要。氣候變化是必然的，我們也應(yīng)為其做準(zhǔn)備。而且，在持續(xù)不斷的危機(jī)下我們的社會(huì)已經(jīng)變得脆弱，我們應(yīng)該與社會(huì)分化抗?fàn)帲鼘?shí)質(zhì)上也是空間分化。

在未來(lái)10年，風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師將面對(duì)4大挑戰(zhàn)。

首先是所謂的“平靜城市”的挑戰(zhàn)。這是我們所向往的；“平靜城市”通過(guò)穿越其中的“生態(tài)走廊”與自然融合（在法國(guó)我們稱之為“綠色和藍(lán)色生態(tài)網(wǎng)”，指的是陸地植物和河流水系生物多樣性）。土壤不再被視為一種材料，而作為基質(zhì)和遺產(chǎn)。例如一些由設(shè)計(jì)師亨利·巴伐（Henri Bava）、邁克爾·哈斯勒（Michel Hoessler）或奧利維爾·菲利普（Olivier Philippe）（Ter機(jī)構(gòu)）等開(kāi)展的城市社區(qū)管理領(lǐng)域的項(xiàng)目中有提到。“平靜城市”涉及到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?，他們被征求討論?xiàng)目；這不僅是因?yàn)樗麄円J(rèn)可風(fēng)景園林師的想法，而且還需要他們參與項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施進(jìn)程。很多年輕的設(shè)計(jì)師探索這些方法，往往是從集體活動(dòng)如園藝中獲取啟發(fā)?！捌届o城市”反映了對(duì)城市的不同感知，它對(duì)城市項(xiàng)目的管理方式尋求設(shè)計(jì)師的一種投入。

其次，是“擴(kuò)展”城市的挑戰(zhàn)。米歇爾·戴斯威納（Michel Desvigne）認(rèn)為大都市的發(fā)展是一種國(guó)土組織的形式，我們必須考慮比以往更加巨大的公共空間尺度。在薩克雷大學(xué)校園，戴斯威納開(kāi)創(chuàng)了法國(guó)第一個(gè)國(guó)家科研集群， 也是“大巴黎”項(xiàng)目之一。在法國(guó)，大尺度景觀的想法受到著名風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師推動(dòng)，如皮埃爾·陶維爾格內(nèi)（Pierre Dauvergne）和杰克斯·斯加爾（Jacques Sgard），他們受到普羅斯特（Prost）和讓·克勞德·尼古拉·福雷斯蒂爾（Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier）在法國(guó)的作品、以及奧姆斯特德（Olmsted）在美國(guó)的作品啟發(fā)?！皵U(kuò)展城市”也將不斷成長(zhǎng)和演變，我們將在未來(lái)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里貢獻(xiàn)于此。“計(jì)劃指南”的概念已經(jīng)由亞歷山大·謝梅道夫（Alexandre Chemetoff）發(fā)起，他在“更大的南特”中，想確保公共空間的連續(xù)性，這一概念的出現(xiàn)使得空間可以適應(yīng)新的項(xiàng)目?！皵U(kuò)展城市”需要風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師，以保障其尺度之外的生長(zhǎng)性。

第三是“循環(huán)城市”的挑戰(zhàn)。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)概念已經(jīng)由風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師吉爾·克萊門(mén)特（Gilles Clément）在法國(guó)實(shí)施。它是基于——借用：景觀項(xiàng)目必須對(duì)它所索取的環(huán)境進(jìn)行償還。其關(guān)鍵是需要尊重生態(tài)活力，而不是忽視它。吉爾·克萊門(mén)特喚起了一個(gè)園丁的形象，不得不在一個(gè)封閉的“完成”的空間內(nèi)工作。“循環(huán)”的想法接近于“過(guò)渡”（轉(zhuǎn)型城鎮(zhèn)），它激勵(lì)著風(fēng)景園林多樣化的趨勢(shì)理念，比如可替代品，又比如蒂埃里·雅凱（Thierry Jacquet）所創(chuàng)造的那些雄心勃勃的環(huán)境修復(fù)項(xiàng)目。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師將被要求恢復(fù)自然環(huán)境惡化的空間，并提出土地管理的關(guān)于資源（水、土壤、生物多樣性）以及它們的使用的良性建議。

第四個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)涉及到城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村之間的關(guān)系。值得提醒的是，即使西方社會(huì)城市占主導(dǎo)，即使這種模式正日益蔓延到世界各地，但并不是所有的景觀都是城市的。相反，鄉(xiāng)村，這種低密度區(qū)，是我們領(lǐng)土的基本元素：是一種生活空間，農(nóng)林生產(chǎn)、旅游和休閑空間。鄉(xiāng)村和城市地區(qū)，都是孕育文化的地方。而往往是我們管理的方式?jīng)Q定了其防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的水平，如應(yīng)對(duì)擴(kuò)散性污染，洪水，水土流失等……風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師需要去面對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，來(lái)幫助反思我們國(guó)土的品質(zhì)并去設(shè)計(jì)它們。他們同樣也要去反思城市與鄉(xiāng)村的交錯(cuò)區(qū)并去設(shè)計(jì)它們。城市鄉(xiāng)村交接地帶是主要面臨挑戰(zhàn)的地方。在那里，其用途往往模糊但環(huán)境質(zhì)量已經(jīng)惡化。在法國(guó)，這些問(wèn)題并未結(jié)合到項(xiàng)目中；然而，雖然公眾委員還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到其重要性，但這些課題已被考慮進(jìn)像風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師伯特蘭·福爾（Bertrand Folléa）所參與的研究中。

對(duì)于城市和鄉(xiāng)村的這4個(gè)方面的挑戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)浮出水面并將在未來(lái)10年持續(xù)存在。這些問(wèn)題需要在研究中、在創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)造的過(guò)程中解決。在法國(guó)，這些研究在風(fēng)景園林學(xué)校中進(jìn)行，從而促進(jìn)了風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師的工作。這些想法已在在線雜志《景觀項(xiàng)目》上被提及。但擴(kuò)大這一創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)需要通過(guò)在凡爾賽風(fēng)景園林學(xué)校內(nèi)的勒諾特別墅來(lái)進(jìn)行。像其他國(guó)際知名學(xué)校一樣，勒諾特別墅歡迎國(guó)際風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師進(jìn)行為期3-9個(gè)月訪學(xué)，可以深度探討當(dāng)代問(wèn)題，無(wú)論是環(huán)境、城市、藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作或其他重要方面。這樣做的目的是幫助風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)對(duì)在未來(lái)10年所面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)：加強(qiáng)風(fēng)景園林師之間的聯(lián)系。

The period of slow growth that Europe and France have been going through have resulted in cuts of public works commissions； in this gloomy context， one may be concerned about the future of landscape architecture.

Concerns seem not to be justified though，because the challenges we will be facing durably make this know-how and the people involved in it fully legitimate. More than ever， questions arise with regard to the quality of the spaces we create for ourselves and for the future generations. The natural resources are limited and should be preserved. The protection of agricultural land is vital if we want to feed our growing population. The climate change is a certainty and we should be prepared for it. Finally， in our societies - which have become vulnerable through the ongoing crisis - we ought to fight social divide， which is a spatial divide as well.

In the coming decade landscape architects will be called upon to take on four major challenges.

First， there is the challenge of the so-called‘calm city’. It is something we aspire to； the ‘calm city’ incorporates nature through the ‘ecological corridors’ that run through it （in France we call them ? green and blue threads? referring to the plant and aquatic biodiversity）. Soil is not considered as a material， but as a substrate and heritage. It is put forward in a number of projects carried out in the field of urban neighborhood management by designers such as Henri Bava，Michel Hoessler or Olivier Philippe （Ter agency）. The ‘calm city’ involves its inhabitants， who are solicited to discuss the projects； not only because it is important to have them adopt the landscape designer’s idea， but also because it is necessary to make them participate in the process of creation and implementation of the projects. A lot of young designers explore this approach， often inspired by collective practices such as gardening. The ?calm city ? reflects a different perception of the city， its management， of the relation to urban project for which the designer’s input is sought.

Secondly， there is the challenge of the ? extended ? city. According to Michel Desvigne，with the development of the huge metropolis as a form of territorial organisation， we have to think of public spaces at scales that are larger than they have ever been before. It is what Desvigne has initiated at the Saclay University Campus， the first national research cluster in France， which is one of the projects of the ? greater Paris ? In France，the idea of a large-scale landscape was promoted by the reknown landscape designers such as Pierre Dauvergne or Jacques Sgard， who were inspired by the works of Prost or Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier in France， and those of Olmsted in the USA. The ? extended city ? is also a city which will grow and evolve and we will be able to contribute to it over a long period of time. The concept of ? guide plan ? has been developed in France by Alexandre Chemetoff who wanted to ensure the continuity of public spaces in ? greater Nantes ?，making the space adaptable to new projects as they arise. The ? extended city ? needs the landscape architect so that it can grow beyond the scales.

Thirdly， there is the challenge of the ? recycled city ?. This economic concept has been implemented in France by the landscape architect Gilles Clément. It is based on - borrowing ：the landscape project has to give back to the environment what it has taken from it. What is at stake is the ecologic dynamics， which is to be respected and not ignored. Gilles Clément evokes the image of a gardener， who has to work in a closed‘finished’ space. The idea of ? recycling ? is close to the idea of ? transition ? （transition towns） which inspires diverse trends in landscape architecture，from the alternative ones to ambitious environment restoration projects， like those created by Thierry Jacquet. There is no doubt that landscape architects will be asked to restore physically deteriorated spaces and propose ways of land management that are virtuous with regard to the resources （water，soil， biodiversity） and their use.

The fourth challenge pertains to the relation between the town and the country. It is worth reminding that even if Western societies are dominantly urban， even if this model is increasingly spreading over the world， not all of the landscapes are urban. On the contrary， the countryside， this low-density area， is the basic element of our territories： it is a living space， a space of agricultural and forest production， of tourism and leisure. The rural， as well as the urban areas， are places of culture. It is often the way we manage them that determines the level of protection against risks such as diffuse pollution， floods， erosion... Landscape architects will be called upon to face these issues，to help reflect on the quality of our territories and design them. They will be asked to reflect on and design the interfaces as well. The line where the town meets the countryside is the place of major challenges. There， the uses are often blurred and the quality has been deteriorated. In France， these subjects fail to be integrated in projects； however，even if the public commissioners are not aware of their importance yet， they are taken into account in researches in which landscape architects like Bertrand Folléa participate.

These four challenges have surfaced in urban and rural areas and will be even more present in the coming decade. They need to be dealt with in researches， in the process of innovation and creation. In France researches are conducted in Schools of Landscape Architecture， thus contributing to the landscape architects work. The ideas are voiced in the online magazine ? Projets de paysage ? （Landscape projects）. But the need to expand this creative activity is expressed through the Villa Le N?tre， within the National School of Landscape Architecture in Versailles. Like other well-known international residences，the Villa Le N?tre welcomes for a period of 3 to 9 months international landscape architects， who，during their sabbatical stay， wish to explore in depth a contemporary issue， either related to the environment， the city， or to the artistic creation or any other important dimension. The aim is to contribute to meet the main challenge that landscape architects will face in the coming decade：to strengthen the ties that link them.

The Four Challenges in Landscape Architecture for the Next Decade

Text by： Vincent PIVETEAU （FRANCE）
Translation：LIU Yu-fei

文森特·皮弗托/法國(guó)凡爾賽-馬賽國(guó)立高等風(fēng)景園林學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)

譯者簡(jiǎn)介：

劉昱霏/1992年生/女/北京人/北京林業(yè)大學(xué)園林學(xué)院碩士生（北京 100083）

Biography：

Vincent PIVETEAU is the Director of National School of Landscape Architecture in Versailles， France.

About the Translator：

LIU Yu-fei was born in Beijing in 1992. She is a graduate student at the School of Lanscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University.