變被動(dòng)聽課者為主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)者

【摘要】本文主要研究建構(gòu)主義理論并將其運(yùn)用于大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的實(shí)踐之中。中國傳統(tǒng)的英語課堂實(shí)際是受結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué)和行為主義心理學(xué)主導(dǎo)，專注于知識(shí)和技能的灌輸，學(xué)生無法靈活運(yùn)用語言。這種傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式主要是教師講，學(xué)生聽、記筆記，實(shí)際上是知識(shí)傳播型的（transmissional）。但是，經(jīng)過多年學(xué)習(xí)與努力，收效甚微，學(xué)生依然無法掌握英語學(xué)習(xí)的竅門。

筆者就自己在南開大學(xué)英語教學(xué)、科研實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，這主要是因?yàn)橥瑢W(xué)們?nèi)狈?duì)課堂的參與 （participation）。根據(jù)美國教育改革先驅(qū)杜威的理論，“認(rèn)知的過程不是一個(gè)旁觀者能完成的，而必須由參加者建構(gòu)而成”。

因此，哲學(xué)家維果茨基（Vygotsky）的社會(huì)認(rèn)知建構(gòu)主義理論比較具有實(shí)踐意義。利用這一理論，可以把學(xué)生從被動(dòng)聽課者變?yōu)橛⒄Z課堂上主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)者和參加者。

本文主要研究了下面幾個(gè)方面：課堂互動(dòng)模式、原汁原味的語料、合作式學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)者自治、把知識(shí)傳播型（transmissional）課堂變?yōu)楦镄滦停╰ransformative）課堂。

【關(guān)鍵詞】建構(gòu)主義 ?合作式學(xué)習(xí) ?學(xué)習(xí)者自治 ?大學(xué)英語教學(xué)法

【Abstract】This paper mainly discusses the topic of putting the theory of Constructivism into the practice of college English teaching in China. In the Chinese college English classroom， the traditional English teaching methods based on Structural linguistics and behavioristic psychology focusing on transmission of knowledge and skills cant meet todays students needs anymore.

These traditional teaching methods are transmissional （teachers transmitting knowledge and skills to students）. However， after years of fret over the English subject， students still cannot grasp the knack for English. To this author， that was mainly due to lack of participation from the students in the English class because according to the American educational reformer John Dewey， “Knowing is not done by an outside spectator but is instead constructed by a participant” （Oxford， P.42）.

Therefore the more practical theory of social-cognitive constructivism by the philosopher Vygotsky is more pertinent and effective in transforming students from passive receivers to be active learners and participants in the English class.

This paper focuses on four aspects of a Constructive class： Mode of Classroom Interaction; Authentic Material; Cooperative Learning/ Learner Autonomy and From Transmissional to Transformative.

【Key Words】Constructivism; Cooperative Learning; Learner Autonomy; College English teaching Pedagogies

【基金項(xiàng)目】中央高校建設(shè)世界一流大學(xué)（學(xué)科）和特色發(fā)展引導(dǎo)專項(xiàng)基金，項(xiàng)目編號(hào)： 96176308。

【中圖分類號(hào)】G642.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089（2020）08-0103-03

Introduction

Constructivism views students as the participating builders of a class as the teacher. This is in contrast with Gagnes theory of instruction which views the teacher as the transmitter of knowledge while students are passive receivers.

In the class guided by Gagnes theory of instruction， students lack initiative， the class is boring without or with minimal interaction between the teacher and the students; while a constructive class is more vivid and lively， involving students as active participants of the class and preferably， even creators of knowledge.

In the Chinese college English classroom， the traditional English teaching methods based on Structural linguistics and behavioristic psychology focusing on transmission of knowledge and skills cant meet todays students needs anymore.

These traditional teaching methods are transmissional （teachers transmitting knowledge and skills to students）. However， after years of fret over the English subject， students still cannot grasp the knack for English. To this author， that was mainly due to lack of participation from the students in the English class because according to the American educational reformer John Dewey， “Knowing is not done by an outside spectator but is instead constructed by a participant” （Oxford， P.42）.

Therefore the more practical theory of social-cognitive constructivism by the philosopher Vygotsky is more pertinent and effective in transforming students from passive receivers to be active learners and participants in the English class.

Vygotskys social-cognitive contructivism advocates that learning is “through interaction with others.” and “For Vygotsky， the teacher acts as a facilitator or guide.” （Oxford， 43） not the instiller or transmitter of knowledge or skills.

This paper tries to discuss the constructivism theory and put it into practice in the specific college English teaching context at Nankai University， China.

According to author Jere Confrey，“The philosophical approach that argues most vigorously for an active view of the learner is constructivism：

A theory that seems to be a powerful source for an alternative to direct instruction is that of constructivism （Confrey， 1983，1985; Kelly，1955; von ?Glasersfeld， 1974，1983， this monograph）. Put in to simple terms， constructivism can be described as essentially a theory about the limits of human knowledge， a belief that all knowledge is necessarily a product of our own cognitive acts. We can have no direct or unmediated knowledge of any external or objective reality. We construct our understanding through our experiences， and the character of our experience is influenced profoundly by our cognitive lenses. To a constructivist， his circularity is both acceptable and unavoidable. Ones picture of the world is not， however， static; our conceptions can and do change. The essential fact that we are engaged in living implies that things change. By coordinating a variety of constructions from sensory inputs to meditative reflections， we adapt and adjust to the changes and we initiate others. （p.109）

Moreover， Rebecca Oxfords ideas about Constructivism is equally enlightening：

For most social constructivists， the emphasis is on the process （rather than just finished projects） in activity-based learning situations with meaningful purposes （Rogoff，1994）. （Oxford， P.44） … For example， constructivists accepting the novice-to- expert paradigm implied that experts no longer need consciousness to conduct their routinized， automatic teaching behaviors， （Oxford， P.58）.

This paper suggests putting Constructivism theory into the teaching practices in our college English classrooms so that transformative English lessons can make the English class more vivid and interesting. Students will be more active and become self motivated participants of the class and achieve learner autonomy.

The following aspects of a Constructive class will be discussed： Mode of Classroom Interaction， Authentic Material， Cooperative Learning and Learner Autonomy， and From Transmissional to Transformative.

I. Mode of Classroom Interaction

The teacher is the focus of a traditional English classroom just as summed up in “Analysis of Classroom Interaction through Communication Behaviors” by authors Lewis and Newell：

In the typical classroom there is a teacher and an ?assortment of children. The teacher spends a good deal of her time explaining things to the children， talking to them， showing them pictures and objects， and going through demonstrations， all with the apparent objective of getting them to understand what she is saying or doing…In formal educational settings， the teacher？蒺s major communication role is that of sender of information， while the student？蒺s major communication role is that of receiver of information.（p. 321）.

While a constructive classroom is nothing like the above. The students must take the center stage and become active learners with autonomy and initiative and even creator of knowledge to construct a meaningful， purposeful， lively and fruitful lesson. Apart from teacher-students interaction（mainly through scaffolding）， interaction among students themselves should be the major mode of communication in a constructive class.

For example， when teaching students about greetings and introductions in English， the teacher in a transmissional classroom may just let the students learn with drills and skills， reading sentence patterns and doing some exercises in the textbook. However， a constructive class must put students at the center of class and involve them in participation as much as possible.

[2]Confrey， Jere. Chapter 8： What Constructivism Implies for Teaching. In Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. Monograph， Vol. 4， Constructivist Views on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics （1990）， pp. 107-122 and pp.195-210.

[3]Duckworth， Allison Hardin，“Cooperative learning： Attitudes， perceptions， and achievement in a traditional， online， and hybrid instructional setting”（2010）. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Southern Mississippi.

[4]Hoffman， Bruce.“Cooperative learning， character education， conflict resolution among English graders， their teaching intervention with bullying and their experiences with cyber， physical， and relational bullying”（2010）. ?Ph.D Dissertation. ?Dowling College： Brookhaven， New York.

[5]Lewis， W. W. and John M. Newell. Analysis of Classroom Interaction through Communication Behaviors. In The Journal of Experimental Education， Vol. 30， No. 4 （Jun.， 1962）， pp. 321-322.

[6]Meyers， Steve. Using Transformative Pedagogy When Teaching Online. In College Teaching Vol.56， No.4. （2008）， pp.219-224.

[7]Oxford， Rebecca L.（1997）. ?Constructivism： Shape-Shifting， Substance， and Teacher Education Applications. In Peabody Journal of Education， Vol. 72， No. 1， Teachers and Teacher Education in the United States： Perspectives from Members of the Japanese-United States Teacher Education Consortium （1997）， pp. 35-66.

[8]Rovinton， Steve. “Defining Authentic Learning”. ?Online Article. HYPERLINK “http：//authenticlearning.weebly.com/” ?Retrieved Jan. 26， 2019.

作者簡介：

胡階娜，南開大學(xué)外文系英語語言文學(xué)學(xué)士，英美文學(xué)碩士。新加坡南洋理工大學(xué)國立教育學(xué)院研究生項(xiàng)目主修應(yīng)用語言學(xué)和英語教學(xué)法。現(xiàn)任南開大學(xué)公英教學(xué)部副教授。2013年春季學(xué)期赴臺(tái)灣明道大學(xué)擔(dān)客座副教授。