陳理建 叢海濤 梁慧英
[摘要] 目的 探討右美托咪定對腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響。 方法 選取2017年1月~2019年1月行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)的患者150例,隨機(jī)分為觀察組與對照組。觀察組予右美托咪定1 μg/(kg·h)誘導(dǎo)麻醉后予以咪達(dá)唑侖、芬太尼、丙泊酚、維庫溴銨及依托咪酯全麻,并予氣管插管、輔助機(jī)械通氣后使用右美托咪定0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h)維持麻醉;對照組采用相同劑量的生理鹽水替代右美托咪定,余麻醉方式同觀察組。分別在手術(shù)開始前(T1)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(T2)、術(shù)后6 h(T3)及術(shù)后24 h(T4)檢測神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物S100β與神經(jīng)特異性烯醇化酶(NSE);同時分別在T1、T3及T4采用簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查法(MMSE)評估患者的認(rèn)知功能。結(jié)果 T2、T3及T4時兩組S100β與NSE水平均較T1時明顯升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且對照組升高幅度較觀察組更顯著(P<0.05);T3及T4時兩組MMSE評分均較T1時明顯下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且對照組下降幅度較觀察組更顯著(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論? 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者使用右美托咪定能夠減低神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物水平的升高,減輕術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的損傷。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù);右美托咪定;神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物;認(rèn)知功能
[中圖分類號] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)11-0127-04
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on neurological markers and postoperative cognitive function of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
CHEN Lijian1? ?CONG Haitao1, 2? ?LIANG Huiying3
1.Department of Anesthesiology,? Department of Medical Affairs, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Taizhou 318050,China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000,China; 3.Department of Medical Affairs, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center(Group) in Zhejiang Province, Taizhou? ?318050,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of Dexmedetomidine on neurological markers and postoperative cognitive function of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods 150 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly divided into observation group and control group. The observation group was given Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/(kg·h) to induce anesthesia, after that, the observation group was given Midazolam, Fentanyl, Propofol, Vecuronium bromide, and Etomidate, and the Dexmedetomidine 0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h) was also administered after endotracheal intubation and assisted mechanical ventilation to maintain anesthesia. The control group was treated with the same dose of normal saline instead of Dexmedetomidine and the remaining anesthesia was the same as that of the observation group. The nerve injury marker S100β and the neuron-specific enolase NSE were detected before the start of surgery(T1), at the end of surgery(T2), 6 hours after surgery(T3), and 24 hours after surgery(T4). At the same time, Minimum Mental State Examination(MMSE) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of patients at T1, T3, and T4. Results The levels of S100β and NSE in T2, T3 and T4 were higher than those in T1(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the increase in the control group was more significant than that in observation group(P<0.05). At T3 and T4, the MMSE scores of the group were lower than those at T1(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the degree of decline of control group was more significant than that of observation group(P<0.05). Conclusion The use of Dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce the level of neurological damage markers and reduce postoperative cognitive impairment.
[Key words] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Dexmedetomidine; Neurological markers; Cognitive? function
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)是治療膽囊結(jié)石和膽囊腺肌癥等各類膽囊良性疾病的首選術(shù)式[1-2]。腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)需使用全身麻醉,在高腹壓及高CO2的刺激下易引起神經(jīng)損傷及認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生[3,4]。因此選擇合適的麻醉藥物對于減少術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生具有重要的意義。右美托咪定是高選擇性的α2受體激動劑,具有抑制交感及抗炎等作用,對于降低全麻術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)具有一定的作用[5,6]。本研究觀察了右美托咪定對腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年1月~2019年1月在我院行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者150例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:(1)膽囊良性疾病者;(2)ASA分級I~I(xiàn)I級。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:(1)伴有嚴(yán)重的呼吸及循環(huán)系統(tǒng)等疾病無法接受全麻手術(shù)者;(2)伴惡性腫瘤者;(3)伴精神疾病或認(rèn)知障礙者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,兩組患者的性別、年齡、體重、手術(shù)時間等比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
1.2 治療方法
兩組患者術(shù)前予以常規(guī)的圍手術(shù)期準(zhǔn)備,予以留置導(dǎo)尿,術(shù)前禁食8 h。進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后予常規(guī)監(jiān)測心率、血壓、氧飽和度等,操作過程按常規(guī)進(jìn)行。觀察組予以右美托咪定1 μg/(kg·h)誘導(dǎo)麻醉后予咪達(dá)唑侖0.04~0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼4~6 μg/kg、丙泊酚0.5~1 mg/kg、維庫溴銨0.1 mg/kg及依托咪酯全麻,并予氣管插管、輔助機(jī)械通氣后使用右美托咪定0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.04~0.4 μg/(kg·min)維持麻醉,并間斷給予維庫溴銨進(jìn)行肌肉松弛;對照組采用相同劑量的生理鹽水替代右美托咪定,余麻醉方式同觀察組。分別在手術(shù)開始前(T1)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(T2)、術(shù)后6 h(T3)及術(shù)后24 h(T4)檢測神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物S100β與神經(jīng)特異性烯醇化酶(Neuron-specificenolase,NSE)。同時分別在T1、T3及T4采用簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查法(MMSE)評估患者認(rèn)知功能。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 S100β與NSE水平的檢測? 清晨抽取空腹外周靜脈血2~3 mL,采用3000 r/min分離血清,離心5 min,置于-70℃冰箱保存。采用酶聯(lián)吸附法(ELISA)測定S100β和NSE水平,試劑盒選擇上海西唐生物科技有限公司生產(chǎn)的S100β和NSE的ELISA試劑盒。
1.3.2 認(rèn)知功能評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]? 采用簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查法MMSE評分評估患者認(rèn)知功能,MMSE評分內(nèi)容包括時間定向、地點(diǎn)定向、圖形描畫、語言表達(dá)、短時記憶、語言閱讀、理解等,總分0~30分,其中27分以上為認(rèn)知功能正常。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)和F檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)前后血清S100β與NSE水平比較? T1時兩組S100β與NSE水平比較相接近(P>0.05)。T2、T3及T4時兩組S100β與NSE水平均較T1時明顯升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且對照組升高幅度較觀察組更顯著(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患者手術(shù)前后MMSE評分比較
T1時MMSE評分比較相接近(P>0.05),T3及T4時兩組MMSE評分均較T1時明顯下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且對照組下降幅度較觀察組更顯著(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)是臨床常見的手術(shù)方式之一,近年來,隨著膽囊疾病發(fā)病率的增加,腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)越來越多的應(yīng)用于臨床,其具有手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[10,11]。但腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)需要?dú)夤懿骞?、全身麻醉,且手術(shù)過程中需要采用氣腹來保證手術(shù)視野[12,13]。由于疼痛和氣腹的影響患者術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)損傷和認(rèn)知功能異常,常表現(xiàn)為焦慮、性格改變、精神錯亂、記憶力受損,嚴(yán)重者甚至?xí)?dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)癡呆,影響患者的預(yù)后和生存質(zhì)量,給患者及家庭造成沉重的精神和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[14,15]。S100β與NSE是兩種新型的腦損傷標(biāo)志物,其分別代表神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的受損程度,在體內(nèi)處于較為穩(wěn)定的水平,與性別、年齡等變化無明顯關(guān)系,只有當(dāng)腦損傷出現(xiàn)時兩者水平才會出現(xiàn)升高,因此臨床上檢測兩者的水平可以用來反應(yīng)神經(jīng)損傷和認(rèn)知水平受損的程度[16-18]。術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)病率較高,但發(fā)病原因尚不明確,有研究顯示其與手術(shù)導(dǎo)致的全身炎癥反應(yīng)、手術(shù)應(yīng)激、過度磷酸化、術(shù)后低氧血癥等有一定的關(guān)系[19-20]。術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙如不及時治療可能出現(xiàn)永久性認(rèn)知功能障礙,合理的選擇麻醉藥物和麻醉方式以減少術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙成為近來研究的熱點(diǎn)[21,22]。
右美托咪定是一種新型的高選擇性α2腎上腺能受體激動劑,其通過興奮突觸前α2腎上腺能受體,降低血兒茶酚胺水平從而減少交感活性,減少神經(jīng)末梢去甲腎上腺的釋放,從而達(dá)到良好的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、催眠及抗焦慮等作用[23,24]。近年來,有研究顯示進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),右美托咪啶還具有一定的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,其能夠抑制大鼠局灶性腦缺血再灌注后的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)外的炎性因子、降低腦組織內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)及神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的毒性[25,26]。本次研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T2、T3及T4時兩組S100β與NSE水平均較T1時升高,且對照組升高幅度較觀察組更顯著,由此研究結(jié)果可以發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)及麻醉等操作會損傷患者的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),因此術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物S100β與NSE水平均會出現(xiàn)上升,右美托咪定能夠減輕神經(jīng)損傷的程度,因此觀察組S100β與NSE水平升高幅度較小,考慮是由于右美托咪定通過抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中去甲腎上腺素的釋放,從而降低了腦細(xì)胞和腦脊液中去甲腎上腺素濃度,達(dá)到減輕神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的損傷的作用。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),T3及T4時兩組MMSE評分均較T1時下降,且對照組下降幅度較觀察組更顯著。由此研究結(jié)果可以發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)及麻醉等操作還會影響患者術(shù)后的認(rèn)知功能,患者術(shù)后常出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙,而右美托咪定能夠減少手術(shù)及麻醉對認(rèn)知功能的影響。這是由于血流動力學(xué)的改變是造成術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的主要原因之一,而右美托咪定能夠抑制術(shù)后交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)興奮,減少兒茶酚胺釋放,從而減輕促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素及腎上腺糖皮質(zhì)激素釋放,患者術(shù)后血流動力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定,認(rèn)知功能影響更小。
總之,腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者使用右美托咪定能夠減低神經(jīng)損傷標(biāo)志物水平的升高,減輕術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的損傷。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-15)