城市愿景與數(shù)字技術(shù)

在過去的數(shù)周里，全球大部分職員與教師都在使用視頻會議、在線教學(xué)等新的工作方式。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的無界與互聯(lián)使我們在居家防疫期間仍可開展順暢的溝通。設(shè)計(jì)課可通過分享屏幕、使用觸控筆進(jìn)行云改圖，方式流暢且有效，主要挑戰(zhàn)在于學(xué)生對設(shè)計(jì)場地的主觀體驗(yàn)缺失，但街景地圖與大數(shù)據(jù)分析可以適當(dāng)彌補(bǔ)這種認(rèn)知缺失。信息時(shí)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、數(shù)字化技術(shù)植入物質(zhì)世界的創(chuàng)新，促成新的生活與工作方式，城市愿景在 改變。

當(dāng)代城市正面臨著氣候變化、公眾健康安全等前所未有的問題，這對依靠高度專業(yè)化的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)手段來解決問題的常規(guī)做法帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。在這種情況下，需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性地將城市規(guī)劃建設(shè)的傳統(tǒng)學(xué)科與人工智能、大數(shù)據(jù)、區(qū)塊鏈、深度學(xué)習(xí)等新技術(shù)方式融匯，構(gòu)建富有想象力的城市未來圖景，正如巴克敏斯特·富勒（Richard Buckminster Fuller）所說“預(yù)測未來最好的方法就是設(shè)計(jì)未來”。

城市是復(fù)雜的巨系統(tǒng)，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系是支撐其高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的技術(shù)載體，歷次的技術(shù)進(jìn)步都促進(jìn)了城市文明發(fā)展。約2 000年前羅馬城修建了11條大型引水渠，水從不同的高度輸入城內(nèi)，除常規(guī)輸水道外，還采用了虹吸管、隧洞和連拱支撐的渡槽技術(shù)。同時(shí)供給生活用水和遍布城市的浴場、公共衛(wèi)生間、噴泉、水池和蓄水湖，完善的供水系統(tǒng)為城市的繁榮提供了有力支撐。我曾到塞哥維亞參觀古羅馬引水渠遺址，跨越河谷的渡槽高達(dá)幾十米，分上下兩層由花崗巖干砌而成，堅(jiān)固異常。綿延的引水渠日夜不息地涌流入城，成為鮮活靚麗的景觀。對引水渠有重要貢獻(xiàn)的馬可·維特魯威（Marcus Vitruvius Pollio）在《建筑十書》（De Architectura）中多次提到引水渠的建造技術(shù)。這些充滿了人類智慧的水利工程，川流千年，訴說著古羅馬時(shí)代文明的輝煌。

地圖作為規(guī)劃的工具，其發(fā)展提升了城市易讀性。文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期列奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）受到維特魯威的啟發(fā)，改進(jìn)了測繪技術(shù)，并采用正字法視角繪制了《伊莫拉地圖》（A Map of Imola），不同于當(dāng)時(shí)從高處鳥瞰制圖，這種地圖形成了獨(dú)特的流派。同時(shí)，他將城市車馬路與人行道分開，并規(guī)定建筑高度和道路寬度，對城市下水道系統(tǒng)、護(hù)城河的建設(shè)也進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)，展示了前瞻性的規(guī)劃能力。

工業(yè)革命后，城市建設(shè)中的專業(yè)開始細(xì)分，城市加速擴(kuò)張，工程技術(shù)進(jìn)步促進(jìn)城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施飛速發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代城市理論也被相繼提出并實(shí)踐。到20世紀(jì)中葉，大多城市已被規(guī)劃成有秩序的城市網(wǎng)格，但特色卻在逐步消融。同時(shí)，探索規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)如何融合科學(xué)發(fā)展被不斷討論，克里斯多弗·亞歷山大（Christopher Alexander）在文章《城市不是一棵樹》（A City is Not a Tree）中運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)分析提出城市的半網(wǎng)狀模型，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了城市規(guī)劃作為科學(xué)的復(fù)雜性?？刂普摵蛿?shù)學(xué)等科學(xué)的重大發(fā)展促進(jìn)了規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法的變革，揚(yáng)·蓋爾（Jan Gehl）就非常重視監(jiān)測工具對人類行為數(shù)據(jù)的收集、解釋與規(guī)劃分析。

在21世紀(jì)的前20年里，數(shù)字移動設(shè)備的普及以及傳感器在城市空間的傳播產(chǎn)生了“大數(shù)據(jù)”，個(gè)人和社區(qū)通過社交媒體進(jìn)行互動和信息交換。這樣，城市不僅是物理中心，也成了虛擬中心，大數(shù)據(jù)分析為智慧城市復(fù)雜性理論的應(yīng)用提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。理解并掌握這些工具是實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新性智慧城市的關(guān)鍵。在智慧城市中新的信息和體驗(yàn)將成為建成環(huán)境的一部分。通過人工智能、5G、大數(shù)據(jù)等新型數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)，更多云端技術(shù)落地形成城市空間的新模式、新格局，在享受智慧環(huán)境帶來的優(yōu)質(zhì)、便捷、高效城市服務(wù)的同時(shí)，人們可以節(jié)省出更多的時(shí)間，能夠有機(jī)會更深入地去思考、體驗(yàn)和感知城市，從而讓社會環(huán)境變得更加柔和敦厚，讓城市更富人文精神，讓生活更具詩意。

主編：鄭曦教授

2020年4月19日

City Vision and Digital Technology

Over the past few weeks most staff and teachers around the world have been trying the new working style like online video conference and teaching. The boundless and interconnected network enables us to communicate smoothly even at home in the epidemic prevention period. For design studio class, we can use the stylus pen to revise the drawing works online by sharing the screen smoothly and effectively. The main challenge lies in the lack of students’ subjective experience of the design site. However, street view maps and big data analytics can make up for the lack of site cognition. In an era of information, the innovation by applying networked and digitized technology into the physical world has contributed to a new style of life and work, and also a new vision of the city.

Cities are facing unprecedented problems in contemporary times, such as climate change and public health safety, which challenges the conventional problem-solving practice based on the highly specialized planning and design methods. Accordingly, it is imperative to creatively integrate the traditional disciplines of urban planning and construction with new technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain and deep learning to build an imaginative urban future. As Richard Buckminster Fuller said, “The best way to predict the future is to design the future.”

The city is a huge complex system, the efficient operation of which is supported by the infrastructure system technically. All previous technological progresses have promoted the development of urban civilization. About 2,000 years ago, 11 large-scale aqueducts were built in Rome, by which water was imported into the city from different heights. Aside from the conventional aqueducts, the aqueduct technique supported by siphon, tunnel and arches was utilized. It is to supply the domestic water and city water use at the same time, including baths, public toilets, fountains, pools and water storage lakes throughout the whole city. The complete water supply system greatly supports the city’s prosperity. As for the ancient Roman aqueduct in Segovia that I once visited, the aqueduct across the river valley is tens of meters high and is made of granite in two layers, extremely solid. The diversion channels lead the water continuously into the city day and night, forming the distinctive and living landscape. The construction technology of aqueduct has been mentioned for times inDe Architecturaby Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who has made great contribution to the aqueduct construction. These water conservancy projects full of human wisdom flow perpetually and interpret the glory of ancient Roman civilization.

Map, as a tool of planning, its development promotes the readability of cities. Inspired by Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci his surveying and mapping technique and drewA Map of Imolafrom the perspective of orthography in the Renaissance period improved. Different from the aerial view mapping method at that time, this kind of map formed a unique genre. Moreover, he separated the city vehicle road from the pedestrians, regulate the building height and road width and designed the urban sewer system and moat, showing his forward-looking planning ability.

The specialty in urban construction began to be subdivided and the city accelerated its expansion after the industrial revolution; the progress of engineering technology promoted the rapid development of urban infrastructure, and modern city theories was put forward and practiced one after another. By the middle of the 20th century, most cities had been planned into orderly urban grid, but their characteristics were gradually disappearing. At the same time, the explorations on how to integrate planning and design with the scientific development have been discussed constantly. Christopher Alexander put forward the semi-lattice model of the city by using data analysis in the articleA City is not a Tree, highlighting the complexity of urban planning as a science. The blossom of sciences such as cybernetics and mathematics promotes the transition of planning and design methodologies. Jan Gehl attaches great significance to the collection, interpretation and planning analysis of human behavior data by monitoring tools.

The popularity of digital mobile devices and the spread of sensors in urban space have gave birth to“big data” in the first two decades of the 21st century. Individuals and communities interact and exchange information through social media. In this way, the city is not only a center physically, but also the center in the virtual world. Big data analysis provides an experimental basis for the application of smart city complexity theory. Comprehending and mastering these tools plays a crucial role in realizing an innovative smart city. New information and experience will become part of the built environment in the smart city. Through the construction of new digital infrastructure such as AI, 5G and big data, more cloud technologies would be implemented to form a new mode and pattern of urban space. While enjoying the high-quality, convenient and efficient urban services brought by the intelligent environment, people could spare more time for thinking, experiencing and perceiving the city deeply, thus to make the social environment gentle and kind, let the city filled with humanistic spirit, and life immersed with poetic.