Brainport智慧街區(qū)——應對未來生活的荷蘭創(chuàng)新舉措

著：（荷蘭）本·范伯克爾 譯：張博雅

建立UNStudio①的30年以來，建筑師的角色和工作范圍都已經被完全擴展。語境越來越國際化，數字化的溝通網絡也越來越普遍。建筑師不再僅僅是學習建造房子，也在反思世界變化的方式——多元的文化環(huán)境影響著全球城市的城市肌理，以及建成空間對自然環(huán)境的長期影響。

在建筑和建造領域，氣候變化、高密度化和數字化是我們面臨的3個最為緊要且充滿挑戰(zhàn)的全球性問題。這些復雜的問題不僅需要用整體性的視角來審視，更需要在不同尺度下尋找解決方案。氣候變化及其影響的緊迫性已是共識，相應的解決措施也層出不窮。這在近年來對于建筑的影響是建筑師需要在設計中考慮材料的循環(huán)使用，項目的靈活性和彈性，以及整合主動和被動的可持續(xù)策略、新技術和新產品。

然而，為了跟上科技進步的速度，我們需要在拓展建筑師傳統(tǒng)技能的基礎上找到新的發(fā)力點。如果我們的任務是塑造未來，我們需要主動探索乃至生產知識，以便適應更高績效、更人本主義的設計方式。因此，我們在2018年成立了姊妹公司UNSense。其目標是借助科技創(chuàng)造更以人為本的空間。不同于常見的智慧城市概念，UNSense不只追求效率、性能方面的目標，更是為積極的人、社會和環(huán)境影響而設計。

科技能夠且將改變我們居住、工作、交通和學習等方式。數據技術、傳感技術、人工智能和增強現實可以讓建筑師和設計師設計出能夠感知并且可以回應用戶需求的建筑?；跀祿θ祟愋袨榈纳钊虢庾x，它們將成為持續(xù)改進城市、使其能夠響應用戶需求的基礎。數據和設計的結合將成為改善人類居住條件的重要力量，并最終創(chuàng)造更加人性化、健康、安全、清潔、可持續(xù)、環(huán)境友好的建筑和城市。因此，空間設計師的任務是學習借助數據進行空間設計，這也正是我們的姊妹公司 UNSense致力推進的。但由于與數據和其他前沿技術緊密聯(lián)系，因此也意味著數據使用的新模式需要被測試和引進。

為了實現這一目標，建筑師、設計師和城市規(guī)劃師需要與創(chuàng)新的開發(fā)商、城市管理部門以及不同領域的專家團隊，在真實的環(huán)境中尋找并測試應對當前挑戰(zhàn)的整體性解決方案。帶著這些想法，我們最近完成了位于荷蘭赫爾蒙德市的實驗性城市開發(fā)項目“Brainport智慧街區(qū)②”（Brainport Smart District，簡稱BSD，圖1），這一獨特的項目旨在建設“全球最智慧街區(qū)”。

1 Brainport智慧街區(qū)

Brainport智慧街區(qū)占地155 hm2（超 過320個足球場的面積），旨在提供一個智慧城市發(fā)展的落地樣板。計劃建設期為2020—2030年，目標是將循環(huán)（發(fā)展）、居民參與、社會凝聚、安全、健康、數據、新交通技術、獨立能源系統(tǒng)等最新概念及技術變成現實（圖2）。

但是，與大多數開發(fā)項目不同的是，BSD不會按照先設計后建設的尋常做法；相反，設計和建設將逐步推行，齊頭并進。這個新區(qū)旨在推行創(chuàng)造一個可持續(xù)和獨特的生活概念，倡導實驗和“從實踐中學習”的理念 （圖3）。BSD的居民也是這個“生活實驗室”（living lab）的一部分，這是一種新的社會形態(tài)，居民將在居住環(huán)境發(fā)展中起到重要作用。這一新區(qū)目標是為獨特的可持續(xù)居住理念做出貢獻，主張“在實踐中學習”，以期創(chuàng)造一套系統(tǒng)性的、可在區(qū)域乃至國家等更大尺度上應用的解決方案。

BSD的計劃中包含一套個人化的數據系統(tǒng)，這意味著未來的使用者將擁有他們個人數據的所有權和管理權。根據計劃，這些數據可通過統(tǒng)一的收集和處理手段進一步連接到空間信息（包括住房、建筑組團、不同的街區(qū)乃至整個區(qū)域）。這一系統(tǒng)的基礎是專注于居住、社區(qū)、能源和交通的大數據平臺（圖4）。這一系統(tǒng)擁有多重功能（例如模式識別、檢測和組合數據）這些都可自動進行。該平臺將被劃分成不同的小單元，并成為BSD提供的APP和服務的一部分，同時也是項目團隊監(jiān)測和預測BSD的“ 城市大腦”的基礎技術。

Habidatum③是一家位于莫斯科和紐約的軟件和數據分析公司，他們使用數據分析埃因霍溫（Eindhoven）周邊特定園區(qū)和街區(qū)的用戶行為。分析的結果將為BSD的功能布局提供決策依據。而且，Habidatum的Chronotope操作界面（一個三維的、基于時間的數據空間化工具），使得在項目初期測試不同的人群聚集和功能布局方案成為可能。

在接下來的10年間，BSD將開發(fā)出1 500個 新住宅和12 hm2的商業(yè)區(qū)域。整個開發(fā)項目都將采用最新的科技和知識，以實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展、循環(huán)和具備社會凝聚力的街區(qū)。BSD將成為一個“ 生活實驗室”：圍繞中央公園打造一個混合住宅社區(qū)，四周布有商業(yè)空間和自然保護區(qū)。該街區(qū)旨在發(fā)展建筑和景觀的全新關系，從而相互提升質量水平。景觀為食品、能源、水、廢物處理和生物多樣性提供積極的生產環(huán)境（圖5～6）。

2 靈活城市規(guī)劃

BSD和UNStudio團隊的目標是制定一個能給予人們權利和激勵人們創(chuàng)新的城市發(fā)展框架。UNStudio的城市規(guī)劃能提供最大的發(fā)展空間，靈活的框架能適應增長的密度。由于這一靈活框架的密度是可變化的，這一城市規(guī)劃就提供了最大化的增長機會?？紤]到未來的經濟和社會變遷，該地塊被劃分成一系列的帶狀街道（由北向南，圖7），將街區(qū)劃定成10個部分，提供一系列豐富的城市和景觀密度以及功能。

3 城市愿景的關鍵特點

3.1 靈活應對需求

UNStudio的這一城市愿景并非是預先制定好的固定規(guī)劃，而是根據每位用戶的需求進行開發(fā)的靈活的框架。城市發(fā)展區(qū)和自然區(qū)均被視為生產空間，融合生活、工作和休閑娛樂。一個共享的中央公園將成為街區(qū)活躍的社交中心，所有居民都能在這里體驗康體活動和文化節(jié)目。

3.2 充滿創(chuàng)新者

為了迎合新的本地和國際用戶，BSD開始提前尋求新的生活和工作方式。鼓勵居民采取共享能源生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和耕作土地等公眾資源體系，而入駐的企業(yè)將主要側重于創(chuàng)新研究領域。促進生產的城市環(huán)境和景觀會打造出“Brainport智慧街區(qū)制造”（made in BSD）的獨有地方經濟。

3.3 擁抱挑戰(zhàn)

借助位于阿姆斯特丹的空間數據公司Metabolic④的幫助，UNStudio的愿景是將BSD有關氣候適應和循環(huán)性的超前想法打造成一個確保生態(tài)、社會和經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的框架。在項目早期引入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)概念，才能有機會讓不同規(guī)模的創(chuàng)新解決方案實行協(xié)同作用。BSD通過整合循環(huán)標準，包括原材料、能源和氣候適應方面，以及生物多樣性、人類健康和新的經濟機會，開創(chuàng)了區(qū)域發(fā)展的新標準（圖8）。

3.4 充分發(fā)揮科技積極作用

BSD的技術平臺，用于共享數據和信息，以推進景觀、建筑和公共空間的效率，同時提供無縫連接（圖4）。

3.5 建筑和環(huán)境的新關系。

Felixx風景園林和規(guī)劃事務所⑤與UNStudio的團隊一同打造了為BSD定制的景觀設計策略（圖9）。

4 景觀策略要點

Brainport所在的地區(qū)經過多年發(fā)展形成了豐富的馬賽克式拼貼景觀，包括森林、沼澤、村莊、濕地等多種景觀類型。然而，盡管同處一個地區(qū)，這些地塊卻各自獨立運行，并未形成合作環(huán)境，也不能發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用。因此，BSD致力于創(chuàng)造一種復合景觀，融合城市、自然和農田。Felixx設計了4條針對未來景觀的空間策略。

4.1 鑲嵌性景觀（Masaic Landscape）

“復合景觀”（Hybrid Landscape）建立在基于現狀肌理的“馬賽克磚塊”之上（圖10）。BSD被規(guī)劃為住宅街區(qū)，其中心為中央公園，外圍為農田區(qū)。這一布局既結合了現狀場地特征，也考慮了融入更大范圍區(qū)域網絡的可能。

4.2 生產景觀（Productive Landscape）

城市街區(qū)、中央公園和農田區(qū)都將成為生產空間，混合居住、工作和休閑的功能（圖11）。為實現功能混合，根據不同區(qū)域的基底條件，整個區(qū)域將被分為不同形狀和尺寸的地塊。每個地塊都將把食物和能源生產、水管理、垃圾處理和豐富生物多樣性的功能結合起來。

4.3 社會景觀（Social Landscape）

生產景觀的組織方式將在BSD內部形成新的社會網絡和合作關系。這些地塊將被組織成為一系列南北向的條帶，并將整個區(qū)域劃分為10個部分。在每個條帶內部，生產和消費將形成閉環(huán)。居民被鼓勵使用公眾資源體系，例如共享能源生產系統(tǒng)和耕作土地。

4.4 連接性景觀（Connected Landscape）

“復合景觀”將具有很好的連通性。條帶式的景觀結構將把中央公園、街區(qū)和外圍農田連成一體（圖12）。相應地，這些“景觀條帶”也將影響其內部的功能和活動。為周邊的農業(yè)區(qū)域提供肥料和水管理，為城市街區(qū)提供遮陰和排水條件，或是將公園內的休閑和生態(tài)價值相結合，也整合了為居民和參觀者服務的慢行系統(tǒng)。

5 UNSense——100住房計劃

除了UNStudio的“ 全球最智慧街區(qū)”城市愿景，其姊妹公司UNSense目前也正在組建一個聯(lián)營企業(yè)，以實現BSD的住宅區(qū)。該住宅區(qū)將包含100個房屋，代表著社會縮影。在這個生活實驗室中，UNSense將搭建一個城市數據平臺，研究如何應用數據來改善人們在城市中的生活。

目前，人們對于自我數據掌控的需求日益增長。通過將數據視為貨幣并將其所有權賦予100住房計劃的居民，創(chuàng)建一個受控的測試環(huán)境，探索這種方法在多大程度上引領其他的經濟模型。其中包括節(jié)省數字設施的個人成本，如移動服務、食品和零售服務。道德委員會（Board of Ethics）將作為獨立咨詢單位，處理與終端用戶的數據所有權、隱私、監(jiān)管和商業(yè)利益相關的問題。

致謝：

感謝項目的參與人員，包括UNStudio的Dana Behrman、Misja van Veen、Maria Zafeiriadou、Pedro Silva Costa、Chen Shijie，以及Felixx風景園林和規(guī)劃事務所的Michiel van Driessche、Maria E. Castrillo、Fangfei Liu、Ilva Mishtaku、Eduardo Marin。

注釋：

① UNStudio主要負責該項目以及設計城市愿景。

② Brainport智慧街區(qū)基金會由埃因霍溫理工大學（Technische Universiteit Eindhoven）、蒂爾堡大學（Universiteit van Tilburg）、Noord-Brabant省政府及赫爾蒙德市和Brainport開發(fā)小組共同成立。

③ Habidatum負責數據分析和建模。

④ Metabolic協(xié)助負責策略循環(huán)。

⑤ Felixx風景園林和規(guī)劃事務所負責景觀和生態(tài)設計。

圖片來源：

圖1～4、7由UNStudio提供；圖5～6、8～12由Felixx風景園林和規(guī)劃事務所提供。

（編輯/王亞鶯）

Brainport Smart District: A Unique Dutch Initiative for Future Living

Since UNStudio was first established over 30 years ago, the role of the architect has significantly expanded, as have the networks within which architects operate. Similarly, contexts have become more international and digital communication networks more expansive. Architects are no longer being trained to simply make buildings, but also to reflect on the way the world is changing, the culturally diverse milieu affecting the urban fabric of global cities, as well as the long-term impact the built world has on the environment.

Climate change, densification, and digitization are three of the most pressing and challenging global issues currently affecting architecture and construction. Complex issues that not only ideally need to be tackled in a holistic way, but the solutions for which should also be sought across all scales. The impact of climate change has for some time presented a very real urgency, with the result that solutions are being sought and developed at a rapid pace. The effect this has had on architecture in recent years has meant that architects are now integrating active and passive sustainable solutions, along with new technologies and products, into their designs— in addition to adopting circular strategies with respect to material use and incorporating flexibility and resilience.

However, in order to keep pace with the speed of technological advancements, architects need to find new relevance by expanding their traditional skills. If architects are to be in a position to shape the future, they need to invest in the exploration and production of knowledge, in order to enable a shift towards ever more performative, relevant and anthropocentric design. This is why, in 2018, UNStudio founded a sister company called UNSense. The aim of UNSense is to use technology to create better human-centric spaces. Unlike the more common smart city concepts, UNSense looks beyond mere efficiency and performance-related goals, instead designing for positive human, societal and environmental impact.

Technology can and will improve how people live, work, move, learn etc.. Data technology, sensorial technology, artificial intelligence and augmented reality will enable architects and designers to create buildings that sense, understand and respond to the needs and behaviors of the people that work and live in them. Data-based insights into human behavior can be used as a foundation to continuously improve and equip the city according to the needs of its users. The combination of data and design can create a powerful force to improve living conditions for people, and to ultimately create buildings and cities that are more humane, healthy, clean, safe, sustainable, and beneficial to the environment. For spatial designers, the task is therefore to learn to design spaces with data— which is actually the essence of what UNSense does. But as much of this is connected to data and emerging technologies, this also means that new models of data ownership need to be tested and introduced.

In order to achieve this, architects, designers and urban planners need to work alongside innovative developers, city councils and teams of experts from different fields to find and test real life, integral solutions to current challenges in the built environment. It was with these ideas in mind that the urban plan was recently completed for an innovative and experimental new neighbourhood in the town of Helmond, The Netherlands: the“Brainport Smart District” (BSD, Fig. 1). In this unique project, the objective is to actually build“The Smartest Neighbourhood in the World”.

1 Brainport Smart District

At a size of 155 hectares(bigger than 320 football fields), the Brainport Smart District aims to provide a model for the realisation of smart urban development. With construction planned from 2020 to 2030, the goal of the Brainport Smart District is to become an example of a Smart City which puts into action the latest insights and techniques in the areas of circularity, participation of(future) inhabitants, social cohesion and safety, health, data, new transport technologies and independent energy systems(Fig. 2).

BSD will not be designed first and built afterwards. Instead, design and construction will go hand in hand with step-by-step development. The objective is to design an intelligent, adaptive city; a learning city that optimally meets the needs of the user and can adapt itself as it grows(Fig. 3). As such, BSD residents will be part of a living laboratory, a new form of society in which they play a significant role in the development of their living environment. This new district aims to contribute to the creation of a sustainable and unique living concept, one which embraces“l(fā)earning by doing” in order to create a systemic solution that can be rolled out on a larger scale across local, regional and national borders.

An individualised Data Universe is proposed as part of the BSD urban vision, in which future users would receive ownership and management of their own data. It is further proposed to link this data to spatial information(about the buildings, housing blocks, the various neighbourhoods and the region as a whole) through a uniform collection and processing method. The basis of this system is formed by a large data platform(Fig. 4), which focuses on specific topics such as habitation, community, energy and transport. The system performs various functions— such as pattern detection, monitoring and combining data— that can be performed autonomously. The platform, which is divided into micro components, will form part of the apps and services offered in BSD and is the essential technology for the team that will be monitoring and forecasting the“urban brain” of Brainport Smart District.

Habidatum, a software and data analytics company based in Moscow and New York, used data information to analyze users’ behaviours and locations in specific campuses and neighbourhoods in and around the nearby city of Eindhoven. This analysis informed the programme allocation proposal for BSD. Furthermore, Habidatum’s Chronotope interface, a three-dimensional, timebased data mapping tool, enabled the testing of scenarios for user allocation and programme distribution from a very early stage in the proposal.

Over the next ten years the Brainport Smart District will develop 1,500 new homes and 12 hectares of business premises. The development will be characterised by the application of the latest technologies and knowledge in order to achieve a sustainable, circular and socially cohesive neighbourhood. BSD will be a mixed residential neighbourhood organised around a central park and surrounded by business spaces and natural reserves. The district aims to develop a new relationship between buildings and landscape, whereby both strengthen each other qualitatively. The landscape is used as a productive environment for food, energy, water, waste processing and biodiversity(Fig. 5-6).

2 A Flexible Urban Plan

Brainport Smart District and UNStudio’s ambition is to develop a framework for urban development that will empower and motivate people and innovation. As such, the urban plan offers maximum opportunity for growth with a flexible framework of incremental density. Factoring future economic and social flux, the site is parcelled into a series of strips(from north to south, Fig. 7) that demarcates the district into ten parts, offering a diversity of urban and landscape densities and use.

3 Key Aspects Of The Urban Vision

3.1 An On-Demand District

Rather than as a pre-determined fixed plan, UNStudio’s urban vision describes a flexible grid that is developed per the users’ demand. Both urban development areas and nature areas are perceived as productive spaces, where a mix of living, working and leisure is facilitated. A sharedowned central park forms the active social heart of the District where all residents share healthy activities and cultural programmes.

3.2 A Community of Innovators

Catering to new local and international users, Brainport Smart District is seeking early adopters of new ways of living and working. Residents are encouraged to adopt communal resource schemes such as shared energy generation and land cultivation, while businesses will primarily be those that focus on innovative research fields. The productive urban environment and landscape will generate a local economy that is specifically“Made in BSD”.

3.3 An Area Inviting Change

With the help of data science mapping by the Amsterdam-based firm Metabolic, UNStudio’s vision translates BSD’s high ambitions regarding climate adaptation and circularity into a framework that ensures that ecologic, social and economic sustainability are within reach. Incorporating circularity early in the process provides the opportunity to harness synergies between innovative solutions on different scales. Brainport Smart District sets a new standard for area development by integrating circular standards for not only materials, energy and climate adaptation, but also for biodiversity, human health, and new economic opportunities(Fig. 8).

3.4 A Place Where Technology Makes a Positive Impact

BSD’s technology universe is introduced as a framework for sharing data and information in order enrich the efficiency of the landscapes, buildings and public spaces, while offering seamless connectivity(Fig. 4).

3.5 A New Relationship Between Buildings and Landscape

Felixx Landscape Architects& Planners joined the UNStudio team to create the landscape design and strategy for Brainport Smart District(Fig. 9).

4 Key Aspects of The Landscape Strategy— A Historical Layout for a Future Landscape

The current landscape has historically grown into a rich mosaic, of forests, moors, villages and wetland areas. These are functioning as individual worlds within a shared layout, but are missing the opportunity to be turned into a collaborative environment and to harness synergies. Therefore, Brainport Smart District is committed to generating a new hybrid landscape, that merges urban, nature and agriculture grounds. Felixx has developed 4 spatial frameworks to organise this landscape of the future.

4.1 Mosaic Landscape

The“Hybrid Landscape” builds on the historical mosaic tiles of the existing landscape(Fig. 10). BSD is planned as a residential neighbourhood, organised around a central park and surrounded by rural grounds. This layout is defined by the characteristics of the site and the potential to contribute to regional networks.

4.2 Productive Landscape

Both the urban development areas, central park and rural grounds are perceived as productive spaces, where a mix of living, working and leisure is facilitated(Fig. 11). To merge all these functions, the landscape is parcelled into a variation of lots of different sizes and shapes, in line with the nature of each environment. Each plot combines a productive role in food and energy production, water management, waste processing and biodiversity generation.

4.3 Social Landscape

The organisation of the production landscape creates new partnerships and social networks within BSD. The plots are organised into a series of strips(from north to south) that demarcate the district into ten parts. Within each strip, production and consumption streams are closed. Residents are encouraged to adopt communal resource schemes such as shared energy generation and land cultivation.

4.4 Connected Landscape

The“Hybrid Landscape” performs as a connected realm. New linear landscape structures(Fig. 12) will frame the different plots, while connecting the outer rural grounds with the central park and the urban settlements. As a conditioning framework, these“l(fā)andscape-lines” contribute to the functioning of the plots they frame. They add to the fertility and water management of agricultural land, provide shade and water infiltration possibilities in built-up areas, or combine ecological values with recreational use in the park. They also integrate a slow traffic network for visitors and residents.

5 UNSense— 100 Houses

In addition to UNStudio’s urban vision for“The Smartest Neighbourhood in the World”, UNStudio’s sister company UNSense is currently in the process of forming a consortium to realise a residential area at BSD which will contain 100 houses and cater to a cross-section of society. In this living lab, UNSense will implement an urban data platform to investigate how data can be applied to improve people’s lives in cities.

There is a growing demand for people to have more control over their own data. By considering data as a currency and by placing ownership with the residents of the 100 Houses project, a controlled test environment will be created which explores how such an approach could lead to alternative economic models. These include personal cost savings for digital amenities, such as mobility services, food and retail. A Board of Ethics will serve as an objective advisory body for issues pertaining to data ownership, privacy, regulation and commercial gain for the end user.

Acknowledgments:

Thanks to those who have involved in the projects, including Dana Behrman, Misja van Veen, Maria Zafeiriadou, Pedro Silva Costa, Chen Shijie from UNStudio, and Michiel van Driessche, Maria E. Castrillo, Fangfei Liu, Ilva Mishtaku, Eduardo Marin from Felixx Landscape Architecture and Planners.

Notes:

① UNStudio is leading the project and designed the urban vision.

② Stichting Brainport Smart District is a joint venture between the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Universiteit van Tilburg, provincie Noord-Brabant, gemeente Helmond and Brainport Development.

③ Habidatum is responsible for data analysis and modelling.

④ Metabolic assisted with the strategy for circularity.

⑤ Felixx Landscape Architecture and Planners is responsible for the landscape and ecology design.

Sources of Figures:

Fig. 1-4, 7 ? UNStudio; Fig. 5-6, 8-12 ? Felixx Landscape Architects and Planners.