李華,方桂軍,華國(guó)洪,譚淑雯,3,張正芬,洪煜宇,于輝
清遠(yuǎn)麻慢羽公雞的基因分型與生產(chǎn)性能研究
李華1,2,方桂軍1,華國(guó)洪2,譚淑雯1,3,張正芬2,洪煜宇1,于輝1,2
(1廣東省動(dòng)物分子設(shè)計(jì)與精準(zhǔn)育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/佛山科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,廣東佛山 528225;2廣東天農(nóng)食品有限公司,廣東清遠(yuǎn) 511827)
【】為了探討慢羽系中雜合子公雞基因分型準(zhǔn)確率和構(gòu)建無(wú)ev21基因抗病品系,探討育種群中慢羽公雞基因分型、慢羽中的微長(zhǎng)型(L1)、倒長(zhǎng)型(L2)、等長(zhǎng)型(L3)、未出型(L4)4種表型以及與生產(chǎn)性能關(guān)系。另外,通過(guò)表達(dá)量的差異甄別快慢羽候選基因催乳素受體基因(PRLR)和精子鞭毛蛋白2(SPEF2)的可行性。采用PCR-RFLP對(duì)清遠(yuǎn)麻慢羽公雞進(jìn)行分子分型,通過(guò)后裔測(cè)定的測(cè)交方法驗(yàn)證其分子分型的準(zhǔn)確性,運(yùn)用方差分析對(duì)各組別進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),采用百分?jǐn)?shù)資料的t檢驗(yàn)法比較各基因分型組別間對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能影響;利用RT-PCR 對(duì)快慢羽的候選基因進(jìn)行定量分析,重點(diǎn)比較了快羽中的R2型與慢羽中的L2型和L4型的定量差異。568只慢羽公雞中,缺失體組(ev21-)占比41.73%,ev21+組占比為58.27%,其中純合子與雜合子分別占比為8.80%和49.47%;經(jīng)測(cè)交驗(yàn)證79只公雞后代,慢羽純合子和缺失體基因分型準(zhǔn)確率為46.83%,基因分型雜合子實(shí)質(zhì)為純合子。慢羽公雞中ev21+組其后代的等長(zhǎng)型比率顯著高于ev21-組(≤0.05),ev21-組公雞的105日齡的通管性能極顯著高于ev21+組(≤0.01)。一日齡的雞,在R2對(duì)慢羽(L2+L4)中表達(dá)差異不顯著(>0.05),但其表達(dá)量在R2與L4型對(duì)比中則下調(diào),達(dá)到顯著水平(0.01<≤0.05),而在慢羽中表達(dá)均極顯著高于快羽雞(≤0.01),其中與快羽R2 型比較,分別在未出型(L4)及倒長(zhǎng)型(L2)中均上調(diào)表達(dá),差異均達(dá)極顯著水平(≤0.01)。研究尚需探索出慢羽雜合子準(zhǔn)確率高的基因分型新方法,慢羽雜合子公雞判別目前離不開(kāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)交驗(yàn)證;可以組建無(wú)ev21基因抗病品系;需進(jìn)一步探討造成ev21+組與ev21-組別間等長(zhǎng)型比率以及羽毛成熟性差異的原因;一日齡的與均為影響快慢羽表型不同亞型差異的候選基因。
清遠(yuǎn)麻公雞;慢羽;基因分型;生產(chǎn)性能
【研究意義】快慢羽雜合子公雞的分子鑒別、慢羽雞缺失體抗病品系組建以及候選基因的甄別對(duì)家禽分子育種具有重要理論和應(yīng)用價(jià)值,快慢羽品系生長(zhǎng)和羽速差異對(duì)生產(chǎn)具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】快慢羽為伴性遺傳性狀,慢羽雞主尾羽短于快羽雞,邱祥聘等把快羽分為R1型(主翼羽長(zhǎng)于覆主翼羽5mm以上)和R2型(主翼羽長(zhǎng)于覆主翼羽2 mm而短于5 mm以內(nèi)),慢羽分為微長(zhǎng)型(主翼羽長(zhǎng)于覆主翼羽在2mm以內(nèi),L1)、倒長(zhǎng)型(主翼羽短于覆主翼羽,L2 )、等長(zhǎng)型(主翼羽與覆主翼羽等長(zhǎng),L3 )和未出型(主翼羽未長(zhǎng)出或主翼羽與覆主翼羽均未長(zhǎng)出,L4)[1]??炻鸪跎r雞的雌雄鑒別已廣泛應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn),具有極大的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值,國(guó)內(nèi)已廣泛開(kāi)展了快慢羽的表型與生產(chǎn)性能的研究[2],其中大部分研究為不同品種快慢羽品系不同階段對(duì)體重等生產(chǎn)性能有不同的影響[3-5];有關(guān)快慢羽各亞型對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能的影響研究甚少,如尹華貴等研究了120日齡長(zhǎng)型、微長(zhǎng)型、等長(zhǎng)型、短型、未出型5種不同羽型瀘州黃羽烏雞的體重之間并無(wú)顯著差異[3-6]。慢羽基因座K與內(nèi)源性病毒21(ev21)基因緊密連鎖,可通過(guò)對(duì)ev21的插入與否檢測(cè)區(qū)分快慢羽,準(zhǔn)確率一般達(dá)99% 左右[7-9]。對(duì)雜合慢羽公雞的鑒別,大多數(shù)育種場(chǎng)目前主要采用測(cè)交依據(jù)表型鑒別,對(duì)其分子鑒別處于探討階段,且尚無(wú)報(bào)道慢羽公雞以及其亞型分子檢測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性[10-14]。催乳激素受體基因()與精子鞭毛蛋白2()是影響快慢羽的候選基因[15-16],但后續(xù)的學(xué)者研究結(jié)論不一,如在一日齡杏花雞和文昌雞的慢羽翅膀皮膚中表達(dá)顯著高于快羽[15],但此結(jié)論未在蘇禽綠殼蛋雞中得到支持[16];同樣,在蘇禽綠殼蛋慢羽雞中表達(dá)顯著高于快羽[16],但使用微陣列法分析認(rèn)為在一日齡杏花雞翅膀皮膚中不表達(dá)[15]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】慢羽公雞雜合子基因分型與測(cè)交判型比對(duì)其準(zhǔn)確率,慢羽各亞型、分子分型與生產(chǎn)性能關(guān)系,快慢羽表型形成的候選基因和調(diào)控機(jī)制尚不清晰?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】測(cè)交驗(yàn)證慢羽公雞雜合子分子分型準(zhǔn)確率,慢羽各表型、基因型與生產(chǎn)性能的關(guān)系;利用熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)初步篩選快慢羽的候選基因。
本試驗(yàn)在廣東天農(nóng)食品有限公司原種場(chǎng)進(jìn)行,包括核心群慢羽純系M系和祖代慢羽公雞,飼養(yǎng)方式按照公司種雞飼養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)施;按照《家禽生產(chǎn)性能名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)和度量統(tǒng)計(jì)方法》在2014—2015年期間測(cè)定了105日齡的公雞冠高、體重、脛長(zhǎng)、脛圍和通管值[17]。選取一日齡快羽型(R2)、慢羽中主翼羽與覆主翼羽均未長(zhǎng)出羽毛的未出型(L4)和倒長(zhǎng)型(L2)各6只雞,在佛山科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院通過(guò)熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)分析和的mRNA表達(dá)量。
在翅靜脈采集血樣,檸檬酸葡萄糖溶液(ACD)抗凝。采用北京艾德來(lái)生物科技有限公司提供的小量全血基因組DNA快速提取試劑盒提取DNA后進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,采用Iraqi[7]等設(shè)計(jì)的引物和程序進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用限制性內(nèi)切酶(Ⅲ)進(jìn)行酶切,酶切結(jié)果用1.5% 的瓊脂糖電泳進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
采集翅膀皮膚,液氮研磨樣品,使用Trizol 法根據(jù)說(shuō)明書(shū)提取翅膀皮膚總RNA。使用寶生物工程(大連)有限公司反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒PrimeScriptTMRT reagent Kit、熒光定量試劑盒SYBR?Premix Ex TaqTMⅡ,分別進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄和定量。其中內(nèi)參引物為:FGAG AAATTGTGCGTGACATCA,R為CCTGAACCTCTC ATTGCCA,定量引物為F:GCCCAGACTACAG AACATCA,R:GAGGATCCGAGCTGTTACTT,定量引物為F:ACACACCAGAACAGTGAAGC,R:A GGTCTGTAAAGGGCTGAAC,使用ABI 7500定量PCR 儀進(jìn)行定量,退火溫度為57℃。
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Excel進(jìn)行初步整理后,運(yùn)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行組別間的單因素方差分析的LSD檢驗(yàn),并對(duì)兩兩樣本間的百分率進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),基因的定量數(shù)據(jù)使用2- ΔΔCt方法進(jìn)行分析。
清遠(yuǎn)麻雞成年公雞的酶切分型結(jié)果表明(圖1):純合子只有一條帶(1 450 bp),ev21缺失體有兩條帶(1 068 bp、382 bp)、雜合子有3條帶(1 450 bp、1 068 bp和382 bp)。由表1可知,檢測(cè)的568只慢羽公雞中純合子、缺失體和雜合子分別占總數(shù)的8.80%、41.73%和49.47%,其中慢羽純系中純合子10.09%、缺失體43.86%和雜合子46.05%;祖代純合子、缺失體和雜合子分別占比7.94%、40.29%和51.77%??傮w來(lái)看,缺失體高達(dá)41.73%、純合子與雜合子占比分別為8.8%和49.74%。
M為Marker DL2 000;2為純合個(gè)體;5、8、9為雜合個(gè)體;1、3、4、6、7為ev21缺失個(gè)體
表1 慢羽系公雞分子分型
Table 1 Genotyping cocks of the late-feathering line
通過(guò)性能比較和家系分析,篩選了79只公雞進(jìn)行繼代并測(cè)交,驗(yàn)證分子檢測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性,核心群慢羽純系結(jié)果表明(表2):出苗883只雞全部為慢羽,其中微長(zhǎng)型11.78%(104只)、倒長(zhǎng)型為62.74%(554只)、等長(zhǎng)型7.70%(68只)和未出型17.78%(157只)。測(cè)交驗(yàn)證基因分型為雜合子的42只公雞其后代無(wú)一表現(xiàn)為快羽,分子分型判型錯(cuò)認(rèn)為的雜合子實(shí)際為純合子(53.17%),慢羽純合子和缺失體基因分型準(zhǔn)確率為46.83%;缺失體組(ev21-)占比高達(dá)41.77%,可以組建抗病品系。合并雜合子組和純合子組為有ev21插入組(ev21+),與缺失體組(ev21-)進(jìn)行比較,僅ev21-組的等長(zhǎng)型比率顯著低于ev21+組(0.01<≤0.05),其余組間差異不顯著(>0.05)。
對(duì)慢羽系核心群后備留種成年的慢羽公雞,分別檢測(cè)105日齡的平均體重、冠高、脛長(zhǎng)和脛圍(表3),結(jié)果表明ev21-組通管性能優(yōu)于ev21+組,達(dá)到差異極顯著水平(≤0.01),其余指標(biāo)間差異均不顯著(>0.05)。
表2 慢羽公雞測(cè)交的表型與分子分型比較
Table 2 Comparison of phenotypes and genotypes in late-feathering cocks by test cross
同列肩標(biāo)無(wú)字母表示差異不顯著(>0.05),標(biāo)字母相鄰差異顯著(0.01<≤0.05),標(biāo)字母相間差異極顯著(≤0.01)。下同
Values in the same column with no letter indicate not significant difference (>0.05); Values in the same column with adjacent letters was significant difference (0.01<≤0.05); Values in the same column with interphase letters was highly significant difference (≤0.01). Same as below
表3 105日齡慢羽公雞生產(chǎn)性能的比較
以一日齡慢羽型(L2+L4)為對(duì)照,在快羽R2 型中極顯著下調(diào)(≤0.01),而表達(dá)差異不顯著(>0.05)。在快慢羽各亞型比較中,以未出型(L4)作為對(duì)照,和在倒長(zhǎng)型(L2)中均表達(dá)差異不顯著(>0.05),和均分別在快羽R2型中顯著低表達(dá),分別達(dá)到顯著(0.01<≤0.05)和極顯著差異水平(≤0.01);與慢羽L2 型相比,在快羽R2型中極顯著低表達(dá)(≤0.01,圖2)。
本試驗(yàn)所有慢羽系的公雞已經(jīng)通過(guò)多個(gè)世代的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)交早已純化[7, 9],但基因分型結(jié)果與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)交選育并不吻合,基因分型鑒定出為雜合子的公雞,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)交驗(yàn)證為純合子,因此,基因分型準(zhǔn)確率僅為46.83%,本試驗(yàn)首次通過(guò)分子分型結(jié)合測(cè)交驗(yàn)證種公雞雜合子的準(zhǔn)確率。李競(jìng)一等[10]運(yùn)用相同的方法對(duì)大午種禽有限公司商品代慢羽公雞進(jìn)行鑒別,準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到95.45%,由于只是商品代,并未進(jìn)行測(cè)交驗(yàn)證其雜合性;李珊珊等[13]對(duì)麒麟公雞同理鑒別了高比例的慢羽雜合公雞,并通過(guò)短片段的測(cè)序支持分子分型的結(jié)果,但未通過(guò)測(cè)交驗(yàn)證。近期TAKENOUCHI等[12]通過(guò)多品種的研究,表明ev21插入并非是導(dǎo)致慢羽的原因。因此,只有探明慢羽形成的真實(shí)基因,才能破解理論與實(shí)踐脫節(jié)的難題。清遠(yuǎn)麻雞慢羽缺失型高比例支持了課題組前幾個(gè)世代的報(bào)道[11],這為組建高免疫應(yīng)答的抗病性品系打下了基礎(chǔ)。
A以慢羽型(L2+L4)為對(duì)照;B以未出型(L4)為對(duì)照;同基因標(biāo)字母相同表示差異不顯著(P>0.05),標(biāo)字母相鄰差異顯著(0.01<P≤0.05),標(biāo)字母相間差異極顯著(P≤0.01)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)選育中,慢羽四種表型一般選留倒長(zhǎng)型和等長(zhǎng)型,剔除主翼羽和覆主翼羽均未長(zhǎng)出的未出型和相對(duì)難以區(qū)分的微長(zhǎng)型。本試驗(yàn)首次將慢羽不同基因分型與慢羽4種亞表型結(jié)合深度解析,表明無(wú)ev21組插入的慢羽公雞的后代依然以倒長(zhǎng)型最多,未出型和等長(zhǎng)型次之,微長(zhǎng)型最少,這與朱慶等的結(jié)果相一致[18]。ev21+組與ev21-組比較,僅ev21-組的等長(zhǎng)型比率顯著低于ev21+組(≤0.05),這表明了ev21插入對(duì)等長(zhǎng)型羽速生長(zhǎng)有一定影響,但其他亞型影響卻不顯著,究竟是什么分子調(diào)控機(jī)制造成這種差異,值得進(jìn)一步研究。ELFERINK等[19]對(duì)K座位的分子結(jié)構(gòu)研究表明了K座位中的ev21結(jié)合位點(diǎn)不是和K座位連鎖,而是ev21插入其中間的非翻譯區(qū),本研究所找到的ev21缺失個(gè)體,是2個(gè)URa所在的區(qū)域發(fā)生了缺失,還是K座位內(nèi)部發(fā)生了重組,還有待測(cè)序進(jìn)一步研究。李珊珊[13]通過(guò)短片段的雜合子與純合子測(cè)序發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯差異,但測(cè)交結(jié)果已經(jīng)否定了基于此方法建立的雜合子分型的準(zhǔn)確性。雞Z染色體上慢羽基因位點(diǎn)大致在9 607 480—10 607 757 bp處,且9 966 364—10 142 688 bp 基因組的復(fù)制導(dǎo)致了慢羽表型,值得進(jìn)一步從大范圍的測(cè)序和功能分析去洞悉[20-22]?;诮诼鸬男路中头椒ǖ难芯浚写谶M(jìn)一步在各快慢羽各亞型中實(shí)施和驗(yàn)證[14]。值得注意的是,謝后清等[23]1985年最早報(bào)道慢羽微長(zhǎng)型細(xì)分為主微長(zhǎng)型和覆微長(zhǎng)型,除了、、、互作調(diào)控以及與ev21基因插入有關(guān)外[15-16,21,24],通過(guò)對(duì)慢羽的未出型與倒長(zhǎng)型分別與快羽的R2型的研究結(jié)果表明,快慢羽的調(diào)控與常染色體基因、miRNA和LncRNA等調(diào)控有關(guān)[22,25-26],今后尚需要進(jìn)一步從胚胎和生后階段從不同亞型和組學(xué)探討快慢羽差異[27-29],設(shè)計(jì)更為嚴(yán)密的試驗(yàn)闡述羽毛的發(fā)育與調(diào)控。
早期的研究主要集中在不同日齡的快慢羽系對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能的影響[2],本試驗(yàn)首次揭示了不同慢羽公雞基因分型對(duì)105日齡的體重、冠高、脛長(zhǎng)和脛圍生產(chǎn)性能無(wú)影響(>0.05),但ev21-組通管性能優(yōu)于ev21+組,達(dá)到差異極顯著水平(≤0.01),說(shuō)明建立ev21-品系利于通管,尚需要進(jìn)一步探討其通管機(jī)制的差異[26]。此外,早前報(bào)道ev21的存在與禽白血病病毒(ALV)的免疫應(yīng)答的降低有關(guān),與慢羽雞感染外源性白血病毒后,其病毒血癥的發(fā)生率升高,引起產(chǎn)蛋下降和高死亡率有關(guān)[27]。因此,育成無(wú)ev21 基因的慢羽品系利于免疫和羽毛早熟,意義重大。
和位于快慢羽等位基因座K上,被認(rèn)為是快慢表型形成的候選基因。在慢羽的杏花雞和文昌雞中,其表達(dá)顯著高于快羽,在快慢羽中表達(dá)無(wú)差異[15]。本研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn)初生時(shí)R2與L4型中的R基因表達(dá)差異顯著(0.01<≤0.05),但以一日齡慢羽型(L2+L4)為對(duì)照時(shí),快慢羽表達(dá)差異卻不顯著(>0.05)。表明參與了羽速發(fā)育[15],但在快慢羽不同亞型中由于表達(dá)量差異而有所不同,尚需要針對(duì)不同快慢羽亞型進(jìn)行具體分析。在慢羽各亞型中表達(dá)極顯著高于快羽雞,這與在蘇秦綠殼蛋雞中結(jié)論相似[16]。因此,認(rèn)為和P均可作為快慢羽不同表型的各亞型在一日齡具有顯著差異的候選基因。鑒于雞不同部位的羽毛其進(jìn)化和發(fā)育不一致,且具有胚胎期和生后期的時(shí)空表達(dá)差異,對(duì)快慢羽分子作用機(jī)制尚待進(jìn)一步深入解析[24,28-32]。
慢羽雜合子公雞基因分型目前不能替代測(cè)交,雜合子公雞選育判別必須借鑒現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)交,但慢羽公雞基因分型可為組建無(wú)ev21基因抗病品系打下基礎(chǔ)。本試驗(yàn)僅ev21-組的等長(zhǎng)型比率顯著低于ev21+組(0.01<≤0.05),ev21-組通管性能優(yōu)于ev21+組,達(dá)到差異極顯著水平(≤0.01),其余組間差異均不顯著(>0.05)。一日齡的和均可作為鑒別快慢羽表型的候選基因,但其在不同慢羽亞型和生理階段的作用還需進(jìn)一步解析。
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Study of Genotyping and Performance in Late-Feathering Qingyuan Partridge Cocks
LI Hua1,2, FANG GuiJun1, HUA GuoHong2, TAN ShuWen1,3, ZHANG ZhengFen2, HONG YuYu1,YU Hui1,2
(1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding/Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong;2Guangdong Tinoo’s Foods Corporation Ltd., Qingyuan 511827, Guangdong)
【】In order to verify the genotyping accuracy of heterozygotic cocks, and to construct the resistant strain without ev21 gene, the relationship among genotypes, four late-feathering sub-phenotypes (named micro-type as L1, inverted type as L2, isometric type as L3, and ungrown type as L4) and the production performance were investigated in the late-feathering Qingyuan partridge cocks. The feasibility was demonstrated by the expression profile difference of two candidate genes, i.e.,() and(), between the early- and late-feathering Qingyuan partridge cocks. 【】Genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP in the late-feathering Qingyuan partridge cocks, and its accuracy was verified by progeny testing using a test cross. The production differences among genotyping groups were compared by variance analysis of percentage data and t-test. The expressions of two candidate genes were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) in both the early (R2) feathering and late (L2 and L4) feathering cocks. 【】Among the 568 late-feathering cocks, the proportion of the deletant group (ev21-group) was 41.73%, and that of the ev21+ group was 58.27%, of which the homozygotes and the heterozygote accounted for 8.80% and 49.47%, respectively. By the test cross, the genotyping accuracy was 46.83% both in the homozygote group and the deletant group, indicating that the heterozygote was in fact homozygote. The descendant percentage of the isometric late-feathering type in ev21+group was significantly higher than that in ev21-group (≤0.05). The feather maturity of the late-feathering cocks at 105-day-old in the ev21-group was extremely significantly higher than that in ev21+group (≤0.01). At one-day-old chicks, the expression ofgene between R2 versus (L2+L4) showed no any difference (>0.05),but its expression between R2 versus L4 was significantly down-regulated (0.01<≤0.05). While the expression ofgene in late-feathering chickens was extremely significantly higher than that in early-feathering chickens (≤0.01). By comparing with the R2 group,significantly differentially up-regulated in the L4 and L2 groups (≤0.01). 【】New genotyping method should be developed for improving the accuracy of the heterozygote in the late feathering cocks. Up to now, a test cross is essential for the chicken production. Construction of the ev21-resistant strain is viable in late-feathering chicken breeding. Furthermore, studies need to be conducted to figure out the difference of isometric subtype ratio and feather maturity between the ev21+group and the ev21-group. Besides,were candidate genes for subtypes affecting the difference of early-feathering and late-feathering chickens at 1-day-old.
Qingyuan partridge cocks; late-feathering; genotyping; performance
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.09.017
2017-11-15;
2020-03-11
國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃(2015BAD03B00)、廣東省科技項(xiàng)目(2016B020233007,2017-1649)、廣東省動(dòng)物分子設(shè)計(jì)與精準(zhǔn)育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(2019B030301010)、清遠(yuǎn)市產(chǎn)學(xué)研合作項(xiàng)目(2018B02)
李華,E-mail:okhuali@fosu.edu.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 林鑒非)