• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Perceptions of the osteopathic profession in New York City’s Chinese Communities

    2020-04-04 15:01:18JustinChinSarahLiGregoryYimYaQunArleneZhouPeterJustinWanEmilyDubeMikhailVolokitinSonuSahniMarkTerrellChristineLomiguen
    Family Medicine and Community Health 2020年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:整骨醫(yī)生骨科

    Justin Chin , Sarah Li , Gregory Yim , YaQun Arlene Zhou , Peter Justin Wan , Emily R Dube , Mikhail Volokitin , Sonu Sahni,,4 Mark A Terrell , Christine M Lomiguen ,6

    ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge of and barriers to osteopathic medicine in Chinese immigrant communities in New York City (NYC).Design A cross- sectional study was designed in which a culturally appropriate survey in Chinese and English versions was administered anonymously to measure immigrant perceptions and knowledge of osteopathic medicine.Setting Data collection occurred in the municipal delineations for the Chinatown neighbourhood within the New York, New York borough of Manhattan.Participants Community members were selected using convenience sampling from high- density areas to participate. Information gathered from the survey included demographics, education level, healthcare habits and knowledge of the osteopathic profession.Results 120 surveys were conducted with 68 males and 52 females, with an average age=40. Respondents in the age range of 18-29 years, those with fluent Englishlanguage proficiency, and participants with graduate- level education status demonstrated a higher proportion of knowledge of osteopathic manipulative medicine and osteopathic physicians (doctors of osteopathic medicine)among the study variables.Conclusion Compared with research on the general US population, a general lack of knowledge of osteopathic medicine exists within NYC’s Chinese immigrant community. Although this difference may be ascribed to linguistics and ethnosociological factors, greater outreach and education is needed in urban minority communities to make immigrants aware of all healthcare resources available during the current shortage of US primary care physicians.

    lNTRODuCTlON

    From its inception in the late 19th century,osteopathic medicine (OM) has attracted a wide base of patients who appreciate OM’s holistic, interconnected, whole- body approach to medicine.12International recognition of the osteopathic profession and its treatment modalities, including osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM), have been relatively limited, despite varying degrees of practice privileges in over 50 countries.2-6

    With allopathic physicians with doctor of medicine (MD) degrees serving as the primary healthcare providers in their native countries, many immigrant communities may have never been exposed to an osteopathic physician, or doctor of OM (DO), prior to re- establishing healthcare in America.357In turn,this may have led to underutilisation due to unfamiliarity or even distrust. Recent clinical case reports highlight the advantage of OMM as a diagnostic and treatment modality.89DOs are trained at colleges of OM, many of which are committed to training primary care physicians and addressing community health needs.10Lack of awareness or knowledge of the osteopathic profession, thus, acts as a barrier to accessing healthcare, especially those in need of primary care physicians in underserved locations.11

    Figure 1 Survey in English and translated into traditional Chinese.

    Previous studies on osteopathic awareness in the USA have poorly represented minority communities, with minimal data looking at the perception and knowledge of the profession within those communities.12-17This study aims to investigate osteopathic awareness by assessing the familiarity of DOs and OMM in one of the nation’s largest Chinese population-Manhattan, New York City,New York’s Chinatown. We hypothesise that greater osteopathic outreach and education needs to occur in Chinese communities to increase their access to primary care providers. This project also provides a framework for future research in other minority communities and characterises potential barriers that may hinder their access to OM and, by extension, overall healthcare.18

    METHODS Participants

    According to the 2010 US Census, the number one ranked city in the USA with the highest number of Asian Americans, over 1.1 million, is New York, New York.19Participants were located in the municipal delineations for the Chinatown neighbourhood within the New York City borough of Manhattan.

    Participants were informed, both verbally and with the inclusion of a cover letter, that participation was voluntary and responses required no identifiers to protect the anonymity of participants. Minors, those who did not demonstrate complete understanding of the basis of the survey, and those who were unable to give informed consent were omitted from this study.

    Measures

    A 12- question mixed multiple- choice and dichotomous(yes/no) survey was developed specifically for this study to measure osteopathic awareness. The survey was provided on paper in English and traditional Chinese(figure 1). The survey included questions regarding demographics (age, gender, education level), language(primary language, English proficiency), healthcare habits (regularity of doctor visits, type of doctors visited),knowledge of OM, and a clinical scenario of low back pain (LBP), one of the most common reasons for doctor visits and one for which osteopathic manipulative treatment has been shown to effectively treat, was provided to participants.20-25

    Data collection

    Medical student researchers were located within the municipal delineations for the Chinatown neighbourhood within the New York, New York borough of Manhattan and used convenience sampling in highdensity areas, including major thoroughfares and parks(figure 2), to obtain participants available for the study.No inclusion criteria were identified prior to subject selection. All subjects were invited to participate. No other specific recruitment methodologies were used. No financial compensation or other incentive was provided to participants who voluntarily took the survey. Collection occurred over four consecutive days, Thursday, 13 July to Sunday, 16 July 2018.

    Data analysis

    Survey data were scanned, and a data spreadsheet was electronically created using a licensed version of Microsoft Excel, V.2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond,Washington, USA). The data were subsequently coded for statistical analysis. Group comparisons were completed using Pearson’s χ2tests of independence to examine the difference, if any, between health habits and demographics (age, sex, birth location, years in the USA,primary language, English proficiency,education level)and awareness of the DO profession and knowledge of OMM. Statistical analysis was performed using the release version R- 2. 15. 3. tar. gz of R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, developed in Vienna,Austria by the Core Team of the Foundation for Statistical Computing.26

    RESuLTS

    Figure 2 High- density areas in Manhattan’s Chinatown were selected for the desired population as delineated by the blue lines. Participants were randomly surveyed with a paper survey in an anonymous fashion.

    A total of 120 participants were surveyed and included on analyses of participant demographics versus familiarity with DOs and OMM. A total of 68 males and 52 females were included in the study, with an age range of 18-80 and a mean age of 40±10.56. Of the 120 participants surveyed, only 16% (n=19) indicated knowledge about OMM, and 15% (n=18) indicated knowledge of DOs, with demographics generally similar to the overall community. Detailed demographic data and results are displayed in table 1).

    In this study, knowledge of DOs was highest among Chinese groups who were young, proficient in the English language, and held a college degree. Concerning age, knowledge of DOs was significantly higher among the youngest age group investigated (18-29 years old),where 44% of the participants reported having knowledge of DOs compared with other age groups (22% and lower, p<0.044, table 1). Additionally, knowledge of DOs was significantly higher for participants with English proficiency compared with non- English speakers (94% vs 6%, p<0.035). Concerning education, 44% of the participants with a college degree reported having knowledge of DOs compared with lower levels of education (p<0.03),where only 28% of participants with a high school degree reported knowledge of DOs). Among the Chinese immigrants surveyed, no significant differences in knowledge of DOs and OMM were found among groups that varied on location of birth, number of years living in the USA,and primary language (table 1).

    Concerning healthcare habits of the study participants,no difference in knowledge of DOs or OMM was found between those who visited their doctor regularly versus those who did not see their doctor regularly (table 2).Of those participants who do see their doctor regularly,78% reported seeing their family physician (table 2).Concerning the clinical scenario of low back pain (LBP)that was presented to study participants, although 49%of the participants reported they would see their family physician and 24% would see a chiropractor, no participants indicated that they would see a DO (table 2).

    DlSCuSSlON

    A general lack of awareness of DOs and OMM exists within the Chinese community in New York City’s Manhattan Chinatown. Survey participants did not recognise the osteopathic profession, especially among the elderly. Statistically significant factors contributing to this lack of knowledge include age, English proficiency and education. Compared with similar studies in the past, this study found the gap in minority osteopathic familiarity even greater than previously noted, with less than one in five participants indicating knowledge of OM.17In the decennial OSTEOSURV 1998, 2000 and 2010, Asians are presumably included in the category of ‘other (including>1 race)’ and ‘non- Hispanic’, leading to a gross simplification and lack of targeted data for the Asian population in America.31215-17Current research has also focused primarily on osteopathic recognition in European settings, with minimal attention in Asian communities based in Asia or the USA.2728Numerous studies have validated the need for disaggregated data as a way of dissecting health trends and practices within Asian communities.131429While this study was unable to definitively determine a sole cause, exploring the numerous factors such as linguistics and history can provide some context for lack of osteopathic awareness and potential barriers to outreach.

    Age (18-29), English- language proficiency (selfidentified fluency) and education level (college graduate) were statistically significant in exploring whether the participants had knowledge of DOs and OMM. Adults younger than the age of 30 demonstrated a statistically significant relation with knowledge of what an osteopathic physician does in comparison to adults older than the age of 60, contrary to previous research done that imply the opposite.24With an ever- increasing number of osteopathic physicians entering the workforce coupled with shifting trends in healthcare consumption, the under 30 age demographic can be a future area of expansion for the OM profession as this generation straddles the divide between separation and assimilation in broader models of acculturation.152527English language proficiency additionally demonstrated a statistically significant relation with knowledge of what a DO does in comparison to adults without English language proficiency due to the linguistic and historical nuances that separate and unite allopathic and OM.2728Unsurprisingly, to coincide with English language proficiency, educational status, particularly those having a college degree, also showed statistical significance in knowledge of DOs and OMM, compared with adults without a college degree, which is a common socioeconomic factor that correlates with higher health literacy and self- advocacy to explore alternative options such as DOs and OMM.1429Despite the lack of statistical significance in other demographic categories on DO and OMM knowledge, it is important to acknowledge their potential influence and impact in patient knowledge and choice.

    Table 1 Demographic characteristics of all participants compared with participants with knowledge of DOs and OMM

    Table 1 Continued

    Under the auspices of A.T. Still MD, DO, OM was founded in 1874 as an alternative to allopathic medicine.1In the same time period, modern medicine, commonly referred to as ‘Western’ medicine, arrived in China at the end of the 19th century after its defeat in the Opium Wars.30Backed with interventional therapies and single drug pharmaceuticals, modern medicine supplanted more conservative traditional remedies and healers.31With modernisation of medicine, semantic genericization of medical classifications and terms resulted in an inability to capture the difference between osteopathic and allopathic medicine.3031For example, in the Chinese spoken dialects and unified written system, there are no characters or conventions for describing OM vis-à-vis allopathic medicine. On presentation to a patient, an osteopathic physician would identify themselves as yi- sheng(醫(yī)生), which is exactly how an allopathic physician would identify. When translating the term ‘osteopathic’,numerous sources use gu- ke (骨科) which means ‘of, or relating to the study of bones’, which can be confusing and misleading as orthopaedics and other bone specialties use the same term. A viable solution could be the use of zheng- gu (整骨) for osteopathic, which when translated, means ‘whole- bone’ and is more representative of the its meaning. In order for the community to adopt this, however, it would require more outreach to transition to common vernacular.

    A conceivable challenge to awareness is the lack of osteopathic medical schools in Asia.32Osteopathic medical schools are predominantly located in the USA,with physicians graduating with full practice rights in relation to their allopathic counterparts. Conversely, in non- American osteopathic medical schools, graduates are osteopaths, who solely perform OMM.333This dichotomycomplicates perception of OM, as demonstrated in international licensure. A prime example is seen in Taiwan,in which their licensing board translates ‘osteopathic physician’ as ‘bone doctor’, which is the same as a chiropractor. In an effort to educate the international community regarding the capabilities of American- trained osteopathic physicians, numerous initiatives have been started, ranging from partnerships between osteopathic medical schools and hospitals in Asia to the International Primary Care Educational Alliance’s China Project,which trains physicians in China on osteopathic family medicine.34-36International licensure and practice rights continue to be a priority for the American Osteopathic Association, leading to partnerships with the Osteopathic International Alliance and the Bureau of International Osteopathic Medicine, and resulting in recognition by the United Nations and increased practice rights in countries such as South Korea.337

    Table 2 Health habits of participants versus those with knowledge of DOs and OMM

    This multilayered approach and contextual/nuanced view are needed if osteopathic awareness is to occur in Asian, and by extension, ethnic minority communities that lack exposure to the field. In this study, those who had no knowledge of OM would not see a DO for LBP relief and while most participants would see their primary care doctor/family care doctor, this does not preclude the possibility of that physician also being an osteopathic physician. For example, there are several osteopathic physicians at the Charles B. Wang Community Health Center, which is based in the heart of Manhattan’s Chinatown. It is conceivable that some of the participants have an osteopathic physician as their primary care doctor,but do not distinguish between the two entities.38-40The lack of differentiation compounded by whether or not the osteopathic physician decides to practice OMM at patient visits may result in the possibility of clinical care that is indistinguishable from allopathic physicians.Furthermore, participants also indicated they would see a chiropractor for their LBP. Due to the historical roots of chiropractic, many of the techniques share similar mechanisms to OMM.41-43Coupled with similar nomenclature in the Chinese language, future studies could assess the effectiveness of OMM demonstrations/pamphlets on the willingness to see a DO.

    With the broad implications on osteopathic awareness in the Chinese community, there are several limitations in this study. Manhattan’s Chinatown is but one of several high- density areas for the Chinese community in New York City, which may not be a true representation of osteopathic awareness in the large community. Furthermore, surveys were conducted midday which may fail to capture Chinese community members that are working or not in the area. It was also difficult to assess whether age and osteopathic awareness trends were skewed by immigration status, as almost all participants over the age of 60 had immigrated to America. This could suggest a correlation between lack of osteopathic awareness and immigration status, further affirming that many immigrant minority communities have little to no exposure to OMM and DOs. Future studies may explore the relationship between immigration status and osteopathic awareness, comparing multiple Chinese communities across New York City at varying times of day, or comparing osteopathic awareness across other Asian communities with a qualitative or mixed- method study.4445

    CONCLuSlON

    There is a general lack of awareness of the osteopathic physicians and OMM in the Chinese community in New York’s Manhattan Chinatown. Regardless of age,gender, country of origin, English proficiency or level of education, participants did not recognise the profession, which may be a reflection of the lack of outreach in ethnic minority communities. Despite proven efficacy of OMM on LBP, the Chinese community does not know that OMM is a suitable option for conservative management. This study may attract more researchers to design a framework for assessing other ethnic minority communities and their knowledge of the osteopathic field.

    TwitterChristine M Lomiguen @clomiguenmd

    ContributorsJC, SL, GY, YAZ, PJW, ED, MV, SS, MAT and CML equally: provided substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data, drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content, gave final approval of the version of the article to be published,and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

    FundingThe authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not- for- profit sectors.

    Competing interestsNone declared.

    Patient consent for publicationNot required.

    Ethics approvalThis study was approved by the Touro College Health Sciences Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects (HSIRB #1777).

    Provenance and peer reviewNot commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    Data availability statementData are available on reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplementary information. Data are available on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

    Open accessThis is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY- NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non- commercially,and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non- commercial. See: http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by- nc/ 4. 0/.

    ORClD iDs

    Justin Chin http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0002- 3540- 4596

    Sarah Li http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0002- 6424- 5483

    Gregory Yim http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0002- 2566- 7392

    YaQun Arlene Zhou http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0003- 4622- 5769

    Peter Justin Wan http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0002- 1479- 3350

    Emily R Dube http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0003- 4791- 4793

    Mikhail Volokitin http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0002- 3686- 5300

    Sonu Sahni http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0001- 8766- 0703

    Mark A Terrell http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0003- 1899- 7526

    Christine M Lomiguen http:// orcid. org/ 0000- 0001- 6964- 6289

    猜你喜歡
    整骨醫(yī)生骨科
    Who Are You Supposed to Be? 你想成為誰?
    Cultural adaptation and content validity of a Chinese translation of the ‘Person- Centered Primary Care Measure’: findings from cognitive debriefing
    蛙叔醫(yī)生
    蒙醫(yī)整骨術(shù):穿越古今 續(xù)寫神奇
    柳瀨真弓:將骨骼當(dāng)做拼圖
    蒙醫(yī)傳統(tǒng)整骨法治療鎖骨骨折的療效觀察
    蒙醫(yī)整骨治療老年橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的療效觀察
    骨科臨床教學(xué)中加強(qiáng)能力培養(yǎng)的探討
    2016年《實(shí)用骨科雜志》征訂啟事
    骨科術(shù)后應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)痛泵的護(hù)理與觀察
    一级毛片精品| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 在线国产一区二区在线| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| bbb黄色大片| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 午夜影院日韩av| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 亚洲中文av在线| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 夜夜爽天天搞| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 国产精品野战在线观看| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 日本免费a在线| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 色综合婷婷激情| 欧美日本视频| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 老司机福利观看| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 精品国产一区二区久久| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 热99re8久久精品国产| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 国产麻豆69| 99国产精品99久久久久| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| cao死你这个sao货| 久久影院123| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 欧美日韩精品网址| 日韩欧美三级三区| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 妹子高潮喷水视频| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 久久中文字幕一级| 日本 欧美在线| 香蕉国产在线看| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 九色国产91popny在线| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 久久亚洲真实| av片东京热男人的天堂| 在线播放国产精品三级| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 在线天堂中文资源库| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 看免费av毛片| 国产99白浆流出| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 满18在线观看网站| 操美女的视频在线观看| 久久影院123| 亚洲最大成人中文| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 99re在线观看精品视频| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 两性夫妻黄色片| 很黄的视频免费| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 亚洲中文av在线| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 99香蕉大伊视频| videosex国产| av网站免费在线观看视频| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 色在线成人网| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 国产色视频综合| svipshipincom国产片| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 久久久久国内视频| 9色porny在线观看| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 性欧美人与动物交配| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 一区二区三区激情视频| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 99香蕉大伊视频| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 国产精品永久免费网站| 咕卡用的链子| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 成人18禁在线播放| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频 | 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 成人手机av| 精品国产国语对白av| 久久狼人影院| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 久久香蕉精品热| av有码第一页| 成人18禁在线播放| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 日本 欧美在线| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 久久香蕉激情| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 一夜夜www| 久久人妻av系列| 91字幕亚洲| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 美女大奶头视频| 午夜免费激情av| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 午夜福利,免费看| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区 | 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 在线免费观看的www视频| 性少妇av在线| 亚洲成人久久性| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 在线视频色国产色| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 一级毛片精品| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 成年版毛片免费区| 丁香欧美五月| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 国产熟女xx| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 亚洲伊人色综图| 国产成人影院久久av| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 亚洲人成电影观看| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清 | 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 欧美日本视频| 欧美在线黄色| 亚洲九九香蕉| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 国产高清激情床上av| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 日本在线视频免费播放| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 久久精品影院6| 99久久国产精品久久久| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 亚洲色图av天堂| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 成人欧美大片| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区 | 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 日韩高清综合在线| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 在线观看66精品国产| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 久久久久国内视频| 精品久久久精品久久久| 露出奶头的视频| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 老司机福利观看| 乱人伦中国视频| 久久性视频一级片| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 无限看片的www在线观看| 变态另类丝袜制服| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| av片东京热男人的天堂| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 黄色成人免费大全| 国产精品 国内视频| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 长腿黑丝高跟| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 宅男免费午夜| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 国产在线观看jvid| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 午夜免费激情av| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 满18在线观看网站| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 在线免费观看的www视频| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 在线观看一区二区三区| 制服诱惑二区| 欧美日韩黄片免| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 成年版毛片免费区| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 变态另类丝袜制服| 窝窝影院91人妻| www.999成人在线观看| 久久影院123| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产又爽黄色视频| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 色av中文字幕| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜 | 女人精品久久久久毛片| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 久久性视频一级片| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 午夜免费观看网址| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 一本久久中文字幕| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看 | 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| cao死你这个sao货| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| bbb黄色大片| 咕卡用的链子| 日本欧美视频一区| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 热re99久久国产66热| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 大香蕉久久成人网| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 亚洲无线在线观看| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 免费高清视频大片| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| avwww免费| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 少妇 在线观看| 久久久久久大精品| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 欧美色视频一区免费| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 国产精华一区二区三区| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 性欧美人与动物交配| 美女免费视频网站| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影 | 中文字幕高清在线视频| 日韩欧美免费精品| 成人国产综合亚洲| 久久久久九九精品影院| 黄色 视频免费看| 久久久国产成人免费| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡 | 午夜a级毛片| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 在线免费观看的www视频| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 成人免费观看视频高清| 无限看片的www在线观看| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 乱人伦中国视频| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 91大片在线观看| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 窝窝影院91人妻| 露出奶头的视频| 无限看片的www在线观看| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 久久精品成人免费网站| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 在线观看日韩欧美| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| www国产在线视频色| 午夜a级毛片| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 亚洲人成电影观看| 18禁观看日本| 大码成人一级视频| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 久99久视频精品免费| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 免费在线观看日本一区| 亚洲九九香蕉| 黄色成人免费大全| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 在线av久久热| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 色综合站精品国产| 不卡av一区二区三区| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 免费不卡黄色视频| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 看免费av毛片| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 精品福利观看| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 91成人精品电影| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 日韩欧美三级三区| 精品国产国语对白av| 大型av网站在线播放| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 91成年电影在线观看| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 多毛熟女@视频| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 日韩有码中文字幕| 老司机靠b影院| 久9热在线精品视频| 亚洲精品在线美女| a在线观看视频网站| 久久国产精品影院| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 日本欧美视频一区| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 亚洲国产看品久久| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 在线观看66精品国产| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 精品国产一区二区久久| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 脱女人内裤的视频| av视频在线观看入口| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 操美女的视频在线观看| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 中国美女看黄片| 97碰自拍视频| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 久久九九热精品免费| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 高清在线国产一区| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 麻豆成人av在线观看| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 色播在线永久视频| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| xxx96com| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 不卡一级毛片| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 99热只有精品国产| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 国产野战对白在线观看| 人人澡人人妻人| 91av网站免费观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 国产色视频综合| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 我的亚洲天堂| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 国产单亲对白刺激| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 手机成人av网站| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 久久青草综合色| 国产成人精品无人区| 18禁观看日本| 伦理电影免费视频| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 999精品在线视频| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看 | 大型av网站在线播放| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 午夜两性在线视频| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影 | avwww免费| 色综合婷婷激情| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 欧美在线黄色| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 国产成人影院久久av| 成人三级黄色视频| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看 | 制服人妻中文乱码| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 国产99白浆流出| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 嫩草影院精品99| 欧美日韩黄片免| www.精华液| 国产av精品麻豆| 老司机靠b影院| 成人18禁在线播放| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 悠悠久久av| 国产精品永久免费网站| 日本免费a在线| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 制服人妻中文乱码| av视频在线观看入口| 此物有八面人人有两片| 精品第一国产精品| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| www.自偷自拍.com| 九色国产91popny在线| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 久久亚洲真实| 精品久久久久久,| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 又大又爽又粗| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| netflix在线观看网站| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕|