螻蛄池塘和皮奇奧游客中心

（日）長(zhǎng)谷川浩己

螻蛄池塘位于日本長(zhǎng)野縣輕井澤星野地區(qū)，沿著從輕井澤野生鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)森林（文中稱為“野鳥之森”）里流淌出的溪流而建。起初人們打算通過截流溪水的方式把這里建成滑冰場(chǎng)，但最近幾年放棄了這個(gè)想法?，F(xiàn)在，這里已經(jīng)被重新設(shè)計(jì)為一個(gè)“混合動(dòng)力”滑冰場(chǎng)，通過制冷管道與天然結(jié)冰并用，延長(zhǎng)冰場(chǎng)的使用時(shí)間。在夏天池塘是各種生物的棲息地，到了冬天池塘便成為在現(xiàn)代技術(shù)有效管理下的滑冰場(chǎng)。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)方案也充分重視對(duì)現(xiàn)有自然過程的描繪，即冬天水池會(huì)自然結(jié)冰，而人們可以在冰面上滑冰。

1 晨霧中的池塘和游客中心Kera pond and the visitor center in morning mist

“野鳥之森”的地表徑流匯集成溪水流入池塘，所以池水的水位在很大程度上取決于季節(jié)變動(dòng)和降雨量變化。因此，設(shè)計(jì)師安裝了一組調(diào)控水位的機(jī)械裝置，并保證水流能夠維持自然流動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。在規(guī)劃過程中，負(fù)責(zé)場(chǎng)地管理運(yùn)營(yíng)的NPO皮奇奧（Picchio，以輕井澤“野鳥之森”和螻蛄池塘為活動(dòng)中心，進(jìn)行野生動(dòng)物觀察與保護(hù)保育、環(huán)境教育與科普宣傳等活動(dòng)的特定非營(yíng)利活動(dòng)法人）希望在春季到秋季之間，能夠在螻蛄池塘開展生物觀察活動(dòng)。因此在設(shè)計(jì)師的精心策劃下，池塘不僅成了一個(gè)景色美麗且滿足功能性的空間，同時(shí)還成了生物多樣性保護(hù)的重要場(chǎng)所。通過水渠和駁岸的設(shè)計(jì)，使水流即使在冬季也能保持流動(dòng)，提升生物的棲息條件，保證它們安全越冬。此外還設(shè)計(jì)了不凍水渠并對(duì)水深進(jìn)行變化調(diào)整，為動(dòng)物提供了熬過寒冷冬季的棲息場(chǎng)所。

4 越過池塘看向淺間山The view of Mt. Asama over Kera pond

5 池塘倒映出山間的綠樹Green trees of the mountain reflected in the pond

6 游客中心的形態(tài)勾勒出池塘的邊緣The shape of the visitor center framing the pond

7 池塘上游的群落生境，使得生物能夠安全過冬A biotope, upstream of Kera pond, for living creatures to live throughout winter

由島嶼和水灣形成的池塘網(wǎng)絡(luò)也是精心設(shè)計(jì)的，其中設(shè)計(jì)師們特別關(guān)注了池塘的小氣候營(yíng)造，同時(shí)這些池塘和水灣勾勒出變化豐富的濱水游覽線路，并向游客展現(xiàn)著敘事性風(fēng)景。水流調(diào)控作為池塘設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，構(gòu)思通過抬高池底創(chuàng)造島嶼區(qū)域，使這里成為春天冰面最早開始融化的地方，亦或是在池塘中央設(shè)計(jì)島嶼以防止水流緩滯。像這樣通過空間的進(jìn)深和動(dòng)態(tài)等一系列精心的安排，為來到螻蛄池塘的游客提供了輕松愉悅的游覽體驗(yàn)。

環(huán)繞池塘展開的園路穿過星野度假村地區(qū)，將春榆陽(yáng)臺(tái)商店街和“野鳥之森”連接起來。園路曲線柔和、設(shè)計(jì)精巧，游人可以穿過天然河谷到達(dá)河的北岸，即便是單純的漫步于此，也可以感受在優(yōu)美環(huán)境中輕松愉悅的自然體驗(yàn)?；鶊?chǎng)沒有被圍墻或欄桿隔離起來，而是以木棧道環(huán)繞水邊，這些棧道在冬季可以為滑冰的游人提供扶手和休息場(chǎng)所，在夏季則成為林中漫步的游步道。沿著木棧道和游客中心周圍還設(shè)置了座椅，并在池塘周圍的不同位置設(shè)計(jì)了觀景臺(tái)和木平臺(tái)等休息區(qū)域，為游客提供可以坐下來放松休息的空間。

（編輯/劉玉霞）

區(qū)位：輕井澤星野地區(qū)

建成時(shí)間：2016年7月

面積：3 200 m2

場(chǎng)地類型：滑冰場(chǎng)

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：克萊因·戴沙姆建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所（KDa）

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)：KAP有限公司

土木工程設(shè)計(jì)：SACO咨詢有限公司

照明設(shè)計(jì)：都市環(huán)境照明（ICE）

設(shè)計(jì)合作：KANADE設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

圖片來源：吉田誠(chéng)

翻譯：莊杭

校對(duì)：孫越 馬嘉

8 池塘夏日夜景A night view of Kera pond in summer

9 池塘變?yōu)榱锉鶊?chǎng)Kera pond, transformed into an ice rink

10 從溜冰場(chǎng)看到的游客中心The visitor center, seen from the rink

Located in the Karuizawa Hoshino area, Kera Pond lies along the stream running from the Karuizawa National Wild Bird Sanctuary Forest. Originally, it was intended to be a skating rink created by stemming the flow of the stream, but it had been abandoned until recent years. Now, it has been reborn as a ‘hybrid’ skating rink, partially frozen by a refrigerant pipe and partially naturally frozen, so it can be used constantly for an extended period. In the summer the pond is home to a variety of forest creatures, and in winter it turns into a skating rink, efficiently managed with a modern technology. There is an emphasis on preserving nature’s narrative; the pond freezes in winter, upon which people can ice-skate.

11 從游客中心入口處看到的池塘Kera pond, seen from the entrance to the visitor center

12 享受溜冰的人們People enjoying skating

13 水流圖Water flow diagram

As runoff from the Wild Bird Sanctuary Forest flows into the pond, the pond’s water level fluctuates greatly due to seasonal change and rainfall variability. Therefore, a mechanism has been installed to control the water level, while water appears to flow naturally. During the planning process, Picchio, the wildlife interpreter who manages and operates the site, requested that the pond be utilized as an area for them to run observation programs between spring and fall. Owing to our careful planning, the pond has taken form not only as a picturesque and functional space, but a host of biodiversity conservation too. We designed waterways and revetment to create waterflow even in winter in such a way that facilitates the inhabitation of living organisms, who can now make it through the winter. We created an area for them to stay throughout these colder months by creating an unfreezable channel and varying the water’s depth.

The pond’s network of islands and coves has been carefully designed with particular attention to its microclimate, allowing visitors to appreciate the changeability of its course, creating a narrative along its path. Control of the waterflow serves as the basis for the pond’s design, a concept which informed the idea of creating a land area by raising the bottom of the pond, where ice tends to start melting at the beginning of spring, or making islands in the middle of the pond in order to avoid stagnant water. The sense of depth and dynamism, born of this careful arrangement, offers an enjoyable experience for the pond’s visitors.

The path which frames the pond cuts through the Hoshino area, connecting Harunire Terrace and the Wild Bird Sanctuary Forest. This gently winding road was so designed that it crosses the natural bank on the north side, creating an environment where walking itself is an enjoyable activity. The ice rink is not enshrouded by fences or railings, instead, a boardwalk encircles the water, used as a sitting area or handrail for skaters in winter and for strolling during summer months. We have also provided benches along the boardwalk and around the visitor center, and created sitting areas in various places around the pond such as the observation deck and the terrace, where visitors can sit back and relax.