整體觀的人居環(huán)境

幾天前參加博士研究生學(xué)位論文預(yù)答辯會，在總共12篇博士論文中，有5篇的研究與城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)有關(guān)，題目或是“基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的某城市綠化隔離帶優(yōu)化研究”，或是“以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)為導(dǎo)向的某城市中心城區(qū)綠地空間優(yōu)化研究”等。之所以有如此高比例的研究生選擇這類題目，除了與導(dǎo)師的研究課題有關(guān)外，另外一個重要原因或許在于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)可以用科學(xué)的方法進行研究，做到量化評價，如此，論文中的一系列計算公式和數(shù)據(jù)表格就增強了論文的研究分量，并使得論文的結(jié)論更具有依據(jù)和說服力。

通過對某一城市或城市的某一區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)現(xiàn)狀進行研究，這些論文普遍得出了城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不夠健全、綠地在城市中的面積占比嚴重不足、結(jié)構(gòu)也不合理的結(jié)論。我贊成這些研究方法，也同意得出的研究結(jié)論，但對于只是以依據(jù)提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)能力為目的增加綠地面積，構(gòu)建綠地結(jié)構(gòu)的途徑卻有不小的質(zhì)疑，如在城市外圍尋求利用各種土地，包括一些農(nóng)田，來增加綠化隔離帶面積，這或許提升了城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的能力，但勢必減弱區(qū)域景觀的多樣性，甚至剪斷區(qū)域景觀歷史延續(xù)的脈絡(luò)；在城市中心區(qū)按照計算出來的基本的綠地指標(biāo)來增加綠地面積，又極有可能使得城市失去原有的建筑密度，從而降低城市的活力和積淀已久的歷史文化魅力；而以增強生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)能力為導(dǎo)向來改造城市綠地，也有可能割裂人與自然之間的密切聯(lián)系，削弱城市綠地的使用功能。

對類似于“基于……的……研究”或是“以……為導(dǎo)向的……研究”為題的學(xué)術(shù)論文，和“基于……的……設(shè)計”或是“在……導(dǎo)向下的……設(shè)計”為目標(biāo)的設(shè)計實踐我都會產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑，原因在于每塊土地存在的問題都是復(fù)雜多樣的，土地都承載著社會、經(jīng)濟、生態(tài)、歷史、文化、藝術(shù)等綜合的價值。誠然，只有對土地的每一個層面進行深入分析和研究，才能提出合理的土地規(guī)劃和利用的有效方案與對策。但是，面對如此復(fù)雜綜合的問題，僅僅基于一點或以某一方面為導(dǎo)向來做出決策，這種機械簡單的處理方式，必然是只見樹木不見森林，必然忽視了研究或設(shè)計對象的有機性、復(fù)雜性和各部分之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性，以這樣的研究方法得出的結(jié)論都是值得警惕的。

中國有著歷史悠久的人居傳統(tǒng)，其人居環(huán)境營造思想的核心就是環(huán)境的整體觀。千百年來，中國人依據(jù)所處的地理環(huán)境和氣候條件，通過改變地表和改造水文來發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，建造家園，積淀了獨特的人居環(huán)境營造思想。歷史上中國的人工建造都遵循依賴于自然，從整體環(huán)境出發(fā)，用綜合的手段構(gòu)建起支撐農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、交通運輸、村落城邑及安全防務(wù)的環(huán)境支撐系統(tǒng)，并將環(huán)境的每一部分都緊密聯(lián)系起來，而非基于一點或?qū)Ｗ⒂谝幻妫瑥亩鵂I建出整體的人居環(huán)境。小到城市中一座人造園林，其中的山石、水面、植物和建筑都互相交融，不可分割；大到一座城市，從選址，到規(guī)劃，到建設(shè)，再到發(fā)展，人工的建造都與自然環(huán)境融合，因勢利導(dǎo)。城市中的各部分都承載著多重的功能，并組織成一個整體。比如城市中的自然系統(tǒng)既提供了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)，也承載著民眾的戶外生活，同時又是城市中的風(fēng)景；再廣到整個國土，中國人通過建造和梳理各類水利設(shè)施，將山巒、河流、渠道、湖泊、農(nóng)田、村落、城鎮(zhèn)整合起來，構(gòu)筑了國土相互依存不可分割的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。中國人在這種整體性和環(huán)境依托性的基礎(chǔ)上實踐著人居的理想。本期《風(fēng)景園林》就是在“傳統(tǒng)人居環(huán)境營造思想與技術(shù)傳承”的主題下探討中國傳統(tǒng)的人居智慧。

近幾年《風(fēng)景園林》有多期的主題涉及到中國的人居環(huán)境、國土景觀、人文自然系統(tǒng)和山水城市等內(nèi)容，這反映出《風(fēng)景園林》雜志已從創(chuàng)刊時的借鑒他人的經(jīng)驗轉(zhuǎn)變到更多地關(guān)注和研究中國獨特的自然和文化體系及本土的建造傳統(tǒng)，關(guān)注于中國特有的營建經(jīng)驗和智慧，以及中國的傳統(tǒng)人居思想在當(dāng)今環(huán)境營建中的價值與意義。

自2005年《風(fēng)景園林》雜志創(chuàng)刊以來，我一直擔(dān)任雜志的主編，期間經(jīng)歷過困難時期帶來的沮喪，但慶幸的是，雜志在不斷成長，由最初的雙月刊成為月刊，成為建筑學(xué)、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃學(xué)、風(fēng)景園林學(xué)學(xué)科評估的目錄雜志，成為中國科技核心期刊，我感受更多的還是雜志不斷發(fā)展所帶來的欣慰。從下一期開始，我就卸任《風(fēng)景園林》的主編了，很感謝曾經(jīng)的這份工作，它促使我15年來不斷閱讀、思考和進步。感謝顧問編委、編委和特約編輯們的支持，感謝雜志社全體同仁的辛勤耕耘，感謝我的同事們及歷屆學(xué)生們的無私奉獻，感謝所有作者、讀者和朋友們的一路相伴。

主編：王向榮教授

2020年1月15日

Human Settlement Environment under the Holistic View

A few days ago, I participated in the pre-defense meeting for doctoral dissertations. Among a total of 12 doctoral dissertations, 5 were related to urban ecosystem services, with titles of “Research on the Optimization of Urban Greening Belts of a City Based on Ecosystem Services”, or “Ecosystem Service-oriented Research on the Optimization of Green Space in the Central Urban Area of a City” and so on. The reason why such a high proportion of graduate students choose relative topics, in addition to being related to the tutor’s research topic, another important reason may be that ecosystem services can be studied by scientific methods to achieve quantitative evaluation, so, a series of calculation formulas and data tables in the paper enhance the research value of the paper, and make the conclusions of the paper more reliable and persuasive.

Through the research on the current situation of ecosystem services in a city or a certain region of a city, these papers generally draw the conclusion that the urban ecosystem is not sound enough, the area proportion of green space in the city is seriously insufficient, and the structure is unreasonable. I agree with these research methods and the research conclusions, but I have some doubts about the way to increase the green space area and construct the green space structure only for the purpose of improving the ecosystem service capacity. For example, in the periphery of the city, using all kinds of land to increase the area of green belt, like farmland, which may enhance the ability of urban ecosystem services, but it is bound to weaken the diversity of regional landscape, even break the continuation of regional landscape history; In the central area of the city, increasing the green space area according to the calculated basic green space index is very likely to make the city lose the original building density, thus reducing the vitality and the historical and cultural charm of the city that has been accumulated through time; In order to enhance the ability of ecosystem services to transform urban green space, it is also possible to weaken the close relationship between human and nature and weaken the use of urban green space.

I will question the academic papers like “research based on…of…” or “…oriented research”, and the design practice with the goal of “design based on…of…” or “…oriented design”. The reason is that the problems existing in each piece of land are complex and diverse, and the land bears the comprehensive values of society, economy, ecology, history, culture, art and so on. Yet, only through in-depth analysis and research on every level of land, can we put forward reasonable and effective plans and countermeasures for land planning and use. However, in the face of so complex and comprehensive problems, making decisions only based on one point or guided by a certain aspect is a mechanical and simple way, which cannot see the overall context. It will ignore the complexity and the relationship between various parts of the research object or design object. And the conclusions drawn by such a research method are all worthy of vigilance.

China has a long history of human settlements, and the core of its ideology of creating human settlements is the holistic view of the environment. For thousands of years, according to the geographical environment and climatic conditions, the Chinese has developed agriculture and built homes by transforming the earth’s surface and hydrology process, and accumulated unique ideology of creating living environment. In history, China’s artificial construction depends on nature, starting from the overall environment, using comprehensive means to build an environmental support system for agricultural production, transportation and security defense of villages and cities. Each part of the environment is closely linked, rather than based on one point or focusing on one side, so as to build an overall living environment. Small like a garden in the city, in which the rocks, water, plants and buildings are all integrated and inseparable. Big like a city, from site selection, to planning, construction, then to development, artificial constructions are integrated with the natural environment and guided according to the circumstances.

All parts of the city carry multiple functions and are organized as a whole. For example, the natural system in the city not only provides ecosystem services, but also carries the outdoor life of people, and the scenery in the city. When it comes to the whole country, Chinese built and organized all kinds of water conservancy facilities, integrated the surrounding mountains, rivers, channels, lakes, farmland, villages and towns, and constructed the overall structure of the interdependent and inseparable land. Chinese people have been practicing the ideal of human settlements on the basis of this integrity and environmental dependence. This issue ofLandscape ArchitectureJournal is to explore the wisdom of traditional Chinese human settlements under the theme of “Design Ideology and Technology Sustainability of Local Human Built Environment”.

In recent years, the themes ofLandscape ArchitectureJournal have been related to China’s landscape, living environment, human and natural system, landscape city, and so on. This reflects thatLandscape ArchitectureJournal has moving forward from learning the experience from others when it was first published to paying more attention to and studying China’s unique natural and cultural system and local construction tradition, focusing on China’s unique experience and wisdom, along with the value and significance of traditional human settlement ideology of China in today’s environment construction.

Since the founding ofLandscape ArchitectureJournal in 2005, I have been the chief editor of the journal. I have experienced the frustration brought about in difficult times, but fortunately,Landscape ArchitectureJournal has continued to grow from the initial bimonthly journal to a monthly journal, to a catalogue journal for discipline evaluation of architecture, urban and rural planning, landscape architecture, and a journal of CSTPCD. I feel more gratified by the continuous development of the journal. From the next issue, I will no longer be the chief editor ofLandscape ArchitectureJournal. I am very grateful to this job, which has prompted me to read, think and make progress over the past 15 years. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the advisory editors, editorial board and contributing editors for their support, to all the staffs of the journal for their hard work, to my colleagues and students for their selfless contribution, and to all authors, readers and friends for their accompany on every step of the way.