Word Building Exploration課例分析、反思與評析

執(zhí)教者 哈爾濱市第三中學(xué) 張 莉

評析者 哈爾濱市教育研究院 張佩云

師者，傳道授業(yè)解惑也?！敖饣蟆辈粌H局限于教師課堂教學(xué)或課后習(xí)題的答疑，也包括某些學(xué)習(xí)階段教師幫助學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，研討問題并積極尋求解決辦法。本節(jié)課是一節(jié)以學(xué)生為主體，通過探究英語構(gòu)詞法幫助學(xué)生記憶單詞的研究性課程。針對學(xué)生提出在記單詞過程中遇到的困難，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生嘗試使用構(gòu)詞法幫助單詞記憶（Abbreviation，Affixation，Conversion，Compound），解決學(xué)生提出的問題；同時引領(lǐng)學(xué)生探索體驗嘗試這四種構(gòu)詞法的應(yīng)用，以此幫助學(xué)生實現(xiàn)成為積極學(xué)習(xí)者（active learner）的角色體驗。

一、課前準備

本節(jié)課共分為四個部分，分別為縮略語（Abbreviation），詞綴法（Affixation），詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法（Conversion）和復(fù)合詞（Compound）。課前布置研究性課題，學(xué)生自愿報名。由學(xué)生自己選擇研究方向，確定研究方向后，組織研究小組，教師作為指導(dǎo)者參與其中，并提出以下要求：1.明確本小組研究的內(nèi)容，如定義、構(gòu)成方式、常見例詞等；2.設(shè)計活動，讓盡可能多的學(xué)生參與其中；3.設(shè)計練習(xí)，讓學(xué)生學(xué)以致用；4.制作課件，進行小組展示；5.與指導(dǎo)教師溝通，不斷完善。

經(jīng)過為期一周的準備，全班46人都參與其中，十幾名小組負責(zé)人進行了各具特色的展示，在展示結(jié)束后都使用該部分構(gòu)詞法的詞匯進行了總結(jié)。

二、課堂實錄

Lead-in：Use a conversation between the teacher and a make-believe expert on language learning to introduce the topic.

（一）Abbreviation

Introduction：Abbreviation is a short form of word or expression.Affixation is a way to form new words by adding affixes.Conversion is a process of changing one word from one part of speech to another，eg.，change a none into a verb or vice versa.Compound is a noun or adjective，etc，that is made up of two or more words.

A：Well...Have you heard that the government is promoting the use of ETC throughout the country?

B：Of course！ My dad is actually applying for one online.

A：Wow！ So do you need to upload a picture of your ID card or something to get that?

B：Sure，and along with necessary proof of the car.The ETC card will be sent to our address by EMS in the end.

A：Now please pay attention to the red words on the screen.Obviously there are some similarities among them.

B：（Read the red words on the slide）Right.These are abbreviations.

Part I What is an Abbreviation?

A：As we can see，abbreviation is a shortened form of words and phrases.Abbreviations can take various forms，and there isn’t a rule that would strictly define how words should be shortened，because the purpose of using abbreviations may be saving space and time，avoiding repetition of long words and phrases，or simply fitting popular usage.

B：There are different ways to form abbreviations.

（1）Use the first or first few letters，such as Co.for?company.

（2）The most important letters of the word remain，such as?Ltd.for?limited.

（3）Take only the first and the last letter，just like?Dr.for?Doctor.

（4）Use the initials of the words in a phrase instead.Examples are BTW for by the way and ASAP for as soon as possible.

Part II Create your own Abbreviations！

A：You may think that abbreviations are rather modern stuff that boomed because of technology and?text messages，but they’ve actually helped us save space and time for thousands of years.Apparently，it takes a lot less effort to write SARS than to write “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.And another advantage is that it helps to remember.

B：That’s a good point！ What’s more，we can also create our own abbreviations！Just remember to hold firm to a particular way of organizing your own word.As it will be for personal usage，you can use some symbols in the way you like.

A：Let’s have a guess of some of the abbreviations created by our classmates together！

Part III Conclusion

A：These self-created abbreviations are simple but rather impressive，and they also show us an accessible way to create interesting and practical abbreviations.

B：Nowadays，for instance，people focus on NBA，CBA or FIFA.And it has be come a daily routine to chat with friends using expressions like LOL and OMG.Some are always eager to pass the TOFEL&IELTS，while others dream of being a CIO or CEO or CFO—probably they should have focused more on a UFO.

A：As cultural exchanging is getting much further，we can see abbreviation everywhere in our lives.I wish everyone can apply the abbreviations to our daily study，and enjoy the fun of creating your own set of abbreviations！Thank you for listening！

教師總結(jié)：Good job.We can find abbreviation is common in our life.They can be used not only in the names of organizations，agencies，programs，but also in your names.We can carve our initials in the rings or necklaces.The initials of my name is....What about you?And when we talk about something secretly we can also use initials.

（二）A ffixation

Introduction：We’re here to introduce affixes to all of you.Are you tired of memorizing new words?Don’t worry.We’re here to introduce an effective way.Have you noticed that there are a lot of words that look just similar?Such as“export”and“import”，and so on.We can notice that there are some identical components in these words.We may find the key to memorizing them easily.As we can see ，these words consist of“root”and “affix”.A very large number of words are formed in this way.So，let’s learn some common affixes together.Let’s look at the following examples.

1.tri-：three trilogy a series of three play（三部曲）

2.in-：negative incomparable the synonym is matchless（無與倫比的）3.inter-：between intercept to stop sb./sth.that is going from one place to another place（截獲）

4.homo-：the same homosexual to refer to a “gay”or a“l(fā)esbian”（同性戀的）

Affixes can fall into four groups——Numbers，Negatives，Directions and others.

Numbers

1.uni-：one unique being the only one of this kind（獨一無二的）

2.bi-：two bilingual able to speak two languages equally well（雙語的）

3.tri-：three triangle a shape with three sides and three angles（三角形）

4.penta-：five pentagon a shape with five sides and five angles（五角形）

……

Negatives

1.a-/ab- abnormal abuse

2.anti- anti-social anticancer antiwar

3.de- decode break the code（解碼）

4.il- illiterate not knowing how to read or write（不識字的）

……

Directions

1.back- backyard 2.fore- forehead

四是通過優(yōu)化整體布局，加強微觀打造，形成“田成方、林成網(wǎng)、路相通、渠相連”的俯瞰格局，田、林、路、渠、房井井有條、渾然一體，實現(xiàn)“家在園中”。

3.cata- catacomb 4.wise- clockwisecounterclockwise

Others

1.let-littlepiglet（小豬）booklet（小冊子）

2.ex-former ex-girlfriend（前女友）

3.cyber-something related to information and computer cyberspace（信息空間）

4.anthro-being related to human beings anthropology（人類學(xué)）

Part I Activity

Complete the story.Change the words into the proper forms by adding affixes.

Wearing his uniform（form），Xinxin went to work.He rode his bicycle（cycle）on the road and he was not so happy，for his work was still left unfinished（finish）.At a turn of the road he ran across his ex-girlfriend（girlfriend），who was kissing a girl on the road.“Oh，my God.She was homosexual（sexual）.”Xinxin thought he was lucky that they had parted.

He continued riding.Suddenly，when he got to a crossing，a man rushed out.Although he almost hit Xinxin，he began to shout at the poor boy impolitely（politely）.He carried a camera with a tripod（pod）and he also led a piglet（pig）.Xinxin wanted to quarrel with him.But he soon found that the man’s words were rude as well illogical（logical）.He could do nothing but keep silent.What’s worse ，the man hit him on his forehead（head）.What a black day！

After the introduction，have you already had some understandings of roots and affixes?When we’re confronted with a new word，search for the words you have learned to get some familiar affixes，and progressively get the meaning of the new word.

Part II Conclusion

Through the learning，we may already formulate some concept of affixation in our mind.Now let’s put it into practice.I will go all out to make you believe that affixation is literally the most common way of making new words in English.It is often the case that we may encounter some words which we never met before in our daily English learning.But we still stand the chance that we can guess its meaning even though we don’t know it at all.

教師總結(jié)：Good cooperation.They co-work，co-study and co-present their findings.Their presentation is meant to popularize some basic affixes.Try to enlarge your vocabulary by deepening your desire to learn more of them after class.

（三）Conversion

Introduction：As we all know ，in ancient Chinese，conversion is quite common.For example，皆白衣冠以送之……乃朝服，設(shè)九賓——《荊軻刺秦王》，in the first sentence means wearing white clothes and hats，and the朝服 in the next sentence means being dressed in，both are nouns changed into verbs.In English conversion is also quite common.Our presentation falls into 5 parts—transportation，character，body，animal，and others.

Part I Transportation

Firstly ，let’s come to some nouns about transportation.A train，all right?Such vehicles as bus，ship ，train ，truck ，plane，and so on，have similar meanings.Turning into verbs ，they mean"go to someplace usually by this sort of vehicle".

Characters：mother，father，nurse，master，dwarf，partner

（1）She mothers two children and adopted a third.n.母親→v.照顧

（2）A.G.Bell is thought to have fathered the phone.N.父親→v.發(fā)明

（3）Don’t baby your car.N.嬰兒→ v.嬰兒般對待

（4）Patients are nursed well in the hospital.N.護士→ v.護理

……

Body parts：eye，stomach，palm，leg it，mouth，nose，

（1）How can you stomach the violence in the film today?n.胃 → v.忍受

（2）The magician palmed the coin and suddenly produced it from the boy’s ear.n.手掌 → v.握在掌心

（3）We legged it home when the storm broke.n.腿→ v.快走

（4）He eyed his son with anger.n.眼睛 → v.看

……

Animals：dog，monkey，parrot，snake

（1）Whenever I go，my little brother dogs my footsteps.n.狗→v.跟隨

（2）Don’t monkey with my television.n. 猴子→ v.搗蛋，亂動

（3）The students seemed serious and hard-working，but they confined themselves to textbooks.n.鸚鵡 → v.復(fù)述

（4）snake one’s way 蜿蜒曲折

Others：

（1）Don't trouble trouble until trouble you.n.麻煩 → v.打擾

（2）The problem has almost cornered him.n.角落→ v.逼到角落

（3）I’ve never picture in my mind that I will been a superman now.n.照片→ v.想象

……

Part II Conclusion

If you grasp the skill you will find English is interesting to learn.Therefore，let’s try to enjoy our English study together！

教師總結(jié)：Who chaired this part？They partnered each others and gave lots of vivid examples so that we can master these words easily.Thank you all.After class you shall enjoy ice-creams.Don’t worry about the bill.I will foot it.Some students are so excited that tears well up，no ，but their mouths are watering.

（四）Compound

Introduction：Hello everyone，today I’d like to talk about the compounds.As we know，the theme of the class is“word-building”.As a matter of fact，the word“word-building”itself is a compound word.We can’t make a word for each new thing，or the vocabulary will get so big that you can never remember the words！ For example，米飯，白.There are different way to form compounds.

Part I Activity

We’ve come to the most exciting part：activities.The rule of the game is：I’ll show the Chinese translation on the slide.Please guess what the English word is.Each compound is divided into two parts，and the student with one of the two parts，stand up and read out the part.

嶄新的鞋子brand-new shoes

經(jīng)常鍛煉身體work out regularly

聚光燈spotlight

萬能的上帝almighty God

費時的工作time-consuming work

幸福感a sense of well-being

……

Part II Conclusion

I’d like to recommend using compounds consciously while writing，because they can make your compositions clear and lively.

教師總結(jié)：They gave us an all-round study of compounds.He has made all-out preparations for the report.But I overheard that he thought it was an ill-advised choice to concentrate on the job because it’s time-consuming.Is it true?

課堂總結(jié)：Some students may think English is boring but actually it’s interesting.What’s the bridge?Hands-on experience.Try to enjoy word building，enhance English，enrich your life and enlighten yourself.Thanks again，my almighty students.I am sure this lesson will have a far-reaching influence on you study life.I hope you have a sense of well-being both in the campus and off-campus life.

Homework：Write a mind map of all the words learned in the class.

三、教學(xué)反思

本節(jié)課以詞匯學(xué)習(xí)為切入點，以任務(wù)驅(qū)動學(xué)習(xí)，鼓勵學(xué)生自主、富有個性地學(xué)習(xí)，不斷積累經(jīng)驗，豐富學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷。本節(jié)課激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機，讓學(xué)生在體驗中學(xué)習(xí)，在學(xué)習(xí)中領(lǐng)悟，激發(fā)了學(xué)生的求知欲，讓學(xué)生體驗、運用研究成果。學(xué)生通過查閱與整理，完善知識框架。打破課本內(nèi)容限制，鼓勵學(xué)生進行探究式學(xué)習(xí)，鼓勵學(xué)生交流與合作。倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動體驗，全員參與。重體驗，重研究，重過程是新課程改革的基本要求。但學(xué)生自身程度不一，本節(jié)課對于有些學(xué)生難度略大。因此，教師對學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容要注意分層次，有梯度。由于經(jīng)驗不足和時間有限，學(xué)生的文字材料還有許多不足之處。編寫的故事內(nèi)容比較單一，語句不夠豐富。研究方式可以更具有多樣性，比如設(shè)計調(diào)查問卷了解學(xué)生更具體的需求；上網(wǎng)查閱的資料更豐富些；查閱更多英語原版書籍等。缺少學(xué)習(xí)策略的探索。在每一部分的展示中如果能滲透學(xué)習(xí)策略，課堂效果會更好。編故事本身就是學(xué)習(xí)的一種策略，能夠讓學(xué)生將所學(xué)的知識學(xué)以致用。學(xué)生可以再嘗試其他的學(xué)習(xí)策略，如編曲子，填歌詞，讓學(xué)生唱起來。通過朗朗上口的歌曲，幫助學(xué)生更好記憶。

四、教學(xué)點評

張老師選擇了一堂對于高二學(xué)生非常重要的詞匯構(gòu)成法校本課進行教學(xué)。高中英語考試大綱明確規(guī)定學(xué)生需要掌握英語詞匯的復(fù)合詞、派生詞、轉(zhuǎn)化和縮寫的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，但在高中教材中這些內(nèi)容零散分布在不同的單元任務(wù)中，學(xué)生對詞匯學(xué)沒有一個綜合而系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)。所以，高二學(xué)生在有了一定的詞匯儲備后，再學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的四種構(gòu)詞法，就會領(lǐng)悟到構(gòu)詞法的規(guī)律，從而進一步進行分類和系統(tǒng)性地掌握更多的詞綴并利用規(guī)律進行猜詞和記詞。

課前充分指導(dǎo)，課上以學(xué)生為中心，給學(xué)生更多的展示機會。本堂課有十幾名學(xué)生站在講臺上，用地道標準的英語進行講解，大家根據(jù)不同的任務(wù)進行有創(chuàng)意的教學(xué)設(shè)計，最讓大家驚嘆的是他們關(guān)注知識輸入的同時，也能注重跟其他同學(xué)的互動和反饋。學(xué)生在小組合作探究和同伴互助角色分工下，學(xué)習(xí)氣氛格外熱烈，學(xué)習(xí)效果非常突出。

學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，實現(xiàn)了“一體三重”，即以學(xué)生為中心，注重知識向能力培養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，注重知識輸入向輸出運用的轉(zhuǎn)變，注重知識講解向活動實踐的轉(zhuǎn)變。關(guān)注學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)。在這堂課中，授課教師鼓勵學(xué)生課前查閱搜集詞匯學(xué)的相關(guān)知識，安排學(xué)生進行小組合作，合理分工，準備幻燈片、知識梳理、任務(wù)認領(lǐng)和課上展示等活動。多樣的教學(xué)方法引領(lǐng)學(xué)生不斷地進行認知、概括、推理、總結(jié)和創(chuàng)造等思維活動，有助于其思維的邏輯性、縝密性和創(chuàng)造性的提升。