ABSTRACT

UnderstandingtheDevelopmentofPoeticsintheQianlongDynastythroughthePoeticActivitiesofYuanMei

(by JIANG Yin)

Abstract：The vague knowledge of the time when Yuan Mei had an influence on the poetry circle and the time when the poetics of disposition and inspiration was popular always puzzles the academia, which affects the understanding of the relationship between Yuan Mei and the significant ideological trends of poetics during the Emperor Qianlong period, such as the poetics of Shen Deqian and the poetics of Weng Fanggang. By carefully analyzing the literature about Yuan Mei’s poetic activities and the construction of his self-consciousness, it can be seen that the process of Yuan Mei going into the poetry circle and becoming famous contains three stages：in the first stage, from the 1st year to the 16th year of Emperor Qianlong, Yuan Mei was first known by others in the poetry circle; then came the second stage, from the 17th year to the 24th year of Emperor Qianlong, he became famous and popular; finally came the third stage, from the 25th year to the 32nd year of Emperor Qianlong, he mastered the discourse power in the poetic world. Solving this problem is of great significance for understanding the relationship between Yuan Mei’s poetics of disposition and inspiration and some other schools of poetry (Shen Deqian’s poetics of style theory, the former poetics of disposition and inspiration of Xue Xue and the other members, and Weng Fanggang’s poetics of scholars), which is helpful in clarifying the historical context of poetics in the Qianlong Dynasty.

Keywords: Yuan Mei; Shen Deqian; poetics of disposition and inspiration; influence

TheWorldEconomyintheCrisisofPandemic：TheChangeandReshaping

(by XU Kang-ning)

Abstract：The pandemic breaking out across the world has hit the global economy hard, and its negative impact mainly depends on the changes in the COVID-19 outbreak. Moreover, the pandemic is an exogenous variable to the economic system, and the influence system has its own characteristics, such as the less-damaged micro-economy and the relatively stable asset prices. The pandemic has had a profound impact on the world economy, and has changed international economic relations to a large extent. However, scientific and technological revolution, economic globalization and international industrial chains are the crystallization of human civilization and progress, and they will not be swept away by such a pandemic. Therefore, cooperation and development remain the general direction of the world progress. Facing a special environment, China must seek its own development in a more unstable and more uncertain world.

Keywords: pandemic; exogenous variables; world economy; international economic relations

ReconstructionofGlobalIndustrialChainandChina’sResponseundertheInfluenceofCOVID-19

(by ZHENG Jian-xiong, FANG Xing-qi)

Abstract：The global outbreak of COVID-19 has changed the development trend of the international political and economic pattern, and has also become a catalyst for the reconstruction of the global industrial chain. Based on different perspectives and theoretical frameworks, scholars’ analysis of the evolution of globalization after COVID-19 is mainly divided into optimism and pessimism. Based on the perspective of pure economics, the optimists emphasize that efficiency orientation is always the core element that governs corporate behavior from the micro level. Therefore, China will not be greatly impacted after COVID-19. On the contrary, based on the perspective of international political economics, the pessimists point out from a macro level that some countries pay more attention to the integrity and autonomous control of their own industrial chains without considering efficiency issues for the time being, which further aggravates the trend of anti-globalization. In the face of the drastic fluctuation of domestic and international economic situation, China proposes to build a new pattern of development in which the domestic and international circles promote each other, and the key is to build a modern industrial system that is “independent, controllable, safe and reliable”. To upgrade the industrial chain, we need to attach importance to the government’s ability to create and shape the market, so as to improve the industrial ecosystem and support the development of “new infrastructure”.

Keywords: COVID-19; globalization; industrial chain; new infrastructure

TheImpactofCOVID-19onSino-USEconomicandTradeRelations

(by CHEN Ji-yong, YANG Ge)

Abstract：Under the background that the trade war between China and the United States has not ended, the spread of COVID-19 has not only inflicted enormous damage on the global economy, but also further affected the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations. Differences in attitudes and means between China and the United States to deal with the epidemic have exacerbated the two countries’ conflicts in the ideological field. In the context of the US attempting to curb China’s economic and technological development and prevent itself from being overtaken by China, the “Sino-US decoupling theory” in the United States has become rampant again, which will do great harm to the healthy development of Sino-US economic and trade relations. COVID-19 has intensified the strategic competition between China and the United States, and sharply increased the risk of their economic “decoupling”. But meanwhile, China’s confidence in the strategic game has been enhanced by its effective control of the epidemic. China needs to enhance communication and cooperation with the United States while strengthening its own strength, so as to find a way for great powers with different social systems and ideologies to peacefully coexist, competitively cooperate and achieve mutual benefit.

Keywords: Sino-US economic and trade relations; COVID-19; Sino-US trade war; Sino-US strategic competition; competitive cooperation

SoftEmbedding:LogicoftheFitbetweenGovernmentBehaviorandCulturalCommunityinLocalGovernance

(by CHEN Tian-xiang, WANG Ying)

Abstract：For a period of time, the administrative and bureaucratic transformations have occurred in self-governing mass organizations, which play the role of public agents in grassroots society. Due to the institutional inertia left by the administrative reform and the long-term accumulated custom meta-system in local society, non-government organizations still face the problem of embedded tension in the process of social governance. Based on the discussion of “embeddedness” and “soft governance”, this article uses the term “soft embeddedness” to summarize the logic of the fit between the cultural community constructed by the New Rural Gentry group and the behavior of grassroots governments. The findings of the study are as follows: loose authoritarian policies provide space for the collective action of the cultural community; the value identity and status identity in the cultural community drive individual subjects to participate in collective action, and affect the political life of grassroots society through the informal cultural value system; the administrative institutions represented by local governments use behavior-oriented and behavior-attributed methods to maintain the new public order formed on the basis of cultural bonds, and then construct a new pattern of grassroots social governance with equal status among subjects, mutual embedding of order norms and diversified evaluation methods for results.

Keywords: grassroots governance; publicity; new rural gentry; soft embedding

HowIsSocietyProduced—GovernancePracticeofUrbanGrassrootsCommunity

(by WU Yue)

Abstract：As an important link between the country and the people, the grassroots governments need to cope with the administrative pressure from the upper levels and meet the diversified needs of the community, which are often confined to “l(fā)imited power, unlimited responsibility”. Faced with the dilemma, the grassroots governments tries to find and explore the initiative of society in the practice of social construction, and thus the society is “produced”. The government attempts to mobilize residents, communities and social organizations through administrative embedding, which has promoted the aggregation and reorganization of social factors to a certain extent. However, the active empowerment of the government does not necessarily realize the internal empowerment of the society. Instead, it deepens the society’s dependence on the government and causes the division within the society. The research topic of “society being produced” needs to be further expanded to deepen the understanding of the grassroots social governance model.

Keywords: society; be produced; government; grassroots community

WhyIsItDifficulttoGetthroughthe“LastMile”oftheWaterEnvironmentGovernance

(by YAN Hai-na, ZENG Dong)

Abstract：The difficulty of getting through the “l(fā)ast mile” is relatively common in the implementation of grassroots policies, which also exists in the water environment governance with the river chief system, reflected in the operational situation of “policy makers are keen but executors are indifferent”, the policy making and implementing means of “one size fits all”, the “unshakable interest groups” in grassroots governance, the strategic execution driven by responsibility avoidance, and the embarrassment of technology empowering grassroots policy implementation. From the perspective of “poor power and heavy responsibility”, the factors such as the low governance power and the river chief system as a temporary agency, the task setting of “passive acceptance” and “the transfer of power”, and the dissolution and counterbalancing function of informal relations on bureaucratic power lead to “the pony pulls the cart”; while the contradiction between layer upon layer compacting tasks and the overburden at the grassroots, the helplessness of fast-changing policies and vertical coordination, and the mechanism of weak incentives and strong accountability lead to “the cart drags the pony”. The “poor power and heavy responsibility” in the grassroots water control reflects the dynamic game between vertical bureaucracy and flat governance. How to resolve the contradiction between authority system and effective governance remains to be further explored.

Keywords: river chief system; grassroots governance; poor power and heavy responsibility; last mile

FailureoftheThirdParty:SocialOrganizationEvaluationMotivatedbySelf-interest

(by ZHENG Jia-si, BU Xi)

Abstract：In recent years, the third-party evaluation has been regarded as a means to ensure objective and fair results. However, it is not satisfactory in practice, and is even criticized as pseudo-independent, pseudo-professional, and pseudo-objective. The existing research mostly attribute the phenomenon to the adversarial action of the clients and the targets, and rarely analyze the phenomenon from the perspective of the third party. Taking the third-party evaluation agency S as an example, this paper attempts to display the micro process of social organization grade evaluation. It is found that the self-interest action of the third party is the main reason for the failure. Due to the fuzziness of indicators, the limitation of expert selection and the lack of process supervision, the third-party agencies have great discretion in evaluation, which then gives rise to a series of profit-seeking strategies, and results in negative consequences such as “collusion”, “bad money drives out good” and “profit chains”. At a deeper level, the lack of constraints is the root cause of the failure of third-party evaluation. The extensive development and formal supervision of the past provide chance for third-party evaluation agencies to pursue profits. What is more, the public sector’s need for legitimacy and formal objectivity further reinforces the negative consequences of the profit-seeking behavior. In the context of the new era, Government should pay more attention to the quality of social organization development and its social benefits, and adopt more and pragmatic supervision strategies.

Keywords: third-party evaluation; social organization; government supervision; self-interest

“How”PeopleLiveTogether:TheLogicofHistoricalDevelopment

(by FENG Jian-jun)

Abstract：As a kind of social existence and social nature, human beings must live together. Historically, humans have different ways of combining, and the conditions of human development are also different. In the pre-modern society, human development is in the stage of natural dependence relationship, during which there is no individual subject, only the existence of groups, and people live together; it is the universal ethic that maintains the common life. In modern society, market economy liberates people from dependence, establishes the independence of people, makes the individual a kind of single existence, leads an isolated personal life, and makes morality a free choice of individuals; what sustains the life between individuals are contracts and the rule of law. In contemporary society, the individual subjectivity is constantly expanding, which leads to the crisis of individual subjectivity. Reflecting on the individual subjectivity, the individual breaks the self-closure and moves towards inter subjectivity, and people construct public life and seek moral consensus in equal communication. In short, the three stages of the development of human society reflect the tension between the community and the individual, and the contemporary social development is moving from “I” to “we”, seeking the unity of individuality and publicity.

Keywords: common life; individual life; public life

CultivationoftheViewofJusticeintheSocialConstructionRuledbyLaw

(by ZHENG Hang, QIN Nan)

Abstract：Justice is the fundamental feature and construction goal of a society ruled by law. In essence, the view of justice is one’s understanding, judgment, evaluation and choice of “the deserved” of an individual or a group based on the principle of equality and justice, and under the premise of people foremost. The principle of justice in a society ruled by law takes equality as the premise, personal happiness and social justice as the goal, and it is mutually beneficial beyond justice and practical beyond ideals. The view of individual justice is constructed in the interweaving of independent internalization mechanism, environmental immersion and professional teaching. The cultivation of justice in the construction of a society under the rule of law needs to be based on the social field where humans, behavior and environment interact, and on the premise of transcending the “emotion ontology” in the social field; it should take the path of placing the group into the individual, activate the social identity mechanism of children, and promote the independent construction.

Keywords: view of justice; society ruled by law; social field; individual-group relationship

DeepReflectiononEmpiricalResearchofEducation

(by HU Zhong-feng, YU Wei)

Abstract：In recent years, empirical educational research has been a hot topic. There are different opinions among domain experts on the connotations and characteristics of empirical educational research, the relationship between empirical educational research and other research, and the types of issues which are suitable for conducting empirical research. According to the concept of empirical research, this study analyzes the characteristics of empirical research in education. The bases of empirical educational research are educational facts, so the research questions must be empirical. In addition, the main purpose of empirical educational research is verification, however, the regular patterns obtained from the research are relative. In this study, several concepts in relation to empirical research are further clarified and compared, such as empirical research, speculative research, evidence-based research, quantitative research, qualitative research, field research, etc., thus the types of common problems suitable for empirical research in education can be concluded.

Keywords: empirical educational research; positivism; reflection; quantitative research; qualitative research

LeisureEducation:SublationofLeisureAlienationandCreationofElegantExistence

(by LING Xiao-ping, ZHANG Rong-jun, GUO Ya-li)

Abstract：Leisure and its guidance can be regarded as an important way of existence for laborers and their accomplishment accumulation in the modern sense. Examining the numerous problems existing in the field of leisure in modern society, leisure alienation can be regarded as the specific expression of human alienation in the field of leisure in modern society. Leisure alienation in modern society leads to the decline of the human world and the imbalance of the relationship between man and nature. Leisure education, as a kind of education aimed at leisure function and its orientation, is also the education in leisure, which objectively provides cognitive system, qualities and abilities for the sublation of leisure alienation. It is of great value to positively develop leisure education and create elegant existence for humans breaking away from industrial civilization and realizing ecological civilization.

Keywords: leisure; leisure alienation; leisure education

OnZhuXiandHermeneuticsofClassicsinChina

(by LI Chun-qing)

Abstract：As a representative of hermeneutics of classics in ancient China, Zhu Xi is very prolific, and his works such asTheEssentialNatureofIChing,CommentariesonTheBookofSongs,CollectiveRemarksonthe4ClassicsandGeneralInterpretationsontheClassicsandCommentariesoftheRitesall have epoch-making influences in their respective fields. Furthermore, Zhu Xi has abundant thoughts in hermeneutics and well developed modes of hermeneutics. In his theory of hermeneutics, seeking Dao (reason) and applying it is the starting point, observing oneself and being modest is the basic way, and interpreting between “original meaning” and “subjective understanding” is the strategy. Zhu Xi’s hermeneutic thoughts create an integral system of his own, which represents the highest level of hermeneutics of classics in ancient China, and embodies the theoretical logic and hermeneutic way different from those of Western hermeneutics.

Keywords: Zhu Xi; hermeneutics of classics; logic of hermeneutics; mode of hermeneutics

“PoetryCanBeViewed”andtheLiteraryHermeneuticsofTheBookofSongs—CenteringonOuyangXiuandSuZhe’sStudyofTheBookofSongs

(by ZHENG Wei)

Abstract：The literary interpretation ofTheBookofSongsis an issue which can be discussed only under the premise that the Confucian significance is guaranteed. It depends on the combination of poetry and Confucian significance to the greatest extent, involving the reading ofTheBookofSongs. According to the reading method of “poetry can be viewed”, the people of the Song Dynasty released the potential of Confucian significance on the level of reader’ self-understanding, thus made the relatively independent poetic space and greatly liberated the emotional world of poetry. Under such circumstances, the positive or negative of poems does not hinder the function of the Confucian significance of watching the folkway and knowing politics or “observing one’s own gains and losses”, so scholars do not have to be too entangled in the natural attributes of poetry and emotion. The function of literary hermeneutics of “poetry can be viewed” lies here. It embeds poetry into the meaning structure of poetics, enabling us to talk more effectively about the history of literary hermeneutics ofTheBookofSongs.

Keywords: poetry can be viewed; personal statement; Confucian significance; poetry; meaning structure

ReadersGainingSatisfactionfromTheirFeelingsofPoetry—Prescriptivenessof“EmotionForemost”ofChinesePoeticsonAestheticUnderstandingandInterpretation

(by LI You-guang)

Abstract：“Versifying is the same as interpretation”, a verse of Yang Shen of the Ming Dynasty reminds us that versifying should start with and be based on emotion, so should the interpretation of poetry. The ambiguity and mutability of “emotion” provide large space for the flexible interpretation. The theory of “emotion foremost” existed in Chinese poetics indicates that the understanding of emotion is not based on logical cognition but on individual life experience and perception. The individuality and irreplaceability of experience determine that our aesthetic intuitions of “emotion” can not completely overlap, and readers’ understanding of “emotion” must be accompanied by the association of personal life experience. The hermeneutics terms “Poetry is amorphous” and “Poetry has no fixed interpretation” were put forward by Lu Wenchao in the Qing Dynasty, based on the differences between readers’ and poets’ feelings. Therefore, by putting “emotion” into the field of literary hermeneutics, we find that “understanding poems with emotion” can better show the multi-aesthetic understanding and interpretation of the general principle—“poets have no universal or ultimate interpretation”—of Chinese poetics compared with “understanding poems with meaning”.

Keywords: Chinese poetics; emotion foremost; comprehension and interpretation; hermeneutics of poetry