Rakova Jel?a 城鎮(zhèn)公園

Medprostor d.o.o.事務(wù)所

……啊，草地，溪流，石塊，樹(shù)木，

彼此陌生而又孤獨(dú)沉寂的伙伴們，

當(dāng)人類的世界開(kāi)始寂靜，

那些親愛(ài)的、偉大的生靈，

便開(kāi)始了它們的攀談。

—伊萬(wàn) · 米納蒂，《你一定會(huì)愛(ài)上某個(gè)人》，1963年（阿拉斯代爾 · 麥金農(nóng)譯）

項(xiàng)目構(gòu)思始于“愿景8（維齊耶·索 8）”展覽。斯洛文尼亞盧布爾雅那市（Ljubljana）系列展覽旨在對(duì)城市中被忽視的問(wèn)題和逐漸消落的開(kāi)放空間提出思考，該展覽便是其中之一，由盧布爾雅那市建筑師協(xié)會(huì)、盧布爾雅那大學(xué)的建筑學(xué)院和生物技術(shù)學(xué)院2個(gè)學(xué)院的風(fēng)景園林系師生主辦并參與籌備。本次展覽于2012年12月舉辦，位于長(zhǎng)期喪失活力的大型城市開(kāi)放空間—盧布爾雅那市重要的南北歷史軸線末端，這里曾是古羅馬兵營(yíng)遺址列柱大街的所在地。本次展覽名為“巴杰”（Barje），是盧布爾雅那市將城市中心與巴杰自然公園起點(diǎn)相連的重要策略之一。

巴杰風(fēng)景園位于盧布爾雅那市環(huán)形公路后方，場(chǎng)地面臨著建筑無(wú)序排列、場(chǎng)地空間退化、荒野資源私有化及廢料棄置等問(wèn)題。為解決場(chǎng)地中的上述問(wèn)題，提出使用最小的干預(yù)策略來(lái)徹底清理場(chǎng)地并為公眾提供嶄新開(kāi)放空間的方法，這一舉措成為阻止該場(chǎng)地繼續(xù)向負(fù)面空間方向演替的有效方式，并為市中心周圍提供獨(dú)一無(wú)二的開(kāi)放空間，為公共娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)提供場(chǎng)所。新的公園有著豐富的野生動(dòng)植物，同時(shí)，步行路徑、自行車道與水上通行路線均銜接了公園內(nèi)原有的連接點(diǎn)。這一舉措在盧布爾雅那市與其周邊地區(qū)的可持續(xù)的交通貫通中扮演著重要角色。

2008年，盧布爾雅那市的巴杰風(fēng)景園和城市的邊界區(qū)域被列為自然保護(hù)區(qū)，全部重要的鳥(niǎo)類與其獨(dú)特的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是該區(qū)域成為“自然2000”（Natura 2000）項(xiàng)目的一部分并進(jìn)一步保護(hù)的重要原因。巴杰風(fēng)景園之前是一片沼澤地，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)十分脆弱，基于對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的考慮，對(duì)該地區(qū)盡可能地采取微小的干預(yù)手段，并盡早地進(jìn)行方案實(shí)施，這也是該區(qū)域保留原有的風(fēng)貌及其豐富的動(dòng)植物棲息地的原因。

在“巴杰”展覽開(kāi)展之初，盧布爾雅那市市長(zhǎng)被這一提議深深打動(dòng)，并立即推進(jìn)該項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)。為方便管理，項(xiàng)目分階段進(jìn)行，于2013年2月開(kāi)始實(shí)施。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)由6名建筑專業(yè)的學(xué)生和其導(dǎo)師 Rok ?nidar?i?組成，6 名學(xué)生分別名為 Klara Bohinc、Andra? Ker?i?、Martin Kruh、Dino Muji?、Aljo?a Lipolt、Tamara Németh；導(dǎo)師 Rok ?nidar?i?監(jiān)督施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的所有相關(guān)工作。由于場(chǎng)地靠近市中心，大部分的規(guī)劃和嘗試都是在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的。

1 場(chǎng)地遺留的房屋基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)板被全部保留，并將其改造為野餐區(qū)Existing foundation plates of the former huts were preserved and reinterpreted as new picnic areas

2 架設(shè)新的連接道路Formation of a new connecting path

該項(xiàng)目除了為盧布爾雅那市的開(kāi)放空間系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)改變外，對(duì)于參與合作和協(xié)調(diào)該項(xiàng)目的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，從方案構(gòu)思到實(shí)際建造的過(guò)程，也收獲了一次寶貴的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)與體驗(yàn)。該項(xiàng)目以現(xiàn)場(chǎng)學(xué)習(xí)、團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)踐合作的形式展開(kāi)，并與各領(lǐng)域?qū)＜液献魍瓿?。因此，建筑師作為整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)作中的“車輪”，將項(xiàng)目從草圖繪制帶到了實(shí)體構(gòu)筑的呈現(xiàn)。

3 通過(guò)最小的干預(yù)手段使得巴杰地區(qū)早期的荒廢區(qū)域得以重新利用并向公眾開(kāi)放Formerly degraded area of Barje is given in use,revived and relinked to the city centre

恢復(fù)場(chǎng)地原有的開(kāi)放空間的屬性是整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的第一階段，當(dāng)?shù)厥姓缫验_(kāi)始著手處理。2011年，當(dāng)?shù)叵嚓P(guān)部門(mén)組織拆除了非法的“周末住宅”（由居住者私自搭建的一定面積的莊園）。房屋拆除之后，拆毀房屋的澆筑板仍留在場(chǎng)地之中。與此同時(shí)，該場(chǎng)地也一直被當(dāng)作建筑垃圾、有毒廢棄物以及磚瓦等廢料的非法堆放地，在垃圾堆中還散落著石棉。

方案提出的干預(yù)措施包含對(duì)該區(qū)域的深度清理與架設(shè)新的連接道路，這條新的道路能夠穿過(guò)該區(qū)域，并與盧布爾雅那市—盧布爾雅那河間的現(xiàn)有道路相連，為游客提供一條通達(dá)的新的游覽路徑。

場(chǎng)地中超過(guò)300 t的非法傾倒的垃圾被移除，同時(shí)清理了場(chǎng)地內(nèi)所有的入侵植物。該地區(qū)的入侵植物主要為分布于大片小樹(shù)林中的加拿大一枝黃花（Solidago canadensis）和日本虎杖（Fallopia japonica）。通過(guò)與專家與植物學(xué)家的交流，決定引入恰當(dāng)?shù)闹参锓N類。為防止入侵植物的傳播，在一期工程完成后不久，便開(kāi)始在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)開(kāi)展露天實(shí)驗(yàn)。原有的大型樹(shù)木與具有典型葉面特征的植物得以保留。

場(chǎng)地的土方工程從清除污染土層、平整土地、去除雜草和地表覆蓋物等工作開(kāi)始。在原有的道路上鋪設(shè)了新的砂石路，貫穿整個(gè)區(qū)域并向遠(yuǎn)方延伸。新鋪設(shè)的砂石路成為人工干預(yù)部分的主要脈絡(luò)。另外，在砂石路與自然公園的交匯處，鋪裝材料發(fā)生了變化，在保護(hù)等級(jí)較高的場(chǎng)地，使用木屑代替沙子；場(chǎng)地遺留的房屋基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)板被全部保留，并將其改造為野餐區(qū)；野餐區(qū)平臺(tái)上的坐凳由曾位于市中心的高層住宅立面的混凝土預(yù)制構(gòu)件改造而成，這個(gè)建筑由著名的斯洛文尼亞建筑設(shè)計(jì)師愛(ài)德華·拉夫尼卡（Edvard Ravnikar，1907—1993）設(shè)計(jì)完成。

同時(shí)，公園還提供了新的植物苗圃地、木質(zhì)長(zhǎng)凳、自行車停放處及活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地，所有這些新置的設(shè)施均由橡樹(shù)與落葉松的木材制成，對(duì)木材進(jìn)行燒焦處理，使其能夠抵御外界破壞，并確保能夠長(zhǎng)久、可持續(xù)地使用。自帕拉菲特（palafitte）住宅建造以來(lái)，使用碳化木材為建造原料，已成為在盧布爾雅那市廣闊沼澤地上進(jìn)行建設(shè)的悠久傳統(tǒng)。所有新建的城市標(biāo)志物都有著較大的體量，使其成為當(dāng)?shù)氐木坝^地標(biāo)。長(zhǎng)凳、展板、指示牌及木桁架制成的防護(hù)系統(tǒng)均由燒焦的木材制成，并用鋼筋相連，再用混凝土腳手架螺釘進(jìn)行加固。

“我們將‘再利用’視為建筑的精髓。這不僅是因?yàn)樗谒孤逦哪醽喗ㄖ杏兄凭玫膫鹘y(tǒng)和特殊的地位，使斯洛文尼亞從長(zhǎng)期資金匱乏的困境中解脫出來(lái)，幾乎所有著名的斯洛文尼亞建筑師都致力于建筑材料的再利用。同時(shí)，現(xiàn)如今有關(guān)充分利用資源的反思很好地詮釋了經(jīng)濟(jì)與創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)典問(wèn)題，以最少的投入來(lái)處理產(chǎn)生的廢物，并進(jìn)行有價(jià)值的升級(jí)?！保≧ok ?nidar?i?于2018年在薩格勒布市舉行的“Days of Oris ”研討會(huì)上的發(fā)言）

當(dāng)游客走完園路的1/3后，便來(lái)到了巴杰風(fēng)景園的邊界。其后這一部分均采用最小的干預(yù)措施以清理并展示場(chǎng)地中原有代表性的植物景觀——樹(shù)籬，由此形成景觀點(diǎn)——一條由碎木屑鋪設(shè)并沒(méi)有幾個(gè)長(zhǎng)凳的嶄新道路。小路穿過(guò)一片白楊樹(shù)林，來(lái)到盧布爾雅那河，在這里游客可以乘船返回市中心，或是駕車穿過(guò)這條河流，到達(dá)位于附近沼澤地中的圣·米歇爾（St.Michael）教堂，這座教堂由斯洛文尼亞建筑師 Jo?e Ple?nik（1872—1957）設(shè)計(jì)而成。

Rakova Jel?a是一個(gè)新建的城鎮(zhèn)公園。早在19世紀(jì)，溪流中滿是小龍蝦，溪流兩側(cè)為榿木林，而該公園名中的rak代表小龍蝦，jel?a 代表的是榿木。這一新的公共空間同時(shí)也是Rakova jel?a街區(qū)附近唯一的公共空間。另外，這個(gè)新的公共空間以該街區(qū)為名，該場(chǎng)地（緊鄰該鎮(zhèn)的邊界內(nèi)，且恰好位于公路環(huán)線入口之前）中有眾多20世紀(jì)60—90年代移民者建造的非法住宅。后來(lái)，這里的房屋被合法化，該地區(qū)也逐漸發(fā)展成為一個(gè)舒適的城市社區(qū)。通過(guò)最小的干預(yù)手段使巴杰地區(qū)早期的荒廢區(qū)域得以重新利用并向公眾開(kāi)放，在復(fù)興巴杰的同時(shí)，區(qū)域與城市中心的聯(lián)系得以重塑。

Rakova Jel?a城鎮(zhèn)公園位于連接盧布爾雅那市與巴杰風(fēng)景園道路的端點(diǎn)處。新的干預(yù)措施的介入使該區(qū)域更加開(kāi)放，并以可持續(xù)的方式吸引并影響著到此游賞的游客或當(dāng)?shù)鼐用瘛?/p>

2016年，在 Rakova Jel?a城鎮(zhèn)公園一期的西側(cè)開(kāi)始了公園二期的建設(shè)。如果說(shuō)建設(shè)Rakova Jel?a城鎮(zhèn)公園一期的目的是對(duì)外提供公眾使用、休閑娛樂(lè)及野餐活動(dòng)等的開(kāi)放空間，那么公園二期的建設(shè)重點(diǎn)便是創(chuàng)造耕作空間以提供自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品。場(chǎng)地中廢棄的荒野景觀以及原先私人莊園（在2011年被當(dāng)?shù)卣宄┑倪z留成為公園二期的建設(shè)重點(diǎn)。

5 新建的花園區(qū)被設(shè)計(jì)為一個(gè)典型的極長(zhǎng)的巴杰農(nóng)田，農(nóng)田被劃分為小塊田地，轉(zhuǎn)租給租戶New gardening areas were designed as a typical,extremely long Barje field,separated in smaller parcels,sublet to the tenants

6 新建的城市標(biāo)志物都有著較大的體量，使其成為當(dāng)?shù)氐木坝^地標(biāo)New urban equipment was designed as large scale objects,that mark the landscape

7 恢復(fù)場(chǎng)地原有的開(kāi)放空間的屬性Reviving the original identity of the open space

該項(xiàng)目的投資者—盧布爾雅那市的市政府及其環(huán)境保護(hù)部門(mén)，希望該區(qū)域向公眾開(kāi)放，并為街區(qū)的居民提供一定面積的花園。在盧布爾雅那市中心近郊處進(jìn)行合法地、有序地種植，對(duì)巴杰地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)土地利用方式進(jìn)行新的解讀。

在現(xiàn)有路網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上建立了新的道路體系，以劃分出道路的等級(jí)層次。主干道從場(chǎng)地的一端延伸到另一端，構(gòu)成了整個(gè)場(chǎng)地的主軸。之前用于公園一期建設(shè)的概念性決策，同樣也延續(xù)至公園二期—巴杰地區(qū)所有現(xiàn)有的大型樹(shù)木均被保留。更重要的是，與一期方案相同，對(duì)場(chǎng)地中的遺留物、特色的植物等進(jìn)行了保留；新建的花園區(qū)被設(shè)計(jì)為一個(gè)典型的極長(zhǎng)的巴杰農(nóng)田，農(nóng)田被劃分為小塊田地，轉(zhuǎn)租給租戶。

與普遍用于存放園藝工具的分散棚屋不同，新建的大型公共棚屋在夏季可收集雨水并提供遮陰。4個(gè)新建的棚屋位于狹窄場(chǎng)地的最遠(yuǎn)端，以強(qiáng)調(diào)棚屋與巴杰之間公共農(nóng)場(chǎng)的概念。每個(gè)棚屋都設(shè)有30個(gè)供租戶使用的儲(chǔ)存空間和2個(gè)收集雨水的水箱。收集雨水是該項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵，因整個(gè)地區(qū)曾經(jīng)受到污染，所有的有毒化合物在地下水中自由流動(dòng)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這些水源均不能用于灌溉，因而，需要提供足夠大的匯水面來(lái)收集必要的雨水。

在棚屋旁邊設(shè)置新的公共種植果園，為散步的路人供應(yīng)水果。種植園中100余株果樹(shù)選自于斯洛文尼亞傳統(tǒng)的水果，包括蘋(píng)果（Malus domestica）、梨（Pyrus communis）、李子（Prunus domestica）和歐楂（Mespilus germanica）等。

在城鎮(zhèn)公園的二期建設(shè)中，城市家具、木質(zhì)長(zhǎng)凳、重復(fù)使用的組裝預(yù)制長(zhǎng)椅、自行車架和圍欄等用于公園一期建設(shè)的元素，得以延續(xù)并大量使用。

為了從市中心更好地進(jìn)入場(chǎng)地，場(chǎng)地二期的建設(shè)中設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)新的入口區(qū)，公路周邊遭到破壞且雜草叢生的區(qū)域被重新設(shè)計(jì)為一個(gè)大型的開(kāi)放空間，同時(shí)，我們依舊保留了場(chǎng)地中所有的原有植被。該場(chǎng)地平面上呈三角形，在兩條較短的邊中，一條位于較遠(yuǎn)的區(qū)域，另一邊被一條小道截?cái)啵铋L(zhǎng)的一邊一直延伸至現(xiàn)有環(huán)形公路的入口處。該場(chǎng)地在三角形角度最小的角點(diǎn)處與公路傾斜相接，以連接公路立交橋與巴杰地區(qū)的原始高程。這一有趣的設(shè)計(jì)采納了多方的意見(jiàn)，若非如此，此處將被設(shè)計(jì)成為平坦的場(chǎng)地。人們?cè)趫?chǎng)地中的某一點(diǎn)，既能看到在阿爾卑斯山背景襯托下的盧布爾雅那城堡，又能欣賞到巴杰和克里姆山（Krim）另一端的新建花園。

新種植的幾列楓樹(shù)（Acer campestrae）位于現(xiàn)有公路的入口環(huán)島處，作為現(xiàn)有行道樹(shù)的延伸，一直從城市中心延伸到環(huán)線公路。結(jié)合階梯式布置的大型木制長(zhǎng)椅，為行人設(shè)計(jì)了垂直通行的快速通道。木制長(zhǎng)椅圍合出的戶外座位區(qū)，既可作為戶外劇場(chǎng)，也可以作為戶外課堂使用。另一條在環(huán)島處修建的入口道路坡度較小，且長(zhǎng)度較長(zhǎng)，以方便騎行者、推嬰兒車的父母及殘疾人的通行。這條新建的道路沿著一條河道向前延伸，在道路兩側(cè)種植了白柳 （Salix tristis） 。

在沿河道小路與另一小路相交匯的地方，設(shè)置了新的木橋，作為花園的主要入口，也是Rakova Jel?a 城鎮(zhèn)公園的一個(gè)入口。其結(jié)構(gòu)由木桁架組裝而成，并用鋼筋連接，再用混凝土腳手架的螺釘進(jìn)行固定，其設(shè)計(jì)原理與其他木質(zhì)構(gòu)造相同。這種連接方式只允許行人和自行車的通行，為從入口、邊界到花園的內(nèi)部空間，提供了一個(gè)完全無(wú)車的通行空間。

Rakova Jel?a是盧布爾雅那市巴杰風(fēng)景園若干出入口中的典范。自然保護(hù)區(qū)位于城鎮(zhèn)邊緣，距市中心有15 min的步行距離，是一處獨(dú)特而又罕見(jiàn)的極具潛力的區(qū)域。隨著原先私有土地歸還于公共使用，該區(qū)域成為新的城鎮(zhèn)公園的公共空間，供鄰近地區(qū)的居民使用，與此同時(shí)，也塑造了盧布爾雅那市的另一種開(kāi)放空間的形式。

（編輯/祖笑艷）

項(xiàng)目名稱：Rakova Jel?a 城鎮(zhèn)公園

設(shè)計(jì)單位：Medprostor d.o.o.事務(wù)所

網(wǎng)站：www.medprostor.si

主創(chuàng)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：Klara Bohinc，Andra? Ker?i?，Martin Kruh，Aljo?a Lipolt，Samo Mlakar，Dino Muji?，Tamara Németh，Rok ?nidar?i?

建設(shè)單位：盧布爾雅那市

項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)：斯洛文尼亞盧布爾雅那市

竣工時(shí)間：2016年

總占地面積：106 000 m2

項(xiàng)目造價(jià)：1 000 000歐元（1歐元=7.753 6人民幣，2019年7月4日匯率）

攝影：Andra? Ker?i?，Tamara Németh

翻譯：賈綠媛

校對(duì)：王晞月

…oh grass,river,stone,tree,

silent companions of the strange and lonely,

good,great beings,

who begin to speak

only when men have fallen silent.

Ivan Minatti,You must love someone,1963(Translated by Alasdair MacKinnon)

First ideas for the project began with the exhibition Visions 8 (Vizije SO 8)，one in a series of ex-hibitions that question overlooked problems and degraded open spaces in Ljubljana.It was organised by the Association of architects of Ljubljana，F(xiàn)aculty of Architecture and Biotechnical Faculty-Department of Landscape Architecture，both members of University of Ljubljana.This exhibition took place in December 2012 and addressed a vast，degraded open space in the con-clusion of historically important axis N-S (former Cardo maximus of the Roman settlement Aemona) of Ljubljana.The exhibition was named Barje，a step from the city - proposal of a new connection between the city centre and beginnings of Ljubljansko barje Nature Park was formed.

Barje park lies behind the highway ring of Ljubljana.Uncontrolled building，degradation of space，wild privatisation and waste disposal presented a major problem.At that time the proposed solu-tion to these problems consisted of thoroughly cleaning the area by introducing minimal interven-tions and opening this new open space to the public.This would have been a way to stop the negative processes and provide a unique open public space for spare time activities in the near vicinity of the city centre.New park，rich in wildlife and plants，would bind the existing connec-tions in the area，be it pedestrian routes，cycling paths or waterways.New intervention would have a critical role in formation of the sustainable mobility in Ljubljana and its surroundings.

The bordering area of Ljubljansko barje Landscape Park and Ljubljana was declared a natural preserve in 2008; all of the important bird species and an unique ecosystem were the reasons to further protect the area as a part of Natura 2000.Barje is a former moor，that has a very vulnera-ble ecosystem;respecting this，all of the interventions have to be subtle and must be done pre-cociously.This is why the project does not change the authenticity of the landscape，all of the richest plant and animal habitats are free of interventions.

At the opening of the exhibition，the major of Ljubljana was smitten with the proposal and fast forwarded the realisation of the project.Project was separated in phases to make it manageable.Realisation of the project began in February 2013.Team of six students of architecture，Klara Bohinc，Andra? Ker?i?，Martin Kruh，Dino Muji?，Aljo?a Lipolt，Tamara Németh and their mentor，Rok ?nidar?i?，oversaw all of the planning and work on the “construction” site.Major part of planning and experimenting was done on site due to the vicinity of the city centre.

Apart from all of the changes in the system of Ljubljana's open space this project brings，there is an invaluable lesson，a practical possibility to experience the process from an idea to the realisa-tion for students who collaborated and coordinated the project.Project was formed as a process of on-site learning，practical team work，done with the efforts of an array of experts of different profiles.Architect is thus only a wheel in the machinery that brings the project from drawing to a physical manifestation.

Reviving the original identity of the open space，first phase dealt with the part，already owned by the municipality.Illegal weekend houses，that the occupants built as a kind of allotment gardens were torn down by municipal officers in 2011 and their foundation plates remained on the site.This area also became a place of illegal waste disposal，where different construction debris，poi-sonous waste and roof shingles，containing asbestos were scattered in piles across the area.

The concept of the proposed intervention consisted of intense cleaning of the area and formation of a new connecting path.New path crosses the area and connects existing paths from the city and Ljubljanica river，forming a new cohesive route for the visitors.

Three-hundred tons of illegally dumped waste were removed from the site and all of the invasive plant species were extracted.Plant species，foreign to the area were in most part vast groves of Canadian Goldenrod(Solidago canadensis) and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica).Apt plant species and trees were introduced and decided upon through a dialogue with various experts and arborists (open air laboratory that deals with prevention of expansion of invasive plant species started operating on the site shortly after completion of phase one).Existing mature trees and typical foliage have been kept intact on the site.

Ground works began with the removal of the polluted earth layer，soil preparation，mowing and mulching.New sand paths were laid on top of the former pathways，protruding out of the ad-dressed area.A new wide sand way was laid out as the main axis of the new intervention.Where the Nature Park meets the new path，the material of the intervention changes.In the area with higher level of protection wooden chips were used in stead of sand.All of the existing foundation plates of the former huts were preserved and reinterpreted as new picnic areas.New benches on these platforms are stacks of former facade planes(concrete prefabricates) of a residential high-rise in the city centre，designed by one of the most important Slovene architects，Edvard Ravni-kar (1907—1993).

New tree nursery，benches，bike stands and playground were also introduced.All of these new interventions were done in oak and larch wood，charred to resist vandalism and make it long lasting and sustainable，and finally，as a nod to the long tradition of use of wood charring for founda-tion in the wider Ljubljana moors area (since palafitte dwellings on).All of the new urban equip-ment was designed as large scale objects，that mark the landscape.Benches，exhibition panels，sign posts and moats are made in wood trusses，charred and connected with reinforcement bars，screwed in position with concrete scaffolding screws.

“We understand reuse as the essence of architecture.Not only because it has a long tradition and a special place in Slovene architecture，which derives from the perennial lack of funds in our country.Almost all notable Slovenian architects were dealing with reuse.Modern reflections on the use of resources are well integrated into the traditional questions of economy and invention within the possible; production of waste，and，upgrading to a useful value with minimal assets.” (Rok ?nidar?i?，“Days of Oris”，Zagreb 2018)

After the first third of the way，visitors enter the borders of Landscape park Barje.In this，latter part，all of the interventions have been limited to cleaning and exposing existing typical greenery - Hedgerows，a new path，made from wooden chips and few benches，placed as viewpoints.The path leads through a grove of poplar trees to the river Ljubljanica，where the visitor can take a boat back to the city centre or drive across the river to the nearby church of St.Michael in the Moors，designed by Slovene architect Jo?e Ple?nik(1872—1957).

The name of the newly formed town park，Rakova Jel?a，derives from 1800s，where the former streams，overcrowded with crayfish and groves of alder trees (both indicators of clean environment) gave name to the wider area (rak - crayfish，jel?a - alder tree).New public space is also the first and only public space of the nearby Rakova jel?a neighbourhood.The new area was named after the neighbourhood，(built on the inner border of the town，right before the highway loop) that was mostly illegal built residential area of family houses，built by the immigrants in the 1960s and later in 1990s.Houses have since been legalised and the area is developing into a cosy city neighbourhood.With the new minimal intervention，formerly degraded area of Barje is given in use，open to the public anew，revived and relinked to the city centre.

Rakova Jel?a town park was the first in a series of steps on the path of connecting Ljubljana and Landscape park Barje.New interventions attract and edu-cate new type of visitors that appreciate and occupy the area in a more open and sustainable manner.

Second phase of the town park was formed in 2016 to the west of the town park，executed in phase one.If the objective of Rakova Jel?a town park I was to open the area to the public use，host leisure activities and picnic places，second phase focuses on self-sufficient farming and cultivation.Abandoned wild landscape with the remains of the former privatised garden settle-ment that were also torn down in 2011 and is owed by the municipality became the focus of phase two.

Municipality of Ljubljana and its Environmental Agency，who were the investors of this project wanted to both open the area to the public and provide a possibility of allotment gardens for neighbouring residential areas.Possibility of legal and arranged cultivation on the immediate out-skirts of the city centre means a new interpretation of the traditional use of Barje.

New route system，based on the network of the existing ways and paths was established in order to mark the hierarchy of the arrangement.Main road runs from one end of the site to the other and presents a backbone of the whole concept.Conceptual decisions that took place in the shap-ing of the Town Park Rakova Jel?a in phase one were also respected in phase two.All of the existing mature trees that were authentic to Barje were kept.What is more，as in phase one，we adapted our project to the relicts and foliage，found on the site.New gardening areas were de-signed as a typical，extremely long barje field，separated in smaller parcels，sublet to the tenants.

Instead of the usual dispersed sheds for gardening tools，new large common shelters，that collect rainwater and serve as shaded areas in the summer months were introduced.Four new shelters(sheds) were placed on the far narrow ends of the site，to accent the notion of the common Barje field between them.Every shed houses thirty storage spaces for tenants and two water tanks that collect rainwater.Gathering of the water was a crucial question during the development of the project.As the whole area used to be polluted，all of the toxic compounds ran freely in the underground water.Irrigation with the water from either of these sources was out of question and we needed to provide surfaces that would be large enough to collect the necessary rain water.

Next to the sheds，new public orchards were planted.These would in time enable a passer by to enjoy the fruit while taking a walk.Around one hundred fruit trees were planted，chosen from an array of traditional fruit species，traditional in Slovenia.Among others，Apple trees (Malus domestica)，Pear trees (Pyrus communis)，Plum (Prunus domestica)and Mesple trees (Mespilus germanica) were planted.

Urban equipment elements，wooden benches and reused assembled prefabricates benches，bike stands and fences，that we used in the Town Park in phase one are multiplied in phase two.

To grant better access from the city centre，a new entrance area was also developed as a part of phase two.Damaged and overgrown landscape by the highway was redesigned into a vast open space，where we again kept all of the existing fully grown trees.The area is triangular in plan; one of the smaller sides is dispersed in further fields，one side is limited by a small road and the last，longest side is given by the line of the existing highway access loop.The area touches the high-way in the sharpest point and is sloped in order to connect the highway overpass and the original level of Barje.This interesting section also allows very nice views across otherwise quite flat landscape.One can see both Ljubljana castle with the alps in the background on one site and new allotment garden area，Barje and the hill Krim on the other.

New line of maple trees (Acer campestrae)was planted along the existing highway access loop to prolong the existing lines of trees，running till the highway ring from the city centre.A fast perpendicular access for pedestrians was established with a stepped landscape arrangement using large wooden benches.Benches form a theatrical seating area that can also be used as a class-room in the open.Another，less sloped and longer path was made along the highway loop to en-able access to cyclists，parents with baby carriages and people with limited mobility.This access runs in a new path that runs along a desiccation channel.Along this path，new line of willow trees (Salix tristis) was planted.

8 城市中心與巴杰自然公園起點(diǎn)之間新的連接New connection between the city centre and beginnings of Ljubljansko Barje Nature Park

9 城市基底Urban context

Where the path along the channel crosses a small road，new wooden bridge was assembled.This is the main entrance to the allotment garden area and one of the entrances in the Town Park Rakova Jel?a.This moat was assembled from wooden trusses，connected with reinforcement bars，screwed in position with concrete scaffolding screws，design principle used with all of the wooden urban equipment.This connection can only be crossed by pedestrians and cyclists and presents the entry point and border to a completely car free zone of the allotment gardens.

Rakova Jel?a is a possible template for many entry points in Ljubljansko barje Nature Park.Protected area of nature on the brink of the town，fifteen minutes of walk from the city centre is a unique and rare given possibility.With the return of formerly privatised land in public use，the new Town Park became a public space，given in use to the residents of neighbouring areas.At the same time，it is another kind of open space in Ljubljana.