一座中都城，鳳陽城市魂

鳳凰鳴矣，于彼高崗。梧桐生矣，于彼朝陽。

鳳陽，古為淮夷之地，春秋戰(zhàn)國時期為鐘離古國，隋唐設(shè)濠州，明初為臨濠。明洪武二年（公元1369年），朱元璋為“中天下而立、定四海之民”，在家鄉(xiāng)臨濠營建中都城，因地處鳳凰山之南，取“丹鳳朝陽”之意，為家鄉(xiāng)賜名鳳陽，沿用至今。

說鳳陽道鳳陽，鳳陽是個好地方。鳳陽之聞名，一是因為廣為傳唱的鳳陽花鼓，二是“大包干”發(fā)源地小崗村，還有就是大明王朝開國皇帝朱元璋以及他悉心營建的明中都城了。

明中都城是朱元璋集中國古代都城建筑之大成，在家鄉(xiāng)悉心營造的大明王朝第一座都城，也是一座聚集全國“百工技藝”耗時6年、“窮極侈麗”“雕飾奇巧”的都城。其規(guī)劃遵循《周禮·考工記》，上承唐宋，下啟明清，詩句“中都豐鎬遺，宮闕兩京陟。千里廓王畿，八屯拱宸極”即描繪了明中都當年的盛況。明洪武八年(公元1375年)，中都城已“功將完成”，朱元璋卻突然以“勞費”為由罷建中都。令人唏噓。

一座廢棄的都城，歷經(jīng)六百年風雨、戰(zhàn)亂和扒拆，早已失去了原有的模樣，逐漸淡出了人們的視野。六百年后的1969年，時在人民教育出版社任職的王劍英，來到國家教育部在鳳陽開辦的“五七”干校勞動。身處逆境的王劍英，在勞動之余，沒有任何測繪工具，靠步行和一輛破舊自行車的車輪圈數(shù)，開始了他如癡如醉的調(diào)查、測繪和考證，歷時六年，王劍英撰寫完成了《明中都城考》，揭開了這座都城的神秘面紗。評論家柯文輝曾評價說：“劍英先生是我國考據(jù)學派最后的亮星之一，有關(guān)明中都的考定誕生于萬馬齊喑的年月。填補了這一時代的學術(shù)空白，讓‘明中都’這一概念在學人們的腦海中死而復生，使我們對鳳陽古都的建筑、人的生活狀況、人文氣息、典章制度，有了立體而又鮮活的完整概念。既說清了明初這一段史實，又為今天作為文化遺產(chǎn)保護規(guī)劃提供了科學根據(jù)，并對將來會產(chǎn)生深遠影響?！?/p>

王劍英考證得出：南京的明故宮，以及后來朱棣興建的北京皇城，也就是今天的北京故宮，都是以鳳陽的這座明中都為藍本興建的。但是，鳳陽明中都規(guī)制、規(guī)模和奢華程度都遠遠高于后來的兩座都城。

一個被歷史塵埃淹沒了的明代都城，又一次回到人們的視野。這不僅是一份厚重的歷史遺產(chǎn)，更是一份寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)。鳳陽新一輪的城市規(guī)劃建設(shè)，正是圍繞保護、繼承和發(fā)展好這個歷史文化遺產(chǎn)而徐徐展開。

1982年，明中都皇故城被國務院列為國家重點文物保護單位；2013年，明中都皇故城考古遺址公園被國家文物局批準立項，規(guī)劃總面積382.3公頃，建設(shè)期限為2013年至2030年。為把明中都城保護利用好，鳳陽縣委、縣政府提出了“一座中都城，鳳陽城市魂”的理念，將位于明中都城遺址公園之外的圜丘遺址、方丘遺址、觀星臺遺址、涂山門遺址一并納入保護之中，使城市建設(shè)與文物保護協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，進一步凸顯中都城在鳳陽城市建設(shè)中的核心地位。

在布局城市建設(shè)時，鳳陽縣圍繞中都城，嚴格按照文物保護規(guī)劃要求，對新建的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物的體量、高度、外觀和使用性質(zhì)等做了明確規(guī)定。根據(jù)距離中都城遠近，分別限高9米、12米和24米。這在一定程度上降低了容積率，限制了城市地產(chǎn)項目的發(fā)展，卻真正踐行了“一座中都城 鳳陽城市魂”的承諾，提升了中都城在鳳陽城市建設(shè)中的文化核心價值。

2016年以前，明中都皇城內(nèi)還有一個行政村——縣城村，住著1200多戶人家，有近30家養(yǎng)殖場、加工廠和學校。2016年以來，鳳陽縣委、縣政府先后啟動兩輪征遷，截至2017年5月底，明中都皇故城考古遺址公園規(guī)劃區(qū)內(nèi)的居民和養(yǎng)殖企業(yè)等全部外遷安置，實現(xiàn)了文物遺址區(qū)的有效隔離。根據(jù)明中都遺址公園規(guī)劃建設(shè)要求，縣委、縣政府結(jié)合土地利用總體規(guī)劃調(diào)整完善和城鎮(zhèn)周邊永久基本農(nóng)田劃定工作，將考古遺址公園核心區(qū)及城墻周邊約300米范圍內(nèi)的3546畝基本農(nóng)田全部調(diào)出，規(guī)劃為風景旅游用地，為遺址公園考古發(fā)掘、生態(tài)恢復預留了充足空間，在此基礎(chǔ)上完成了皇城外800多畝綠化美化工作，形成了牡丹園、紫薇園、桂花園等花園式景觀。

鳳陽縣城東北西三面被延綿12公里的鳳凰山脈環(huán)繞，南面流淌著6公里的如意河，整個鳳凰山脈形似一只鳳凰，鳳尾在縣城東南之獨山，鳳頭在縣城西南之鳳凰嘴，如意河自西向東與府城水系連為一體，猶如一柄如意，被鳳凰銜在口中。山為鳳凰、水為如意，如此神奇的畫卷，形成了鳳陽城市規(guī)劃建設(shè)的理念——“鳳銜如意、山水相融”。

鳳陽縣對50.9平方公里的主城區(qū)科學規(guī)劃，把“鳳銜如意、山水相融”的理念和城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計變?yōu)閷崒嵲谠诘乃{圖，提出了“北綠鳳凰山、南理如意河、中修中都城、東改棚戶區(qū)、西美新城區(qū)、打造云霽街”的城市建設(shè)思路——北綠鳳凰山，就是整體打造鳳凰山主題公園，登頂鳳凰山，憑眺中都城，覽鳳城美景，觀淮水入城，大美鳳陽盡收眼底；南理如意河，就是以如意河水環(huán)境治理開篇，開啟如意新城建設(shè)；中修中都城，就是在完成整體征遷基礎(chǔ)上，抓好中都城保護利用，建設(shè)好明中都國家遺址考古公園，同時新建洪武公園、承天門、大明門、洪武門，自北向南打造鳳陽城市“中軸線”；東改棚戶區(qū)，就是加快老城區(qū)棚戶區(qū)改造，還原府城風貌，實現(xiàn)新老城區(qū)融合發(fā)展；西美新城區(qū)，就是高標準建設(shè)新城區(qū)，打造生態(tài)園林美麗鳳城；打造云霽街，就是通過改造提升云霽街，新修鐘樓文化廣場，巍巍鐘樓屹然聳立，云霽街連貫東西，鐘鼓樓遙相呼應，晨鐘暮鼓重現(xiàn)美景，啟動明中都文化旅游中心、非遺展示中心、云霽社區(qū)文化中心建設(shè)，打造云霽街核心節(jié)點。通過城市設(shè)計、歷史保護規(guī)劃、專項和專業(yè)規(guī)劃“三位一體”，充分彰顯鳳陽的歷史底蘊和地方特色。

如今的鳳陽，是一個宜游宜居的“人文之城”。鳳陽縣委縣政府堅持把歷史文化名城打造與全域旅游示范區(qū)創(chuàng)建有機統(tǒng)一、統(tǒng)籌推進，結(jié)合“金色游中都、紅色學小崗、藍色走淮河、綠色覽鳳陽”四色旅游版塊建設(shè)，推動城區(qū)、景區(qū)融合發(fā)展，努力打造生態(tài)宜居、宜業(yè)宜游的魅力城市。

2017年12月，明中都皇故城成功入選第三批國家考古遺址公園名單，成為目前安徽省第一個、也是唯一一個國家考古遺址公園。2018年，鳳陽縣成功舉辦文化與自然遺產(chǎn)日安徽省主場活動，明中都考古工作站正式揭牌，成為安徽全省首個與故宮博物院合作的項目。中都城考古有序推進，承天門考古圓滿收官，“七龍橋”重見天日，明中都遺址入圍“2018年度全國十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)”終評項目名單。成功發(fā)布“中”字型城市LOGO，鳳陽擁有了底蘊深厚、獨具特色的城市名片。深入開展“游中都、讀明史”“我為鳳陽文物打CALL”“中國少年畫鳳陽”“大家寫鳳陽”等活動，探秘中都城，認知新鳳陽，打造獨具鳳陽特色的文化IP，唱響“鳳陽是個好地方”最強音。

赤龍飛天金鳳翔，鳳陽是個好地方。不久的將來，一個獨具中都古韻魅力的美麗鳳陽必將以嶄新的姿態(tài)展現(xiàn)在世人面前。

Phoenix tweeting auspiciously on the hill. Parasol tree growing on the hill facing the east.

Fengyang,a place used to belonging to tribes of Huaihe River in ancient China,was the State of Zhongli during the Spring and Autumn Period,earning its name as Haozhou in Sui and Tang dynasties,and Linhao in early Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Ming Hongwu (AD 1369),Zhu Yuanzhang"conquered the world and all the peoples",and built the Zhongdu imperial city in his hometown of Linhao. Located in the south of Phoenix Mountain and taking the meaning of"phoenix facing the east",he named his hometown Fengyang,it is still used today.

Fengyang is a popular city,earning its popularity due to,on one hand,its widely-sung Fengyang flower drum and,on the other hand,Xiaogang Village,the birthplace of the rural reforms,and the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty and his cradling imperial city.

The imperial city of Ming Dynasty is its first capital city under meticulous construction at his hometown,also a gathering of the merits of capital building in ancient China and a city with six-year-long constructing of national "craftsmanship skills","extreme extravagance" and "wonderful carving".The complex follows the "Zhou Li ? Kao Gong Ji",inheriting from the dynasties of Tang and Song,and the next Ming and Qing. In the 8thyear of the rein of Zhu Yuanzhang,the city was"almost completed",but what was most embarrassing that Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly ceased the project due to "labor fees."

An abandoned capital city,after six hundred years of wind and rain,wars and dismantling,has long lost its original appearance and gradually faded out of people's minds. In 1969,about six hundred years later since then,Wang Jianying,who worked at the People's Education Publishing House,came to the "May Seventh" Cadre School for reform through labor run by the Ministry of Education in Fengyang. In the face of adversity,Wang did not have any mapping tools in his spare time. He began his intoxicating investigation,mapping and researching by walking and the number of wheels of a dilapidated bicycle. After six years,he accomplished "Research of Ming's Imperial City" to unveil the mystery of this capital.A critic,Ke Wenhui once commented: "Mr. Wang is one of the last bright stars of the Chinese textual research school. The examination about this ancient city was started in those dark years,which has filled the academic gap of this era and made the concept of 'Ming's Imperial City' resurrected in the minds of the scholars,providing us a complete and stereoscopic concept of the architecture,the living conditions of people,the culture of humanity and the system of rules of the ancient capital of Fengyang. This historical fact has provided a scientific basis for today's cultural heritage protection plan and will have far-reaching implications for the future."

Wang Jianying's research proves that the Ming's palace in Nanjing and the Beijing Imperial City built by Zhu Xi,which is now the Beijing Forbidden City,were built with the model of Ming's imperial city in Fengyang. However,the ancient city possessed a much higher regulation,scale and luxury than the later two capitals.

A capital city of the Ming Dynasty,drowned by historical dust,once again returned to people's vision. This is not only a heavy historical heritage,but also a valuable cultural heritage. The new round of urban planning and construction of Fengyang stems from the protection,inheritance and development of this historical and cultural heritage.

In 1982,the ancient imperial city of the Ming dynasty was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council. In 2013,the archaeological site park based upon such area was approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage,with a total planned area of 382.3 hectares,and the construction period from 2013 to 2030. In order to provide better protection of the Ming dynasty imperial city,the Party Committee of Fengyang county and the county government put forward the concept of "a Zhongdu City,the soul of Fengyang",enlisting the ruins of Huanqiu,Fangqiu,Guangxingtai and Tushanmen outside the park within the protection,making the coordinated development of urban construction and cultural relics protection,and further highlighting the central position of Zhongdu in the construction of Fengyang city.

In the layout of the city construction,Fengyang County,focusing on the Zhongdu city,has issued clear regulations regarding the new buildings,and pertinent mass,height,appearance and use properties in strict accordance with the requirements of cultural relics protection planning. The height limits are set within 9 meters,12 meters and 24 meters respectively according to the distance from the Zhongdu,which has reduced the floor area ratio to a certain extent and limited the development of urban real estate projects.However,it has truly fulfilled the promise of "a Zhongdu City,the soul of Fengyang" and enhanced the cultural core value of Zhongdu in the construction of Fengyang City.

Before 2016,there was an administrative village in the imperial city of Zhongdu---a county town,with more than 1,200 households and nearly 30 farms,processing plants and schools. Since 2016,the Party Committee of Fengyang County and the county government have initiated two rounds of relocation. As of the end of May 2017,all residents and aquaculture enterprises in the archaeological site park have been resettled,realizing the effective isolation of the zone in the cultural relic sites. According to the planning and construction requirements of the park,the county party committee and the county government adjusted and improved the overall land use planning and the permanent basic farmland demarcation work,transferring 236 hectares of basic farmland within about 300 meters of the core area of the archaeological site park and the surrounding wall,and planning it for land of tourism,reserving sufficient space for archaeological excavation and ecological restoration of the ruins park. On this basis,more than 53 hectares of greening and beautification work outside the imperial city were completed,forming the Peony Garden,Ziwei Garden and Fragrans Garden and other garden-styled views.

The northern,eastern and western parts of Fengyang County are surrounded by the 12-kilometer Phoenix Mountains.The south side witnesses the 6-kilometer Ruyi River. The entire mountain rang is shaped like a phoenix,with tail,an individual hill,in the southeast of the county,and head part to the southwestern part of the county forming the phoenix beak. The Ruyi River is connected to the county's water system from the west to the east,like a Ruyi in the beak of the phoenix. With mountain shaping a phoenix and the water like a Ruyi,such a magical picture has formed the concept of Fengyang urban planning and construction -"Phoenix Holding Ruyi,Harmonious Integration of Mountain and Water".

Fengyang County has made a scientific plan for the main urban area of 50.9 square kilometers,turning the concept of "Phoenix Holding Ruyi,Harmonious Integration of Mountain and Water" and urban planning into a concrete blueprint,and proposed the concept of "Green the Phoenix Mountain to the North,Adjust Ruyi River to the South,Construct Zhongdu City in the Middle,Transform Shantytown to the East,Beautify New Urban Area to the East and Build the Yunji St."---To Green the Phoenix Mountain to the North is the overall construction of the Phoenix Mountain Theme Park. It allows locals to climb to the mountain tops to admire the outstanding scenery of Zhongdu city and Huaihe River flowing into the city; To adjust Ruyi River to the South is to launch the environmental protection of Ruyi River while initiating the construction of the new Ruyi city; To construct Zhongdu City in the Middle,on the basis of the to completion of the overall relocation,focuses on city protection,complete the construction of the national archaeological park of Ming's Zhongdu,and build Hongwu Park,Chengtian Rostrum,Daming Rostrum and Hongwu Rostrum,establishing a "central axis" of Fengyang City from north to south; transform Shantytown to the East is to speed up the transformation of the shanty towns in the old city,restore the ancient style,and realize the integration of the new and old city; To beautify New Urban Area to the East is to build a new city with high standards and create a beautiful Fengcheng with ecological gardens; To build the Yunji St. is to upgrade Yunji Street through renovation,build the cultural square of bell tower,witnessing the standing tower,the Yunji St.connecting the east and west with the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower echoing each other,and initiate the tourism center of Zhongdu,demonstration center of intangible culture and Yunji community cultural center,creating the central points of the Yunji Street. Through the "Three in One" Plan including urban design,historical protection planning,special and professional layout,it is devoted to fully demonstrate the historical and local characteristics of Fengyang.

Today's Fengyang is a "humanity city" suitable for touring and living. The party committee of county and the county government insist on the unified planning of historical and cultural city and the establishment of a all-for-one tourism demonstration zone,and integrate the four-color tourism section of "Golden the Zhongdu,Learning Red Spirit of Xiaogang Village,Blue Walking along Huaihe River,Green View of Fengyang",promoting the integration of urban and scenic areas,and striving to create a charming city,ecologically livable and suitable for business and tourism.

In December 2017,the ancient imperial city of Ming dynasty has been successfully selected into the third batch of national archaeological sites parks,becoming the first and only national archaeological site park in Anhui Province.In 2018,Fengyang County successfully held the home events of the Cultural and Natural Heritage Day of Anhui,marking the official unveiling of archaeological workstation of the old imperial city,becoming the first project in the province to cooperate with the Palace Museum. With the orderly advancement of the archaeological excavation of Zhongdu city,the success of the archaeological survey of Chengtian Rostrum,the re-appearance of the "Seven-Dragon Bridge",the site of Ming's Zhongdu was shortlisted for the "2018 National Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries"final evaluation project,releasing the "中"-shaped city LOGO. Since then,Fengyang starts to possess its unique city card. A series of events have been carried out in an in-depth manner,including "Touring Zhongdu,Reading History of Ming Dynasty","I Cheer for Fengyang cultural relics","painting of Fengyang by Chinese youth","Everyone writes stores about Fengyang" amid others,exploring the old city,recognizing the new Fengyang,with the purpose of creating a unique cultural IP with characteristics of Fengyang and singing out the strongest sound of"Fengyang is a popular city".

Fengyang is a popular city. In the near future,a beautiful Fengyang,featuring unique charm of Zhongdu,will be presented to the world with a brand new attitude.