福建晉江五店市傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)保護與復(fù)興工程設(shè)計

張杰，張弓，張沖，霍曉衛(wèi)/ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Gong, ZHANG Chong, HUO Xiaowei

五店市位于福建省晉江市中心，因唐代蔡氏開設(shè)5 間飲食店方便路人而得名。街區(qū)興盛于明清，存有大量精美的廟宇宗祠、紅磚大厝、番仔樓，以及豐富的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，是晉江傳統(tǒng)文化最為集中的存留地。2010 年，當(dāng)晉江大規(guī)模推進老城改造之時，五店市街區(qū)已逐漸衰敗，面臨被整體拆除改造為民俗公園的境地。

1 深入挖掘街區(qū)價值，改變項目定位與決策

設(shè)計之初，團隊就通過街區(qū)價值評估，明確其作為晉江“城市生發(fā)起源地、演變歷史活化石、傳統(tǒng)文化重要載體、僑臺親緣紐帶實證”的重要價值。以精心的城市設(shè)計為工具，團隊與政府、居民、企業(yè)，以及街區(qū)內(nèi)兩大姓氏——莊氏、蔡氏宗親會深入溝通，成功改變項目定位與決策，變整體拆除、單點保護為整體保護，變單一公園功能為多樣化功能，將其塑造為集傳統(tǒng)文化展示、傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)貌與民俗體驗、企業(yè)文化展示、創(chuàng)意、特色商業(yè)、休閑等多元功能于一體的晉江街區(qū)博物館、城市會客廳。

2 傳承疏密有致的形態(tài)和肌理

不同于現(xiàn)代主義城市的中低密度、高容積率的形態(tài)特征，五店市街區(qū)以兩處家廟為核心，順應(yīng)地形呈現(xiàn)出疏密有致的形態(tài)與肌理，極具地域文化特征。設(shè)計遵循了這一特點，將街區(qū)南側(cè)的青陽山還原為城市公園，在兩處家廟前方利用拆除不協(xié)調(diào)建筑形成的場地，增加一處水塘，塑造“一廟雙祠山塘連、一街七片五店市”的結(jié)構(gòu)；其余區(qū)域通過保護與織補，保持傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)較為致密的空間肌理特色。

3 嚴格保護文化遺產(chǎn)，利用文化空間激活街區(qū)

在現(xiàn)代的遺產(chǎn)觀指導(dǎo)下，通過規(guī)劃道路線位調(diào)整、原址保護修繕、改善等措施，積極保護原有宗祠、廟宇、建國后華僑建設(shè)的番仔樓、殘墻、街巷肌理、大樹、古井等要素，并對周邊地塊拆遷過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的傳統(tǒng)建筑遷移至本項目進行保護。以歷史上的“青陽八景”為參考，重塑“桃花疊浪”“樟井圣泉”“雁塔地靈”等5 處文化景觀，結(jié)合保護和恢復(fù)的文化空間，合理布局街區(qū)功能與開放空間，形成街區(qū)入口及動線上的核心節(jié)點。

4 嚴格把控空間與建筑尺度

人本尺度的建筑與空間是傳統(tǒng)城市魅力的源泉。設(shè)計團隊依據(jù)地段內(nèi)現(xiàn)存?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)建筑和空間尺度，將新建建筑首層高度普遍控制在3.9m 以下，主要步行巷道控制在9m 以下，一般巷道控制在4m 以下。為保障這一目標，設(shè)計團隊在當(dāng)?shù)卣闹С窒?，通過以建筑群劃分防火組團、消火栓加密、增加小型消防設(shè)備等適應(yīng)性技術(shù)，保障防火安全。

5 塑造連續(xù)、豐富的界面

設(shè)計傳承了五店市街巷連續(xù)、錯落、曲折、豐富的界面特色，保留街巷上的神龕、影壁等要素，鼓勵多樣化城市生活在街巷上發(fā)生。沿街建筑形成豎線條構(gòu)圖，通過多樣化的開間、層高、檐口變化，形成強烈陽光照射下豐富、微妙的陰影關(guān)系。

6 堅持建筑風(fēng)貌的多元統(tǒng)一

多元統(tǒng)一的風(fēng)貌是五店市等傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)的重要特色。該項目積極保護紅磚大厝、番仔樓等多樣化遺存，保護與傳承傳統(tǒng)紅磚燒造技藝、木雕、石雕、剪瓷等傳統(tǒng)工藝。在織補的新建建筑中，精心挑選材料，傳承傳統(tǒng)煙炙磚墻、牡蠣殼墻、出磚入石等多樣化的傳統(tǒng)特色；結(jié)合博物館、小劇場、餐飲等不同功能，運用勾連搭、局部新增現(xiàn)代鋼結(jié)構(gòu)與玻璃幕墻等手法，滿足現(xiàn)代功能大空間、商業(yè)展示等需求。改造后的街區(qū)既在總體上呈現(xiàn)出紅磚紅瓦的統(tǒng)一風(fēng)貌，又在細節(jié)上呈現(xiàn)出從明清、民國一直到當(dāng)代的多元風(fēng)貌特色。

7 營造宜人的環(huán)境

古樹、水塘、小橋流水等構(gòu)成的宜人環(huán)境，是傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)的另一大魅力。項目之初就確定了地段內(nèi)所有大樹嚴格保護的原則。通過山體增綠、增加水景、保證地下室覆土深度、補植大樹、精心組織庭院綠化等措施，項目在炎熱的閩南地區(qū)營造出一片宜人的城市空間。

8 現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)施保障

在保護傳統(tǒng)的同時，項目注重現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)施保障，以支撐街區(qū)保護與復(fù)興。方案利用中央水塘下及其它新建建筑的地下空間，設(shè)計259 個車位的地下停車庫；圍繞核心開放空間布置停車庫人行出入口，保障停車與到達的便利性；并通過結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)解決規(guī)則柱網(wǎng)的地下空間與地上傳統(tǒng)肌理間的矛盾。通過小型綜合管廊技術(shù)、非標敷設(shè)技術(shù)，解決狹窄街巷市政管網(wǎng)敷設(shè)問題。

2016 年2 月，街區(qū)保護與復(fù)興工程竣工。保護改造后的五店市已成為閩南傳統(tǒng)建筑博物館與民俗文化的“活化石”，先后被評為國家4A 級景區(qū)、海峽兩岸交流基地、首批省級現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)集聚示范區(qū)地、第十批省級文化產(chǎn)業(yè)示范基地、福建省級歷史文化街區(qū)，已成為“晉江城市會客廳”、晉江城市文化的核心區(qū)。五店市傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)的保護與復(fù)興作為晉江推進新型城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的重要成果，得到住建部高度肯定。2016年，中央電視臺元宵晚會在五店市錄制，進一步提升了五店市的美譽度。2018 年，五店市游客接待數(shù)量突破500 萬人次，營業(yè)總額達4.15 億元。五店市的保護與復(fù)興，為晉江城市文化品牌建設(shè)、城市形象提升、產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型等帶來了巨大的社會效益、經(jīng)濟效益、文化效益，對晉江、福建乃至全國的街區(qū)保護、復(fù)興事業(yè)起到了示范、推動作用?！?/p>

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 晉江五店市傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)建設(shè)管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)組辦公室/ The Leading Management Office for the Construction of Wudianshi Historic Area, Jinjiang

項目主持/Project Directors: 張杰，霍曉衛(wèi)/ZHANG Jie, HUO Xiaowei

建筑設(shè)計/Architecture: 北京清華同衡規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院有限公司，北京華清安地建筑設(shè)計有限公司，北京中元工程設(shè)計顧問有限公司/Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning and Design Institute, An-design Architects, Beijing Zhongyuan Engineering Design Consulting Co., Ltd.

景觀設(shè)計/Landscape: 福建省偉超市政園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計院有限公司/Fujian Weichao Municipal Engineering and Landscape Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd.

照明設(shè)計/Lightning Design: 福大節(jié)能科技有限公司/Fuda Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd.

市政設(shè)計/Municipal Design: 泉州市城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院/Quanzhou Urban Planning and Design Institute

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team: 張杰，霍曉衛(wèi)，張沖，張弓，胡建新，張冰冰，王和才，王麗娜，杜芳，黃浩彥，王智，曾建華，何曉洪，宋肖肖，張星，費洪鳳，王雨生，陳以德，莊亞勇等/ZHANG Jie, HUO Xiaowei, ZHANG Chong, ZHANG Gong, HU Jianxin, ZHANG Bingbing, WANG Hecai, WANG Lina, DU Fang, HUANG Haoyan, WANG Zhi, ZENG Jianhua, HE Xiaohong, SONG Xiaoxiao, ZHANG Xing, FEI Hongfeng, WANG Yusheng, CHEN Yide, ZHUANG Yayong, et al.

占地面積/Floor Area: 83,767m2

總建筑面積/Built-up Area: 53,489.44m2

地上建筑面積/Above-ground Building Area: 42,068.78m2

地下建筑面積/Underground Building Area: 11,420.66m2

總投資/Total Investment: 4.2億人民幣/420M CNY

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 2010-2014

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2016.02

攝影/Photos: 張弓/ZHANG Gong (fig.2,7,9-11,13)，周之毅/ZHOU Zhiyi (fig.4,5,12)，路天培/LU Tianpei (fig.8)

1 五店市全景/Aerial view of Wudianshi（圖片來源/Sources： 晉江五店市傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)建設(shè)管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室）

2 五店市舊景/Wudianshi before renovation

3 五店市總平面/Site plan of Wudianshi（繪制/Drawing: 北京 清華同衡規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院/THUPDI）

Wudianshi, a historic area located in the centre of Jinjiang, Fujian, has a long history traced back to Tang dynasty. Its literal meaning is "a street market with five shops", which reflects the origin of the place. The Cai Family, an old clan immigrating to Jinjiang in Tang dynasty, finally chose to put down their new roots in Jinjiang and opened five shops at a local street here, which gradually developed into a lively local street market named Wudianshi. Since then and for many generations, Wudianshi has witnessed the development of the Cai Family and the economic and cultural development of the community living in this area.

Under the reform and opening-up policy in China since the late 1970s, commercial land development has become one of the most important driving forces for local economy. Compared with historic areas like Wudianshi, it's much easier to develop new areas, which leads to the decay of those historic areas in old towns. In 2010, in order to improve the townscape and the living conditions of the old town, the Jinjiang government considered to redevelop the decayed area of the old town. In the original plan, Wudianshi was to be demolished and turned into a park surrounded by high-rise buildings. This was the point we were asked to participate in this project.

After a comprehensive survey, research and evaluation, it's fair to say that Wudianshi bears the common memory of the citizens in the community, embraces the history of the city, and is the hometown for many overseas Chinese. There are a large number of delicate clan temples, traditional red-brick courtyard houses dated back in Ming and Qing dynasty, Fanzai houses which were built by overseas Chinese in the 1920s-1950s incorporating both traditional South Fujian style and Southeast Asian style. Local opera, religious beliefs, folk customs, traditional handicrafts, and rich intangible heritage were well preserved here.

The most important thing for a renewal project is to build consensus among the stakeholders, including local government, enterprises, residents, the Cai Family and the Zhuang Family, which are the largest families in this area. A new urban design scheme was proposed, showing the value and importance of Wudianshi, a new strategy of integrated conservation rather than demolition. A new vision was to make Wudianshi a community museum, Jinjiang's reception hall which would be loved by the citizens, the tourists and the overseas Chinese, a lively and diverse place to inherit the traditional culture and to experience a modern cultural life. After several negotiations in a month, the fate of this historic area was successfully changed according to our proposal.

4.5 五店市街景/Street view of Wudianshi

6 五店市局部鳥瞰/Part of the arial view of Wudianshi （圖片來源/Sources: 晉江五店市傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)建設(shè)管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小 組辦公室）

7 益元牌樓修繕前/Yiyuan Archway before renovation

8 益元牌樓修繕后/Yiyuan Archway after renovation

9 煙炙磚墻施工/Construction of traditional red brick wall

10 異地遷移保護施工/Relocation for conservation

11 保留構(gòu)件實景/Day view of remained components

In this project, 8 principles were followed:

(1) Respect the values of the historic area.

(2) Inherit the traditional urban fabric of high density.

(3) Respect the historic urban landscape, preserve all types of cultural heritages, activate the area with cultural spaces.

(4) Control the scale of architectures and spaces.

(5) Create continuous, various street fa?ades.

(6) Maintain of a various and harmonious townscape.

(7) Provide a pleasant environment.

(8) Modern facilities for modern lives.

In February 2016, the conservation and renewal project of Wudianshi was finished. Wudianshi has become the reception hall of Jinjiang, the most popular place not only for the old residents, but also for the young people, the tourist and the overseas Chinese. In recent years, Wudianshi has been rated as the Class 4A Tourist Spots in China, the Cross-Strait Cultural Exchange Base, the First Batch Provincial-level Modern Service Industrial Demonstration Area, the Tenth Batch Provinciallevel Cultural Industrial Demonstration Base, the Listed Historic Conservation Area. As the major achievements of the new mode of urbanisation in Jinjiang, this project has gained a high appraisal from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. In 2016, the CCTV Lantern Festival Show was staged in Wudianshi, which further improved the reputation. In 2018, the visitors reached more than 5 million and the turnover reached 415 million. The conservation and renewal of Wudianshi have brought enormous social, economic and cultural profits. It plays a leading role in the conservation and renewal of historic areas in Jinjiang, Fujian, and even across the whole country.□

12 室內(nèi)展陳/Interior exhibition

13 青陽八景“雁塔地靈”/Eight scenes of Qingyang: Blessed Land of Yan Tower