印度歷史古城與世界遺產(chǎn)：成就與挑戰(zhàn)

希哈·賈因/Shikha Jain

1 印度歷史古城遺產(chǎn)管理簡(jiǎn)介

印度乃至整個(gè)亞洲的歷史古城具有極為重要的遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值，這體現(xiàn)在第十八屆聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織全體大會(huì)由外部觀察員提交的全球戰(zhàn)略報(bào)告中。盡管如此，報(bào)告亦表達(dá)了對(duì)其保護(hù)狀態(tài)的擔(dān)憂：“在亞洲，城市建筑群的保護(hù)在有些國(guó)家和地區(qū)并未得到任何法律保障，例如在印度——盡管它擁有卓越的城市遺產(chǎn)。中亞的遺產(chǎn)也未得到足夠的重視”[1]27。

而聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織南亞分部的報(bào)告亦顯示：“在印度，幾乎所有城市都擁有遺產(chǎn)構(gòu)成要素。在印度人口超過5 萬人的130 座城鎮(zhèn)和聚落中，有35座擁有國(guó)際認(rèn)可的遺產(chǎn)地，包括那些列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄或預(yù)備目錄的項(xiàng)目，另外還有35 座是朝圣旅游目的地，50 座擁有多項(xiàng)印度國(guó)家文物局、邦文保部門、市鎮(zhèn)機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)定的遺產(chǎn)，4 座擁有少量此類遺產(chǎn)，還有6 座擁有知名的地方手工藝。如果我們考察這一清單，印度大城市目錄 （即人口超過100 萬的城市）中有50%的城市因歷史遺產(chǎn)而聞名。然而，只有極少數(shù)邦政府擁有認(rèn)定城市遺產(chǎn)的系統(tǒng)，包括卡納塔克邦和泰米爾納德邦這樣擁有著名遺產(chǎn)城市及遺產(chǎn)地的地方”[2]。

直到1995 年，印度才第一次形成了一種城市遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的策略——孟買和海得拉巴率先頒布了專門的遺產(chǎn)管理?xiàng)l例，并在市政府專設(shè)遺產(chǎn)辦公室，該辦公室主要從事遺產(chǎn)名錄登記及管理的工作。這一行動(dòng)在1995 年得到國(guó)家環(huán)境部的采納，在此基礎(chǔ)上頒布了《國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)遺產(chǎn)條例》，供印度各地歷史古城的地方管理部門參考。盡管諸如拉賈斯坦邦部分城市的地方政府條例自從1970 年代以來就傾向于通過色彩、材料和建筑風(fēng)格等元素來維持古城的歷史風(fēng)貌，但通常人們還是認(rèn)為，是1995 年孟買和海得拉巴城市遺產(chǎn)條例的形成，促成了全印度范圍內(nèi)對(duì)城市遺產(chǎn)條例必要性的認(rèn)知。2004 年，由村鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃司（隸屬于城市發(fā)展部）頒布的《國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑條例》提出保護(hù)名錄內(nèi)的遺產(chǎn)建筑、遺產(chǎn)范圍及3 類自然遺產(chǎn)。該條例同時(shí)要求，建立邦政府層面的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)，并對(duì)遺產(chǎn)建筑的所有人提供激勵(lì)措施。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的缺乏使得這些條例的實(shí)施過程面臨巨大困難。所有歷史古城都需要建立遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)或遺產(chǎn)辦公室來填補(bǔ)這一職能空缺。包括艾哈邁德巴德、阿格拉、清奈、海得拉巴、齋浦爾、加爾各答、孟買、那格浦爾、普恩等在內(nèi)的古城，都擁有一個(gè)實(shí)職的遺產(chǎn)辦公室/委員會(huì)。

艾哈邁德巴德市政府（AMC）是印度第一家成立專設(shè)遺產(chǎn)辦公室的地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)。它成功地在 《基本發(fā)展控制條例》中增加了一條修正案，以禁止任何未經(jīng)遺產(chǎn)辦公室允許的對(duì)遺產(chǎn)建筑的拆除。2001年，共有12,502 座遺產(chǎn)建筑列入了名錄。

不過，城市層面的遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃的提出以及國(guó)家城市發(fā)展部對(duì)城市歷史遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)規(guī)劃的認(rèn)可，都要晚得多。2007 年的《齋浦爾遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃》是印度最早的城市層面遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃之一，此后馬杜賴和瓦拉納西也在2008-2009 年做了類似嘗試。這些單個(gè)城市的動(dòng)議得到了國(guó)家城市發(fā)展部的認(rèn)可，由此帶來的影響是在2013 年城市更新工程中1），遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)規(guī)劃被納入修正后的城市發(fā)展規(guī)劃工具包之中。對(duì)于過去這些城市更新項(xiàng)目的反思及對(duì)專注于遺產(chǎn)的古城發(fā)展規(guī)劃的需求，推動(dòng)印度政府于2015 年1 月21 日出臺(tái)了《國(guó)家遺產(chǎn)城市發(fā)展及擴(kuò)張法則》2），目標(biāo)是讓城市規(guī)劃、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)相互包容協(xié)調(diào)，繼而保護(hù)12 座在錄遺產(chǎn)城市的歷史遺產(chǎn)特征。有趣的是，甚至在2015 年印度國(guó)家智慧城市工程頒布的100 個(gè)《智慧城市規(guī)劃》方案中，多座城市的規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目都關(guān)注了城市遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)3）。此外，至2019 年，已有部分城市將遺產(chǎn)的關(guān)切納入到邦或城市層面的總體規(guī)劃中，包括艾哈邁德巴德、阿姆利則、布巴內(nèi)什瓦爾、德里、齋浦爾、海得拉巴、昌迪加爾、孟買、邁索爾。

2 世界遺產(chǎn)城市的申報(bào)過程

在意識(shí)到“歷史古城/鎮(zhèn)”類別是印度世界遺產(chǎn)及預(yù)備名錄項(xiàng)目的一大缺口之后，印度文化部在2012-2015 年的申遺預(yù)備名錄中重點(diǎn)篩選了歷史城市的候選者。當(dāng)時(shí)，艾哈邁德巴德、德里和孟買的裝飾藝術(shù)風(fēng)格城區(qū)是僅有的3 個(gè)列入預(yù)備名錄的城市遺產(chǎn)，且沒有一項(xiàng)成功申遺。在對(duì)預(yù)備名錄的修訂過程中，諸如齋浦爾、?？防酥x特拉、布巴內(nèi)什瓦爾等更多城市都在專家推薦下加入了名錄，這些專家來自印度文化部下屬的世界遺產(chǎn)事務(wù)咨詢委員會(huì)。預(yù)備名錄的修訂過程是開放、包容的，所有邦政府與協(xié)會(huì)組織都可以從各自領(lǐng)域內(nèi)提出推薦項(xiàng)目。最后征集到的提名項(xiàng)目超過250 項(xiàng)，其中超過20 項(xiàng)是歷史城市。然而，考慮到印度極豐富的城市遺產(chǎn)，也只有最具代表性、具有潛在“突出普遍價(jià)值”的項(xiàng)目，方能入選預(yù)備名錄。

2015 年列入印度申遺預(yù)備目錄的城市便開始強(qiáng)化遺產(chǎn)管理，準(zhǔn)備提名材料的建檔。實(shí)際上，艾哈邁德巴德、齋浦爾和孟買3 座城市早已在印度的城市遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)及管理進(jìn)程中創(chuàng)造了里程碑——艾哈邁德巴德是第一座專設(shè)遺產(chǎn)辦公室并列出城市遺產(chǎn)清單的城市，齋浦爾是第一座頒布建成遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃的城市，而孟買則是第一座發(fā)布市級(jí)遺產(chǎn)條例的城市。這些城市也在大范圍開展了城市遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工程，包括相關(guān)的遺產(chǎn)規(guī)劃、名錄和條例的編制。這些城市的檔案及遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃進(jìn)一步得到了印度國(guó)家文物局及文化部世界遺產(chǎn)事務(wù)咨詢委員會(huì)的支持和幫助。

2017 年，艾哈邁德巴德成為印度第一座列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄的城市，接著是2018 年的孟買裝飾藝術(shù)風(fēng)格城區(qū)及2019 年的齋浦爾古城。下面這些由世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)撰寫的文字，概括了這幾個(gè)城市歷史遺產(chǎn)的突出普遍價(jià)值：

（1）艾哈邁德巴德古城：城墻包圍的艾哈邁德巴德展現(xiàn)了15 世紀(jì)蘇丹國(guó)時(shí)期的豐富建筑遺產(chǎn)，尤其是將伊斯蘭城市規(guī)劃原則與當(dāng)?shù)赜《冉讨腔巯嘟Y(jié)合。城市肌理是由傳統(tǒng)封閉式街區(qū)（pura）及其中密集排布的傳統(tǒng)住宅（pols）所組成的，街區(qū)中的特征構(gòu)筑物包括喂鳥器、公共水井及宗教設(shè)施。它的遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ii、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)v。

（2）孟買的維多利亞時(shí)期新哥特風(fēng)格及裝飾藝術(shù)風(fēng)格城區(qū)：在19 世紀(jì)下半葉，孟買成為全球性貿(mào)易中心之后，開展了極具雄心的城市規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目。首先是圍繞橢圓梅丹廣場(chǎng)建造了一系列公共建筑，最初采用維多利亞時(shí)期的新哥特風(fēng)格，20 世紀(jì)初則轉(zhuǎn)向裝飾藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。維多利亞風(fēng)格的建筑亦融入了適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂虻挠《仍兀玳_放陽臺(tái)和門廊。而包括電影院和住宅建筑在內(nèi)的裝飾藝術(shù)風(fēng)格建筑，則將印度設(shè)計(jì)與裝飾藝術(shù)的想象力相融合，創(chuàng)造出一種被稱作“印度裝飾主義”的獨(dú)特風(fēng)格。這兩組建筑見證了孟買在19-20 世紀(jì)經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。它的遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ii 和iv。

1 艾哈邁德巴德傳統(tǒng)住宅區(qū)/View inside Ahemdabad city pols area

2 維多利亞哥特式空間，孟買威爾士王子博物館游客中心/ Victorian Gothic space, CSMVS Mumbai

3 在北部丘陵背景下的3座巴扎和城市宮殿，齋浦爾/Triploiya Bazzar and City Palace set against the backdrop of northern hills, Jaipur

1 Introduction to historic cities heritage management in India

Historic cities in India and Asia have significant heritage value as also recorded in the External Auditor's report on Global Strategy at the 18th UNESCO General Assembly though their preservation is expressed as a concern. "In Asia, the preservation of urban ensembles is not covered by any legislation in some States Parties, as for example India, although it has remarkable urban heritage. Heritage of Central Asia remains underrepresented"[1]27.

As per UNESCO South Asia Cluster Office report: "In India, virtually all cities have heritage components. Out of 130 cities, towns and settlements in India with population more than 50,000, 35 have internationally-recognised heritage sites including those listed on UNESCO World Heritage list or tentative list, 35 are recognised for pilgrim tourism, 50 are rich in heritage structures recognised by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State Archaeology Departments, or Municipal Corporations, four have limited number of heritage structures, and six are well known for local crafts. If we go by this list, 50% of cities in the metropolitan category in India (cities with more than one million population) are cities well known for their heritage. Very few states however have a system to recognise urban heritage such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu that have notified heritage cities and places"[2].

It was in the year 1995 that an urban conservation approach for India was first realised when special Heritage Byelaws were adopted by the two cities Mumbai and Hyderabad with Special Heritage Cell created in these Municipal bodies for heritage listing and management. This approach was adopted by the Central Ministry of Environment in 1995 itself to develop Model Heritage Byelaws that could be used by the local bodies of historic cities in India. Though some of the local municipal acts in cities of Rajasthan state of India like reflect the intention of retaining historic character of walled cities in terms of colour, material and architectural style since the 1970s, it is usually the 1995 phase of formation of heritage acts in Mumbai and Hyderabad that is credited for pan India realisation for the need of urban heritage laws. Model building byelaws framed by the Town and Country Planning Organisation (Ministry of Urban Development) in 2004 protect listed heritage buildings, heritage precincts, and natural heritage as per Grade I, II, and III categorisation. The byelaws also require formation of a Heritage Conservation Committee for the state and provide incentives to owners of heritage buildings. The lack of database makes the implementation of the byelaws a big challenge. Heritage Conservation Committee or Heritage Cell to address this capacity gap is to be constituted by all historic cities. Ahmedabad, Agra, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur and Pune are some of the cities that have a functioning Heritage Cell/Committee.

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is the first local government body in India to establish a dedicated Heritage Cell. It achieved an amendment in General Development Control Regulations to prevent demolition of heritage buildings without the permission of the Heritage Cell. 12,502 heritage buildings were listed in 2001.

Preparation of a city level heritage management plan and recognition of urban conservation planning by the Ministry of Urban Development in India came much later. The Jaipur Heritage Management Plan prepared in 2007 is recorded as one of the first initiative of a city level heritage plan in India followed by similar attempts for the city of Madurai and Varanasi in 2008-2009. These singular city initiatives were recognised by the Ministry of Urban Development and impacted the inclusion of heritage management plans in the revised city development plan toolkit under urban renewal mission in 20131). A review of these past urban renewal schemes and the need for heritage focused on development for historic Indian cities led to the introduction of the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)2)launched on 21 January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of 12 identified heritage cities. Interestingly, even the Smart City Plans for 100 cities announced under the Smart Cities Mission in India in 2015 shows several city plans and projects focused on urban heritage conservation3). Besides this, cities that have heritage sector incorporated in master plans as State and City initiative by 2019 are Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bhubaneshwar, Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Mumbai, Mysore.

2 Journey to world heritage city status

Recognising that "Historic Cities/Town" Category is a gap in India's World Heritage and Tentative List; the Ministry of Culture, India reviewed inclusion of historic cities during the revision of entire Tentative List of India from 2012-2015. Until then, Ahmedabad city, Delhi and the urban ensemble of Art Deco Mumbai were the only three urban heritages placed on the tentative list with not a single city inscribed on the list. During the process of revision of Tentative List, more historic cities such as Jaipur and Ekamra Kshetra, Bhubaneswar were added to the list on recommendations of the experts involved in reviewing the tentative list of India through the Advisory Committee on World Heritage Matters under the Ministry of Culture. The process of revision of Tentative List of India was an inclusive and consultative one where all States and Union Territories were asked to propose sites from their areas. The total number of proposals received were more than 250 in number and included more than 20 historic cities of India. However, considering the vast quantum of urban heritage in India only the most significant ones qualifying for potential OUV were selected for the tentative list. It was suggested that India should undertake a thematic study on its remaining historic cities to further categorise and select more to be placed on the Tentative List.

The cities on the Tentative List of India by 2015 then made a special effort to strengthen their status of management and prepare nomination dossiers. Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Mumbai already had created benchmarks in urban conservation and management in India with Ahmedabad being the first city to create a Heritage Cell and list its urban heritage, Jaipur being the first to prepare a built heritage management plan and Mumbai being the first to adopt Municipal level Heritage Byelaws. These cities also had undertaken urban conservation projects at large scale linked with heritage planning, listing and byelaws. Dossiers and Management Plans for these cities were further reviewed and supported by inputs from the Archaeological Survey of India and Advisory Committee on World Heritage Matters under the Ministry of Culture.

Ahmedabad became the first city from India to be inscribed on its World Heritage List in 2017 followed by the urban ensemble of Art Deco Mumbai in 2018 and Jaipur Walled City in 2019. Following text as adopted by UNESCO World Heritage Committee outlines the OUV for each urban historic core:

(1) HISTORIC CITY OF AHMADABAD: The walled city of Ahmadabad presents a rich architectural heritage from the sultanate period in the 15th century and, is recognised for its Islamic city planning integrated with local Hindu idioms. The urban fabric is made up of densely-packed traditional houses (pols) in gated traditional streets (puras) with characteristic features such as bird feeders, public wells and religious institutions. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (v)

(2) VICTORIAN GOTHIC AND ART DECO ENSEMBLES OF MUMBAI: Having become a global trading centre, the city of Mumbai implemented an ambitious urban planning project in the second half of the 19th century. It led to the construction of ensembles of public buildings bordering the Oval Maidan open space, first in the Victorian Neo-Gothic style and then, in the early 20th century, in the Art Deco idiom. The Victorian ensemble includes Indian elements suited to the climate, including balconies and verandas. The Art Deco edifices, with their cinemas and residential buildings, blend Indian design with Art Deco imagery, creating a unique style that has been described as Indo-Deco. These two ensembles bear testimony to the phases of modernisation that Mumbai has undergone in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (iv)

(3) JAIPUR CITY: The fortified city of Jaipur, in India's north-western state of Rajasthan was founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II. Unlike other cities in the region located in hilly terrain, Jaipur was established on the plain and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture. The streets feature continuous colonnaded businesses that intersect in the centre, creating large public squares called chaupars. Markets, stalls, residences and temples built along the main streets have uniform facades. The city's urban planning shows an exchange of ideas from ancient Hindu and modern Mughal as well as Western cultures. The grid plan is a model that prevails in the West, while the organisation of the different districts refers to traditional Hindu concepts. Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day. It is inscribed on:

Criterion (ii)

Criterion (iv)

Criterion (vi)

3 Jaipur City on World Heritage List 2019: commitments to management

Jaipur is located amidst the Aravalli hill ranges at an altitude of approximately 430 metres above mean sea level. The city is part of Jaipur district situated in the north eastern part of the state of Rajasthan, India and is an exceptional urban example of indigenous city planning in South Asia.

4 齋浦爾古城認(rèn)定的遺產(chǎn)要素地圖/Mapping of attributes for Jaipur City nomination

（3）齋浦爾古城：防御性古城齋浦爾位于印度西北部拉賈斯坦邦，由薩瓦伊·杰伊·辛格二世于1727 年建立。與該地區(qū)大部分位于山丘上的城市不同，齋浦爾建立在平原上，采取了一種源自吠陀建筑思想的格網(wǎng)平面。街道上擁有連續(xù)的拱廊商業(yè)街，它們匯聚于市中心，形成被稱作“楚帕爾”的大型公共廣場(chǎng)。沿著主要街道上的集市、商鋪、住宅和神廟都采用了整齊劃一的立面風(fēng)格。齋浦爾的城市規(guī)劃展現(xiàn)了古印度文明、現(xiàn)代莫臥兒文明與西方文明思想的交融互通。盡管格網(wǎng)平面是西方世界常見的模型，但不同街區(qū)的組織卻源自傳統(tǒng)印度教理念。齋浦爾作為一座規(guī)劃的商業(yè)之都，至今依然保持著它的地方商業(yè)、手工藝及創(chuàng)業(yè)傳統(tǒng)。它的遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ii、iv 和vi。

3 齋浦爾古城于2019年列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄：對(duì)遺產(chǎn)管理的使命

齋浦爾坐落于阿拉瓦利山脈，海拔約430m。這座城市屬于印度拉賈斯坦邦北部的齋浦爾區(qū)，是南亞地區(qū)城市規(guī)劃實(shí)踐的卓越案例。齋浦爾的規(guī)劃顯著不同于當(dāng)時(shí)盛行的中世紀(jì)規(guī)劃——即聚落以一種偏于有機(jī)的方式發(fā)展（在歷史長(zhǎng)時(shí)段中逐步成型，可見不同時(shí)期的片層，回應(yīng)了地方的地理、地形、氣候和社會(huì)文化體系，如種姓制度、職業(yè)等），它通過一步到位的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)，采取了一種基于印度教信仰體系的格網(wǎng)模型及傳統(tǒng)建筑和規(guī)劃原則。這種模式后來也成為很多19 世紀(jì)印度城鎮(zhèn)爭(zhēng)相效仿的樣本。齋浦爾由薩瓦伊·杰伊·辛格二世 （1700-1743年在位）下令建設(shè)，整座城市建設(shè)如同一項(xiàng)巨大工程，大部分城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共建筑及皇家建筑都是在1727-1731 年的4 年間建成的，這座全新的城市隨即開啟了人居的歷史[3]。

齋浦爾是18 世紀(jì)印度的天文學(xué)知識(shí)、歷史價(jià)值、獨(dú)特的城市形式和極富遠(yuǎn)見的城市規(guī)劃理念的共同表達(dá)。它的城市形態(tài)體現(xiàn)了東方和西方規(guī)劃元素的融合，它所表達(dá)的“商貿(mào)城市”文化及城市景觀在南亞是無與倫比的[3]。它最初被設(shè)計(jì)為一座貿(mào)易之都，因此城市中的主要街道都是沿街商鋪，這至今仍是這座城市中特色巴扎的所在?！俺翣枴?，這種交叉路口的放大公共廣場(chǎng)，也是齋浦爾的另一顯著特色；此外還包括具有多個(gè)內(nèi)院的聯(lián)排住宅及城市廟宇。戈文德維吉寺、皇宮、簡(jiǎn)塔曼塔天文臺(tái)，以及風(fēng)之宮殿等，都是該時(shí)期藝術(shù)與建筑成就的典范。

自從建立以來，齋浦爾就不斷吸引著世界各地

的游人，包括18-20 世紀(jì)的歐洲旅行者。而它杰出的規(guī)劃實(shí)踐也讓諸多研究者、學(xué)者和城市規(guī)劃者著迷。在印度獨(dú)立后，這些外界因素也對(duì)歷史城市的保護(hù)和維護(hù)造成日益嚴(yán)峻的壓力。然而，齋浦爾自從1970 年代、即市級(jí)遺產(chǎn)法案形成期間，便有意識(shí)地開始采取遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)措施，這使它得以保持與其早期城市規(guī)劃相關(guān)聯(lián)的建筑特征、城市形態(tài)及“粉紅色”基調(diào)。自從齋浦爾在1949 年成為拉賈斯坦邦首府，很多國(guó)際組織、非政府組織及當(dāng)?shù)卣畽C(jī)構(gòu)都采取了多種手段[4]，共同保護(hù)城墻內(nèi)的老城。

In a remarkable difference from the predominant medieval practices, where settlements developed in a more organic manner (that grew over a longer period of time, in layers, in response to local geography, topography, climate and socio-cultural systems including caste system and occupation), Jaipur was conceived and developed in a single phase with a grid-iron model and principles of traditional architecture and town planning based on Hindu religious belief systems, that later became a trendsetter for many 19th century towns of India. Built under the patronage of Sawai Raja Jai Singh II (rule 1700-1743 CE), a project approach was taken towards the city construction and most of the city infrastructure as well as public and royal spaces were completed within a span of four years, from 1727-1731 CE and the city was thrown open for habitation[3].

Jaipur is an expression of the astronomic skills, historic values, unique urban form and exemplary foresighted city planning of an 18th century city in India. Its urban morphology reflected the coming together of elements from eastern and western planning, expressing a culture of a "trade and commerce city" and townscape that are unparalleled anywhere in South Asia[3]. Envisaged as a trade capital, the main avenues of the city were designed as markets, which remain characteristic bazaars of the city. Chaupar, or designed large public squares at the intersection of roads, are another feature distinctive to Jaipur, as are its single to multicourt havelis and haveli temples. Additionally, its iconic monuments such as the Govind Devji temple, the City Palace, the Jantar Mantar and the Hawa Mahal excel in artistic and architectural craftsmanship of the period.

Since its inception, the city has been an international tourist destination, visited by European traveliers in 18th-20th centuries and its extraordinary planning has fascinated many researchers, academicians and urban planners. These factors have increasingly put pressure for the conservation and sustenance of this historic city more so in the post-Independence period. However, Jaipur has consciously adopted heritage conservation measures since the 1970s during the formulation of byelaws in the Municipalities Act that allow it to retain the architectural character, urban form and "pink colour" associated with its earlier planning. Several conservation initiatives[4]for the walled city have been taken by international organisations, NGOs and local government authorities since Jaipur became the capital of the State of Rajasthan in 1949.

The urban and architectural components of the city retain their original form and design as conceived from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. Also materials are largely retained as per original, primarily lime and stone. In some cases, later the 21st century structures in concrete are added, although they incorporate elements of the original architectural vocabulary and form. The use and function of most royal and public spaces and monuments is now adapted to contemporary requirement of public places visited by all, while the shops, temples and private houses largely retain their original use and continue to function in the same manner as historically planned. The structures in the walled city are in good state of conservation. Overall, the urban character of the city remains in its original shape with the city gates, walls, major iconic monuments and bazaars. Intangible values of the city associated with the city God Govind Devji and worship of other deities in various temples continue along with public festivals and rituals.

Listed under the UNESCO Creative Cities Network4), Jaipur showcases its rich and vibrant creative heritage on a global platform and encourages innovation and local capacity building.

Jaipur is the first city in India to prepare a city level Heritage Management Plan in 2007, which is now included in the Jaipur Master Plan 2025, and was recognised as a Best Practice by the Ministry of Urban Development. Its urban conservation initiatives for the bazaars in 2013-2014 were recognised by national awards and conservation of remaining 9 bazaars along with Rajasthan School of Arts and other iconic structures are currently being implemented through the Jaipur Smart City Plan[5].

The Municipalities Act of 2009 (amendment) and Jaipur Building Byelaws 1970 guide the architectural control on urban character of Jaipur which has helped in retaining the original architectural form of the bazaars. Besides these, Jaipur City has also developed specific architectural control guidelines for its various bazaars recognising the distinct features of each bazaar. The World Heritage Site of Jantar Mantar, including major urban monuments of Jaipur such as the Hawa Mahal, the City Palace, the Jaleb Chowk and the Town Hall in the buffer area, are protected and managed through its Site Management Plan, which is also a component of the Jaipur City Master Plan[6]. All these aspects have helped Jaipur walled city to retain its authenticity in terms of material, colour, spirit and location.

Specific urban renewal proposals were implemented for the main bazaars of Jaipur under the Jawahar Lal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission, partially funded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides this, a comprehensive mobility plan for the city was prepared which identified the need for a Metro system with parking zones in the nominated property. Conservation works on three bazaars, one heritage walk in the inner street area, street and pavement upgrades of major bazaars and initiation of an underground Metro line were some of the major works carried out under this proposal that were partially funded by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

5 齋浦爾古城內(nèi)簡(jiǎn)塔曼塔天文臺(tái)世界遺產(chǎn)鳥瞰/Aerial view of Jantar Mantar World Heritage Site inside Walled City of Jaipur

6 西雷迪奧里巴扎與風(fēng)之宮殿，齋浦爾/Sireh Deori Bazzar with the Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

如今，齋浦爾的城市及建筑元素依然保持著18-20 世紀(jì)初的原始形態(tài)及設(shè)計(jì)。建筑材料也基本維持原狀，主要為石灰和石材，也存在少量21 世紀(jì)的新建筑采取混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，但它們都結(jié)合了傳統(tǒng)建筑語匯及形式要素。大部分皇家建筑和公共紀(jì)念碑，如今也都適應(yīng)于作為公共建筑面向所有人開放的當(dāng)代需求；商店、廟宇和私人住宅則大多維持過去的功能，依然延續(xù)著最初城市規(guī)劃中規(guī)定的職能。老城中的建筑物大多得到較好的修繕保護(hù)。整體上，齋浦爾的城市特征基本保持了原有形態(tài)，包括城門、城墻、主要標(biāo)志建筑及巴扎。城市的非物質(zhì)文化價(jià)值，例如與城市主神戈文德維或其他神靈祭祀相關(guān)的神廟，依然隨著公共節(jié)日及習(xí)俗得以延續(xù)。

齋浦爾也加入了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的“創(chuàng)新城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)”4），由此在國(guó)際平臺(tái)上展示了它豐富而充滿創(chuàng)造活力的城市遺產(chǎn)，并持續(xù)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新和地方能動(dòng)性的建設(shè)。

2007 年，齋浦爾成為印度第一座頒布城市層面遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃的古城，如今這一規(guī)劃也納入《2025年齋浦爾城市總體規(guī)劃》，并被國(guó)家城市發(fā)展部評(píng)為年度最佳實(shí)踐。2013-2014 年的城市巴扎保護(hù)項(xiàng)目亦得到國(guó)家級(jí)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的認(rèn)可，針對(duì)剩余9 個(gè)巴扎及拉賈斯坦藝術(shù)學(xué)院等標(biāo)志性建筑的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)項(xiàng)目正在《齋浦爾智慧城市規(guī)劃》的框架下得以實(shí)施[5]。2009 年的《齋浦爾市立法案（修正案）》及1970年的《齋浦爾建筑條例》都對(duì)建筑與城市風(fēng)貌的協(xié)調(diào)控制做出了規(guī)定，這也幫助維護(hù)了巴扎的原有建筑特征。此外，齋浦爾還為各個(gè)不同巴扎出臺(tái)專門的建筑控制導(dǎo)則，以此保護(hù)每個(gè)巴扎的個(gè)性特征。包括作為世界文化遺產(chǎn)的簡(jiǎn)塔曼塔天文臺(tái)，還有風(fēng)之宮殿、皇宮、賈勒布市場(chǎng)，以及處在緩沖區(qū)的市政廳等主要標(biāo)志性建筑，都借助《齋浦爾遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃》得到有效的保護(hù)及管控，這都納入了《2025年齋浦爾城市總體規(guī)劃》。這些因素共同促進(jìn)齋浦爾古城在材質(zhì)、顏色、精神內(nèi)涵及國(guó)際地位上維持了較高的尊嚴(yán)。

在賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯城市更新計(jì)劃的主導(dǎo)下，齋浦爾的主要巴扎都得到了專設(shè)城市更新項(xiàng)目的贊助，部分資金來自印度國(guó)家政府的城市發(fā)展部。此外，當(dāng)?shù)剡€提出一項(xiàng)綜合的城市機(jī)動(dòng)性規(guī)劃，提出有必要建造與特定區(qū)域的停車場(chǎng)相配合的地鐵系統(tǒng)。在這項(xiàng)部分由國(guó)家城市發(fā)展部資助的更新項(xiàng)目安排下，很多重大工程得以開展，包括3 座巴扎的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工作、老城核心區(qū)的遺產(chǎn)參觀步行路線建設(shè)、主要巴扎的街道及人行道升級(jí)改造、地鐵線路的開工建設(shè)等等。

2007 年以來，齋浦爾所有12 座巴扎都完全維持了原始立面，盡管還存在一些之前建造的建筑物。由于2009-2013 年開展的一項(xiàng)巴扎建筑立面保護(hù)項(xiàng)目，其中3 座巴扎——包括楚拉拉斯塔巴扎、提里波利亞巴扎、霍利巴扎——都進(jìn)入了很好的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)狀態(tài)。此外開展的工作還包括對(duì)有結(jié)構(gòu)隱患的建筑進(jìn)行加固，對(duì)特定城市住宅立面進(jìn)行藝術(shù)裝飾物的修復(fù)等等。

2007 年，齋浦爾頒布了《建成遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃》，目的是將遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與城市更新、可持續(xù)旅游發(fā)展相結(jié)合，同時(shí)幫助提升城市的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)韌性，提供必需的技術(shù)和人力資源支持，從而在可持續(xù)路徑下實(shí)現(xiàn)遺產(chǎn)相關(guān)的城市服務(wù)[4]。這項(xiàng)規(guī)劃成為任何未來新規(guī)劃的重要參考，包括2016 年的《齋浦爾智慧城市規(guī)劃》[6]20-25。根據(jù)《2025 年齋浦爾城市總體規(guī)劃》，城墻內(nèi)的歷史古城區(qū)是得到專門保護(hù)的遺產(chǎn)區(qū)，一切相關(guān)的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)規(guī)劃都需要受到詳盡的遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃或政府機(jī)構(gòu)強(qiáng)制性提供的項(xiàng)目報(bào)告的管控。政府遺產(chǎn)辦公室也正在修訂和加強(qiáng)遺產(chǎn)區(qū)、緩沖區(qū)及相關(guān)建筑的保護(hù)條例。

在智慧城市規(guī)劃的最終評(píng)選中，國(guó)家城市發(fā)展部將齋浦爾的《智慧城市區(qū)遺產(chǎn)旅游愿景規(guī)劃》列為全國(guó)100 個(gè)城市規(guī)劃中的第三名。這項(xiàng)規(guī)劃自2016 年以來已付諸實(shí)施，它關(guān)注于執(zhí)行指定區(qū)域的城市保護(hù)及適應(yīng)性功能更新項(xiàng)目，與前面提到的那些城市規(guī)劃采取相似的模式。

齋浦爾古城的所有遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)規(guī)劃，包括前述的《建成遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃》（2007 年頒布、2018 年修訂）、《智慧城市規(guī)劃》以及任何其他部門性規(guī)劃，如今都受到世界遺產(chǎn)的3 層級(jí)保護(hù)框架的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)，進(jìn)而保護(hù)列入名錄的遺產(chǎn)類別及“突出普遍價(jià)值”。因此，齋浦爾市政府的遺產(chǎn)辦公室也建立了一種地方層面的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，要受到城市總規(guī)劃師的技術(shù)遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)的管理，并最終接受拉賈斯坦邦議會(huì)的高級(jí)邦委會(huì)的監(jiān)督，后者代表了印度國(guó)家文物局的權(quán)威（這也是世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)在印度的代理機(jī)構(gòu)）。齋浦爾依然致力于遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和管理事業(yè)，當(dāng)下其老城區(qū)域正在籌備2025 年齋浦爾城市總體規(guī)劃旗下的詳細(xì)特殊遺產(chǎn)區(qū)規(guī)劃，還包括詳細(xì)的建筑遺產(chǎn)清單、城墻保護(hù)、對(duì)一切遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)項(xiàng)目開展的遺產(chǎn)影響評(píng)估，以及即將在2020 年12 月前向世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)提交的一份整體性闡釋規(guī)劃?！?/p>

注釋/Notes

1）詳見/See also: http://jnnurm.nic.in/toolkitsreport-primers.html.

2）詳見/See also: http://hridayindia.in/.

3）詳見/See also: http://smartcities.gov.in/content/.

4）詳見/See also: https://en.unesco.org/creativecities/jaipur.

All twelve bazaars have maintained the original fa?ades since 2007, though there have been some changes in the structures prior to that. Three of the bazaars, i.e. Chaura Rasta, Tripoliya and Johri bazaar, are in good state of conservation as a major conservation project was undertaken from 2009 to 2013 to conserve the fa?ades of all buildings along these bazaars. Additionally, consolidation of buildings showing structural defects was also undertaken as was specialised artwork conservation on fa?ades of specific havelis.

With an aim to integrate heritage conservation with urban renewal and sustainable tourism, to build socio-economic strength of the city and provide necessary skills and human resource requirements to deliver heritage related services in a sustainable manner, the Built Heritage Management Plan was prepared for the city of Jaipur in 2007[4]. It is used as a reference while drafting any new plans for the city such as the Jaipur Smart City Plan 2016[6]. As per Jaipur Master Plan 2025, the historic walled city area is a specially designated heritage zone and any work related to heritage conservation is guided by detailed heritage management plans and project reports implemented through mandated government agencies. Heritage cell created by the Government is in the process of revising and strengthening the byelaws for the designated heritage zones, precincts and structures.

In the final selection of Smart City Plans, the Ministry of Urban Development ranked this Heritage Tourism Vision Plan for Smart City Area of Jaipur as the 3rd amongst the list of 100 cities. This plan is currently under implementation since 2016 and it focuses on carrying out urban conservation and adaptive reuse works in the nominated area in a similar fashion as outlined in previous plans mentioned above for the city.

All previous heritage plans for Jaipur Walled City including the Built Heritage Management Plan (prepared in 2007 and revised in 2018), Smart City Plan and any other sectoral plans are now converged and guided by trilevel monitoring to address the protection of its criterion and OUV for inscription. Thus, there is a local level monitoring by the Heritage Cell of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation which is further guided by the Technical Heritage Committee under the Chief Town Planner and finally overseen by a High Level State Committee under the Chief Secretary of Rajasthan with representation from high official of Archaeological Survey of India (the nodal agency for World Heritage in India). As part of its commitment on protection and management, Jaipur Walled City is currently preparing a detailed Special Heritage Area Plan under the Jaipur Master Plan 2025 along with a detailed inventory of buildings, conservation of city walls, Heritage impact assessments for any projects to be taken up in inscribed area and an overall interpretation plan to be submitted to the World Heritage Committee by December 2020.□

7 皇宮及齋浦爾鳥瞰/City Palace and aerial view of Jaipur

參考文獻(xiàn)/References

[1] Item INF.8: Final report of the Audit of the Global Strategy and the PACT initiative 18th UNESCO General Assembly, 2011.

[2] VANICKA A, JAIN S, MUNJAL P G (ed.). Urban Heritage in Asia. Aryan Books, 2016.

[3] JAIN S. Nomination Document for Jaipur Walled City. Jaipur Municipal Corporation, 2017, unpublished. Chapter 2&3.

[4] DRONAH and JVF. Jaipur Heritage Management Plan Built Heritage for JHERICO (Jaipur Heritage Committee). Jaipur: Government of Rajasthan, 2007.

[5] DRONAH. Detailed Project Report under Smart City Plan. Jaipur for Amber Development Management Authority and Jaipur Municipal Corporation, 2016.

[6] INTACH. Jaipur Heritage Management Plan. Compendium of Good Practices, Urban Heritage in Indian Cities, New Delhi: NIUA, 2015.

[7] DRONAH. Detailed Project Report for Urban Revitalisation of Walled City of Jaipur, Prepared under JnNURM, 2013.

[8] GOLE S. Maps and Plans of India. Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1989.

[9] HOOJA R. A History of Rajasthan. New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2006.

[10] Jaipur Development Authority. Master Development Plan-2015.

[11] JAIN K C. Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan: A Study of Culture and Civilization. Delhi, Varanasi, Patna: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972.

[12] JAIN S (ed.). Princely Terrain: Amber, Jaipur and Shekhawati. Gurgaon: Shubhi Publications, 2005.

[13] JAFA J. Royal Jaipur. Lustre Press, Roli Books, 2004.

[14] Rajasthan Municipal Act, 2009.

[15] SACHDEV V, TILLOTSON G. Building Jaipur: Making of an Indian City. London: Reaktion Books, 2001.

[16] TILLOTSON G H R. Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City. Penguin Global, 2007.

[17] TOD J. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (Vol. 1&2). New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2002.

[18] ASI Jaipur Circle at www.asijaipurcircle.nic.in.