自然之旅無障礙休閑小徑，赫爾辛基，芬蘭

景觀設(shè)計：普伊斯托建筑師工作室

Landscape Architects: Studio Puisto Architects Ltd.

（尚晉 譯）

1 步道鳥瞰/Aerial view of the boardwalks

將自然獻給所有人

自然之旅項目的出發(fā)點是讓芬蘭赫爾辛基當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀痪包c，無論在實際上還是從以人為本的角度，都更符合無障礙要求。其結(jié)果是遍布在城市多座島嶼上的一系列無障礙自然小徑棧道。盡管該地區(qū)有豐富的生物多樣性和優(yōu)美的原野，但原有的步道設(shè)施無法滿足吸引人們來此游玩的興致。而這些新的步道就是要讓它為之一變。

作為赫爾辛基與塔林之間的一次合作，自然之旅項目邀請普伊斯托工作室，聯(lián)手Nomaji 事務(wù)所設(shè)計新的無障礙自然步行棧道。最初是拉馬薩里島，后期是老城灣島和哈拉卡島。它們都位于赫爾辛基。

在拉馬薩里島上，通向小島的原有棧道和小徑設(shè)施按照模數(shù)化的設(shè)計進行了重新制作。這個設(shè)計包含了4 種不同的要素。這種施工方法讓原有的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和軟性的彎曲部位，沿著約1000m 長的棧道路線以可持續(xù)的方式實現(xiàn)了再利用，而沒有造成浪費。與此同時，沿著小徑建造了兩座新的觀鳥平臺，靠近島上現(xiàn)在的觀鳥塔處還有一座平臺。

另一方面，對于哈拉卡島，重點在于以統(tǒng)一的方式標(biāo)示自然小徑的新途徑，以及為它們設(shè)計統(tǒng)一的扶手系統(tǒng)。該地區(qū)原有的混凝土地堡也被改造成一座觀鳥塔。倚靠在地堡上或纏繞著它的木構(gòu)步道則創(chuàng)造出一個隱蔽的觀察點。

為所有人的設(shè)計

自然之旅項目最基本的一個因素就是，整個棧道都需要為每個人的平等享用精心設(shè)計。這就意味著它必須滿足適當(dāng)?shù)臒o障礙要求。為了最好地滿足這個要求，小徑柔和地按著坡地的曲線一路下去。而觀景平臺的盡端全部為玻璃窗，讓兒童和坐輪椅的人都能暢通無阻地眺望遼闊的大自然。此外，這些觀景平臺的盡端也以有機的方式放大，以滿足教學(xué)功能，并帶來更便于社交、舒適宜人的觀鳥體驗。這些細部盡管在實踐中非常微小，卻有助于讓小徑給所有人都帶來更好的無障礙體驗，而不會破壞設(shè)計整體的美感。

防洪的建筑

鑒于該地段定期會遭受洪水危害，自然之旅棧道便順應(yīng)了這一自然現(xiàn)象，而不是抵御它。在它的模數(shù)化構(gòu)造中，沿著棧道邊緣有一排豎直木桿。小徑就附著在兩側(cè)，而不是完全固定在地上。因此，當(dāng)洪水來到拉馬薩里島，棧道基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的頂層不僅會隨水浮起，而且因為布置了這些木桿還會保持在原位。通過允許一切自然現(xiàn)象對建筑產(chǎn)生影響，即使是那些通常被認(rèn)為是不好的，棧道充分融入了四周的自然——這是我們認(rèn)為適合自然步道的解決方案?？傮w來看，我們希望自然之旅的設(shè)計方法將在后世更好地實現(xiàn)與身邊大自然的交融?！?/p>

（尚晉 譯）

Bringing nature to all

The Nattours project began with the goal of making the local natural attractions in Helsinki, Finland more accessible, not only from a practical standpoint, but a humanistic one too. The result was a series of accessible nature trail boardwalks throughout several islands in the city. Despite the rich biodiversity and scenic wilderness in the area, the pre-existing trail structures were not able to support and drive enough interest into their use and these new trails sought to change that.

As a joint effort between the cities of Helsinki and Tallinn, the Nattours project involved Studio Puisto, in collaboration with Nomaji Oy, to design the new accessible nature trail boardwalks initially for Lammassaari island with later phases in Vanhankaupunginlahti and Harakka island, all of which are located in Helsinki.

For the island of Lammassaari, the preexisting duckboards and path structures leading into the island were redone with a modular design that consists of four different components. This construction method allowed for the preexisting base structures and soft bends to be sustainably reused along the approximately one-kilometre long boardwalk route without waste. At the same time, two new birdwatching platforms were built along the path with an additional platform next to the current bird observation tower on the island.

On the other hand, for the island of Harrakka, the focus was instead on developing new ways to coherently mark the nature trails as well as designing uniform railing systems for them. A preexisting concrete bunker in the area was also transformed into a birdwatching tower, with the wooden structures making up the trail leaning on and twisting around the bunker to create a sheltered observation place.

Design for everyone

One of the most fundamental aspects to the Nattours project was that the entire boardwalk needed to be thoughtfully designed for everyone to equally enjoy, meaning that it was essential for it to be adequately accessible. To best prioritize accessibility, the path follows gently sloping curves along the way while the ends of the observation platforms are fully glazed to allow both children and wheelchair users alike the possibility look out into the vast nature without obstruction. In addition, the ends of these observation platforms are also organically enlarged to support teaching purposes as well as to facilitate a more social, comfortable birdwatching experience. These sorts of details, although subtle in practice, help make the paths more accessible for all without taking away from the overall design aesthetic.

Floodproof architecture

Given the site's propensity to periodically flood, the Nattours boardwalk supports this natural occurrence rather than interferes with it. In its modular construction, the structure has a sequence of vertical wooden poles along its edges where the path is attached to on the sides as opposed to anchoring the path entirely into the ground. Thus, when the island of Lammassaari floods, the top substructure layer of the boardwalk not only floats upwards with the water, but also remains in place due to the placement of these wooden poles. By allowing all natural events, even those conventionally seen as negative, to have an influence and effect on the architecture, it fully embraces the nature around it - a solution we feel is fitting for a nature trail. Altogether, the design approach for Nattours is one that we hope will better foster an engagement with nature around us for the generations to come.□

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 赫爾辛基市/City of Helsinki

合作伙伴/Partners: Mikko Jakonen, Emma Johansson, Sampsa Palva, Heikki Riitahuhta, Willem van Bolderen

團隊成員/Team Members: Ioana Maftei

協(xié)作伙伴/Collaborators: Nomaji Oy: Varpu Mikola

設(shè)計啟動/Start of Design: 2016

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2018

攝影/Photos: DECOPIC

2 平面和剖面/Rendered plan and section

3-5 觀景平臺近景,平臺盡端的玻璃提供了無障礙的視野/Close up of one of the observation platforms. The end is glazed to allow for unobstructed viewing.

6 自然之旅無障礙休閑小徑的秋景/The Nattours accessible recreational path in fall colours.

7 步道局部平面，所有的交叉口都考慮到無障礙出行而設(shè)計成圓形/Detailed plan of the boardwalks. All the intersections are rounded to allow for easier accessibility.

8-9 步道剖面細部，兩個高度的扶手可以更好地適應(yīng)所有人/Detailed section of the boardwalks. There are two handrail heights to better accommodate everyone.

10 步道沒有直接接觸地面，因此當(dāng)該地區(qū)發(fā)生洪水時，步道的下部結(jié)構(gòu)會隨之抬升/The boardwalk is not attached directly to the ground so that when the area floods, the substructure of the boardwalk lifts with it.

評論

王小榮：赫爾辛基的無障礙休閑小徑是尊重自然、尊重人文的設(shè)計產(chǎn)物，強調(diào)以人為本，設(shè)計所有人都可以參與、使用、體驗的步道，必須滿足無障礙出行要求；還要融入自然，符合自然景觀的特征，不干擾鳥類等自然物種的生活。因而，3座小島上重新設(shè)置了兒童和輪椅使用者均可利用的無障礙自然步道系統(tǒng)。

無障礙休閑小徑平緩流暢，彎道、岔路行動自如，盡端擴展的觀鳥平臺前端全部以玻璃替代欄桿，不僅可以休息交流，輪椅回轉(zhuǎn)，還可以毫無遮擋地觀賞、體驗大自然的魅力，融入小島獨具魅力的原野自然環(huán)境中，毫無障礙的擁抱大自然。

周靜敏：自然之旅不僅是無障礙的步行棧道，更創(chuàng)造了一種生態(tài)與人文交流的方式。設(shè)計從觀景、步行體驗上充分考慮每個使用者的需要，突破了一般的通行要求，實現(xiàn)了無障礙的“自然旅途”。設(shè)計尊重自然的偉大，也尊重模數(shù)化的建造邏輯，讓未來的拆卸、更新成為可能，解決現(xiàn)存棧道的再利用問題。同時，對于洪水自然危害，以木構(gòu)立柱支撐起漂浮結(jié)構(gòu)，形成自然而有機的應(yīng)對方式。棧道材料的選用及細部構(gòu)造設(shè)計，都給人以從周圍自然環(huán)境中生長出來的感受，巧妙地融合在天地、植物、鳥獸及四季變換的自然景觀中，在生態(tài)環(huán)境中營造了一種平等、和諧的場所精神。

Comments

WANG Xiaorong: The Nattours project in Helsinki is the design product of respecting nature and humanity. The trails not only meet accessibility requirements and allow everyone to participate, use and experience it, but also blend in nature and do not interfere with the life of natural species such as birds. As a result, the trail structures for both children and wheelchair users have been reconfigured on the three islands.

The trails which are gentle and fluent enable people to move freely in curves and forks, and the ends of the enlarged observation platforms are fully glazed to allow people not only to rest, communicate and turn round the chair freely, but also look at the great scenery and feel the charm of nature. Everyone can integrate into the natural environment which is the unique charm of the islands, embracing nature without obstruction. (Translated by WANG Jing)

ZHOU Jingmin: Nattours is not only an accessible walkway, but also creates a way of communication between ecology and culture. Fully considering the needs of each user in the aspect of scenic view and walking experience, the design breaks through the normal tra☆c requirements and achieves the accessible "natural journey". The design respects the greatness of nature and the modular construction logic, making it possible for disassembling and renewal in the future, and solving the problem of reuse of the existing walkway. At the same time, the floating structure supported by wooden columns becomes a natural and organic response to the natural hazards of floods. The material selection and detailed structure design of the walkway give people the feeling that it grew out of the surrounding natural environment. It integrates skillfully in the natural landscape of the earth, plants, animals, and the changing seasons, and creates an equal and harmonious spirit of place in the ecological environment. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

11 部分觀景臺包含座椅/Some of the observation platforms also include seating.

12 部分觀景臺的盡端是圓形的，方便教學(xué)或更大的參觀團體/Other observation platforms are rounded at the edges to facilitate teaching purposes or larger groups.