呂剛 張賢
Abstract:In order to weaken the transverse end effect and increase the electromagnetic thrust, the ladder-type secondary was proposed as a new topology of linear motors. Based on the theory of electromagnetic field, the finite element analysis method was used to establish the finite element model of linear induction motor with two types of ladder-type secondary. In the transient field, the variation of the thrust and normal force amplitude and the fluctuation of force of linear induction motors with the two types of ladder-type secondary under different slot combinations were analyzed, besides, the eddy current distribution and the transverse air gap magnetic field distribution in ladder-type secondary and flat secondary were analyzed and compared. Considering the influence of the normal force, the net thrust characteristics of linear motor with the ladder-type secondaries were calculated under suitable slot combination,in the meantime the variation curves of the electromagnetic thrust and the normal force of two types of ladder-type secondary with the velocity were obtained. Through the above finite element analysis, it provides a theoretical reference for the optimization design of linear induction motor.
Keywords:linear induction motor; ladder-type secondary; the finite element analysis ; the transverse air gap magnetic field; thrust
0 引 言
隨著直線電機(jī)輪軌車輛以及中低速磁懸浮列車等城市軌道交通工具的快速發(fā)展,其核心部件——直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,相比傳統(tǒng)輪軌機(jī)車采用的旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī),直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)具有噪聲小,爬坡能力強(qiáng),工程造價(jià)低等眾多優(yōu)勢(shì)[1]。應(yīng)用于低速磁浮列車的直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)不僅產(chǎn)生驅(qū)動(dòng)列車的推力,還產(chǎn)生影響懸浮系統(tǒng)的法向力[2]。然而采用直線電機(jī)的城軌交通中也存在固有的缺點(diǎn),因?yàn)榇渭?jí)感應(yīng)板在直線電機(jī)車輛系統(tǒng)中沿線路鋪設(shè),成本較大;同時(shí)整體感應(yīng)板的使用以及較大的氣隙導(dǎo)致直線感應(yīng)牽引電機(jī)的效率和功率因數(shù)較低。本文主要研究在控制制造成本的前提下,通過格柵型次級(jí)感應(yīng)板來提升直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的各項(xiàng)電磁性能,主要考查對(duì)象為籠型格柵次級(jí)和梯型格柵次級(jí)。
文獻(xiàn)[3]提出“等效電磁極距”的概念考慮電機(jī)的縱向端部效應(yīng),給出不同極數(shù)時(shí)極距的修正系數(shù)。文獻(xiàn)[4]對(duì)次級(jí)復(fù)合感應(yīng)板的單邊直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)氣隙磁密的分析,得到了適合解耦控制用的直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)學(xué)模型和推力和法向力的解析表達(dá)式。文獻(xiàn)[5-7]提出籠型次級(jí)單邊直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu),可以提高電機(jī)推力等性能。文獻(xiàn)[8]對(duì)5種不同的籠型次級(jí)進(jìn)行了二維有限元分析,比較了次級(jí)不同鋁槽型直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的推力、法向力特性。文獻(xiàn)[9]提出了一種直線電機(jī)軌道交通用柵形直線電機(jī)次級(jí)裝置,包括導(dǎo)磁鐵心、導(dǎo)電體以及安裝支架,直觀的介紹了籠型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。文獻(xiàn)[10-11]中提出了梯型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)并對(duì)梯型次級(jí)直線電機(jī)的電磁推力進(jìn)行了研究,但是在有效區(qū)域內(nèi)的橫向邊端效應(yīng)依然存在。文獻(xiàn)[12]對(duì)梯型雙邊直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的特性進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究分析,并推導(dǎo)了雙邊直線電機(jī)梯型次級(jí)電阻漏感計(jì)算公式,并與平板型直線電機(jī)的性能進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。文獻(xiàn)[13]用解析法計(jì)算了梯型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)電磁場(chǎng)和推力,分析了次級(jí)導(dǎo)體數(shù)、導(dǎo)體之間間距對(duì)特性的影響,并計(jì)算了相關(guān)參數(shù),但沒有考慮次級(jí)導(dǎo)體之間的連接電阻和漏感。目前國內(nèi)外研究均沒有對(duì)格柵型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行綜合研究,大多研究單一籠型或者梯型次級(jí)對(duì)電機(jī)性能的影響,缺乏對(duì)籠型和梯型次級(jí)的對(duì)比分析。
本文將主要對(duì)籠型次級(jí)和梯型次級(jí)兩類格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的渦流分布、橫向氣隙磁場(chǎng)、電磁力的特性進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,在相同的電機(jī)初級(jí)下對(duì)相同外形尺寸的兩類格柵型次級(jí)的直線電機(jī)進(jìn)行有限元仿真,主要研究格柵型次級(jí)的槽配合對(duì)電機(jī)的電磁力特性的影響,以及供電頻率的變化對(duì)單邊格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的電磁力特性的影響。
1 格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)
如圖1所示,單邊直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)主要由初級(jí)和次級(jí)構(gòu)成,初級(jí)包括鐵心和三相繞組如圖1(a)所示,次級(jí)包括鋁板和鐵板。格柵型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1(b)~圖1(c) 所示。
3 結(jié) 論
本文對(duì)格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)進(jìn)行研究,首先介紹了格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu),然后主要研究了兩類格柵型次級(jí)——籠型次級(jí)和梯型次級(jí)的產(chǎn)生的電磁力特性的差異??偨Y(jié)如下:
1)格柵型次級(jí)直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)可以規(guī)范次級(jí)渦流路徑,減少次級(jí)有效區(qū)域內(nèi)的縱向電流分量,削弱橫向邊端效應(yīng),規(guī)范橫向氣隙磁場(chǎng),提高電機(jī)推力。
2)兩類格柵型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)在槽配合一定的情況下,梯型次級(jí)直線牽引感應(yīng)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生的電磁力相對(duì)平穩(wěn),籠型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的電磁力波動(dòng)較大;梯型次級(jí)受槽配合影響較小,而籠型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)受槽配合影響較大,籠型次級(jí)推力總大于梯型次級(jí)。
3)隨著運(yùn)行速度的升高,兩類格柵型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的直線感應(yīng)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生的推力、法向力隨頻率的變化趨勢(shì)相同。格柵型次級(jí)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生的凈推力高于平板型次級(jí)電機(jī)。
4)兩類格柵型次級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用在城軌交通中能夠提升地鐵性能,考慮次級(jí)制造工藝及成本,梯型次級(jí)成本較之籠型次級(jí)要低,適合長距離的軌道鋪設(shè),因此梯型次級(jí)更加適合城市軌道交通中的應(yīng)用。
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(編輯:劉琳琳)