方仕旭 林彬 王峰 劉童蕾 張同 羅華友
[摘要] 目的 探討胃間質(zhì)瘤患者的臨床病理特征及預(yù)后影響因素。 方法 回顧性分析2009年2月~2012年11月昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科收治的108例胃間質(zhì)瘤患者的臨床資料、病理特征及生存狀態(tài)。生存分析采用Kplan-Meier法計算1、3、5年生存率,單因素分析采用log-rank檢驗,預(yù)后多因素分析采用COX比例風(fēng)險模型。 結(jié)果 108例患者納入研究,其中男57例,女51例,平均年齡(57.54±12.03)歲,手術(shù)時間(155.53±82.86)min,術(shù)中出血量(165.46±329.74)mL,術(shù)后進食時間(7.71±2.62)d,術(shù)后住院時間(11.80±7.54)d。全組患者1、3、5年總體生存率為100.0%、91.6%、76.3%。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示:腫瘤大小、核分裂數(shù)、改良國際腫瘤協(xié)會(NIH)危險度級別與胃間質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后有關(guān)(P < 0.05)。多因素分析顯示:術(shù)后改良NIH危險度級別(HR = 6.177,95%CI:1.348~28.299,P = 0.019)是胃間質(zhì)瘤患者預(yù)后的獨立危險因素。 結(jié)論 胃間質(zhì)瘤為消化道最常見的間質(zhì)性腫瘤,總體預(yù)后較好,手術(shù)切除為主要治療手段,術(shù)后改良NIH危險度級別為影響預(yù)后的主要危險因素,危險度越高提示預(yù)后越差。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃間質(zhì)瘤;臨床特征;病理特征;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號] R735.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(b)-0125-04
Clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with gastric stromal tumors
FANG Shixu1? ?LIN Bin1? ?WANG Feng1? ?LIU Tonglei2? ?ZHANG Tong2? ?LUO Huayou2
1.The First Clinical College of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming? ?650032, China; 2.Department of Gastroenterology and Hernia Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming? ?650032, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of gastric stromal tumors further. Methods Clinical data, pathological characteristics and survival status of 108 patients with gastric stromal tumors admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from February 2009 to November 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Survival analysis was used Kplan-Meier method to calculate 1, 3, 5-year survival rates. Log-rank test was used for univariate analysis and COX proportional hazards model was used for prognostic multivariate analysis. Results One hundred and eight patients were enrolled in the study. The male was 57 cases, the female was 51 cases, the age was (57.54±12.03) years, the operation time was (155.53±82.86) min, the intraoperative bleeding volume was (165.46±329.74) mL, the postoperative feeding time was (7.71±2.62) days, and the hospitalization days after operation were (11.80±7.54) days. The overall survival rates for 1, 3, 5 years were 100.0%, 91.6% and 76.3%. Univariate prognostic analysis showed that tumor size, mitotic numbe, modified NIH classification were closely related to prognosis of gastric stromal tumors (P < 0.05). Multivariate prognostic analysis showed that modified NIH risk classification (HR = 6.177, 95%CI: 1.348-28.299, P = 0.019) was an independent prognostic risk factor for patients with gastric stromal tumors. Conclusion Gastric stromal tumors are the most common digestive tract stromal tumors. The overall prognosis is good. Surgical resection is the main treatment. The modified NIH risk classification is the main risk factor affecting prognosis. The higher the risk, the worse the prognosis.
[Key words] Gastric stromal tumors; Clinical features; Pathological features; Prognosis
胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤為消化道常見的間質(zhì)性腫瘤,來自消化道肌層的Cajal細胞。表達特異性跨膜酪氨酸激酶受體蛋白c-kit(CD117),酪氨酸激酶信號激活導(dǎo)致細胞持續(xù)性增殖[1]。發(fā)病率為(10~15)/100萬每年,發(fā)病年齡10~100歲,最多見于胃(約60%),其次是小腸(30%)[2-4]。胃間質(zhì)瘤缺乏特異性臨床表現(xiàn),確診靠術(shù)后病理的免疫組化分析,CD117和DOG1高活性及KIT突變、血小板源性生長因子受體的α多肽基因突變?yōu)橹饕獦?biāo)志[5-6]。胃間質(zhì)瘤是一類具有潛在惡性的腫瘤[7],2002年國際腫瘤協(xié)會(NIH)制訂了復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險評估共識,后經(jīng)修正完善后即改良版NIH危險度分級[8],用以評估間質(zhì)瘤的危險度。本文主要回顧性分析胃間質(zhì)瘤患者的臨床表現(xiàn)、病理特征及預(yù)后影響因素,以提高對該疾病的認識,為臨床有效治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院2009年2月~2012年11月胃腸外科收治的108例術(shù)后病理證實為胃間質(zhì)瘤的患者,其中男57例(52.8%),女51例(47.2%),平均年齡(57.54±12.03)歲,平均術(shù)前體重指數(shù)(BMI)為(22.33±3.34)kg/m2。
1.2 研究方法
所有患者的術(shù)后標(biāo)本均行病理切片檢查。術(shù)后分級均按改良NIH分級標(biāo)準執(zhí)行。搜集患者的臨床病理特征:首發(fā)癥狀、術(shù)前BMI、手術(shù)方式、手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量、腫瘤大小、腫瘤部位、核分裂數(shù)、改良NIH危險度級別等。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準差(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,生存分析采用Kplan-Meier法,單因素分析采用Log-rank檢驗,多因素分析采用COX比例風(fēng)險模型,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 臨床及病理特征
胃間質(zhì)瘤患者首發(fā)癥狀中,以腹痛和腹脹最多見,其次為消化道出血的相關(guān)癥狀(嘔血、黑便)。見表1。胃間質(zhì)瘤患者腫瘤發(fā)生部位中,胃體最多,依次為胃底、胃竇和賁門,直徑2~5 cm最常見,核分裂數(shù)以 <5/50 HPF最多。見表2。
2.2 手術(shù)治療
108例患者中56例(51.9%)行腹腔鏡手術(shù),52例(48.1%)行開放手術(shù)。11例患者未能完整腔鏡切除,中轉(zhuǎn)為開放手術(shù)。手術(shù)方式以局部切除最常見。手術(shù)時間為(155.53±82.86)min,術(shù)中出血量為(165.46±329.74)mL,術(shù)后進食時間為(7.71±2.62)d,術(shù)后住院時間(11.80±7.54)d。術(shù)后高?;颊呓ㄗh服用伊馬替尼輔助治療3年。51例中高危患者23例接受藥物輔助治療,28例未進行輔助治療,其中接受輔助治療者未出現(xiàn)死亡,未接受輔助治療者中13例死亡。接受輔助治療者與未接受輔助治療者生存率比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2 = 14.332,P = 0.000),提示輔助治療患者預(yù)后較好。
2.3 隨訪及預(yù)后
所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪頻率為3~6個月/次。采用電話、門診復(fù)查等方式,起始時間為術(shù)后出院時間,截止日期為2017年12月30日,中位隨訪時間為38.5個月,隨訪期間死亡15例,其中13例因腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移死亡,2例因其他疾病死亡。預(yù)后分析:全組患者1、3、5年總體生存率分別為100.0%、91.6%、76.3%,生存曲線見圖1。胃間質(zhì)瘤患者腫瘤大小及核分裂數(shù)與NIH危險度級別有關(guān)(P < 0.05)。見表3。單因素分析顯示:腫瘤大小、核分裂數(shù)、改良NIH危險度級別與胃間質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后有關(guān)(P < 0.05)。見表4。多因素分析顯示:改良NIH危險度級別是胃間質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后的獨立危險因素(P < 0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
食管至直腸的任何部位均可發(fā)生胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤,超過50%的為胃間質(zhì)瘤[9],腹膜、腸系膜、腹膜后、肝臟、膽囊、前列腺等部位也有報道[6,10]。胃間質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后較好,5年生存率達76.3%,與Huang等[11]的研究接近。臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,可為腹部包塊、腹痛、腹脹、消化道出血等[12]。本研究中,患者中腹部不適(腹痛、腹脹)的患者最多見,余為消化道出血相關(guān)的臨床表現(xiàn)(嘔血、便血、黑便等),可能與腫瘤血供豐富、生長過快、局部壞死致血管破裂出血有關(guān)。指南推薦:手術(shù)為胃間質(zhì)瘤的首選治療[13],早期完整切除腫瘤可明顯改善預(yù)后,才能治愈該疾病[14-15]。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率低(1%~4%)[16],無需行淋巴結(jié)清掃,據(jù)腫瘤部位及大小可采用局部切除、楔形切除、近端胃、遠端胃、全胃等術(shù)式[17]。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡臨床應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,具有創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點,在胃間質(zhì)瘤的治療中扮演越來越重要的角色[18]。本研究患者主要采用腹腔手術(shù)方式,以局部切除為主。危險度因素分析顯示:腫瘤的大小及核分裂數(shù)與NIH危險度級別有關(guān)(P < 0.05),與既往文獻報道一致[19],腫瘤越大、核分裂數(shù)越高,其危險度級別可能就越高。本組108例患者中直徑<5 cm、核分裂數(shù)≤5/50 HPF的患者,危險度級別較低,直徑≥5 cm及核分裂數(shù)高的,危險度級別明顯增高。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示:腫瘤大小、核分裂數(shù)及改良NIH危險度級別與預(yù)后有關(guān)(P < 0.05);多因素分析結(jié)果顯示:NIH危險度級別越高,患者預(yù)后越差。指南對于術(shù)后高危患者,推薦服用伊馬替尼口服治療3年,可明顯降低復(fù)發(fā)率及提高總體生存率[20]。本研究中,高?;颊叻盟幬镙o助治療的患者預(yù)后較好。
綜上所述,胃間質(zhì)瘤臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,手術(shù)是主要治療方法。NIH危險度級別與患者預(yù)后有關(guān),對于危險度分級別較高的患者建議密切隨訪并輔助靶向治療。
[參考文獻]
[1]? Connolly EM,Gaffney E,Reynolds JV. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours [J]. Br J Surg,2003,90(10):1178-1186.
[2]? Pisters PW,Blanke CD,von Mehren M,et al. A USA registry of gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients:changes in practice over time and differences between community and academic practices [J]. Ann Oncol,2011,22(11):2523-2529.
[3]? Soreide K,Sandvik OM,Soreide JA,et al. Global epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST):a systematic review of population-based cohort studies [J]. Cancer Epidemiol,2016,40:39-46.
[4]? Wang M,Xu J,Zhang Y,et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor:15-years′ experience in a single center [J]. BMC Surg,2014,14:93.
[5]? Blay JY,Shen L,Kang YK,et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (ENESTg1):a randomised phase 3 trial [J]. Lancet Oncol,2015,16(5):550-560.
[6]? Miettinen M,Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors [J]. Gastroenterol Clin North Am,2013,42(2):399-415.
[7]? Yamamoto H,Oda Y. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor:recent advances in pathology and genetics [J]. Pathol Int,2015, 65(1):9-18.
[8]? Joensuu H. Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor [J]. Hum Pathol,2008,39(10):1411-1419.
[9]? Mikami T,Nemoto Y,Numata Y,et al. Small gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach:identification of precursor for clinical gastrointestinal stromal tumor using c-kit and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression [J]. Hum Pathol,2013,44(12):2628-2635.
[10]? Almagharbi SA,F(xiàn)ayoumi YA,Abdel-Meguid TA,et al. Extragastrointestinal stromal tumor of prostate [J]. Urol Ann,2018,10(4):416-419.
[11]? Huang H,Liu YX,Zhan ZL,et al. Different sites and prognoses of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach:report of 187 cases [J]. World J Surg,2010,34(7):1523-1533.
[12]? Rammohan A,Sathyanesan J,Rajendran K,et al. A gist of gastrointestinal stromal tumors:a review [J]. World J Gastrointest Oncol,2013,5(6):102-112.
[13]? Joensuu H,Hohenberger P,Corless CL. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [J]. Lancet,2013,382(9896):973-983.
[14]? Akahoshi K,Oya M,Koga T,et al. Clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for gastric subepithelial lesions smaller than 2 cm [J]. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis,2014,23(4):405-412.
[15]? Usta TA,Karacan T,Naki MM,et al. Comparison of 3-dimensional versus 2-dimensional laparoscopic vision system in total laparoscopic hysterectomy:a retrospective study [J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2014,290(4):705-709.
[16]? Agaimy A,Wunsch PH. Lymph node metastasis in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) occurs preferentially in young patients ≤ 40 years:an overview based on our case material and the literature [J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg,2009,394(2):375-381.
[17]? Koga T,Hirayama Y,Yoshiya S,et al. Necessity for resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors ≤ 20 mm [J]. Anticancer Res,2015,35(4):2341-2344.
[18]? Chen K,Zhou YC,Mou YP,et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach [J]. Surg Endosc,2015,29(2):355-367.
[19]? Ucar AD,Oymaci E,Carti EB,et al. Characteristics of emergency gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) [J]. Hepatogastroenterology,2015,62(139):635-640.
[20]? Joensuu H,Eriksson M,Sundby Hall K,et al. One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor:a randomized trial [J]. JAMA,2012,307(12):1265-1272.