中醫(yī)的特色

林巍

原 文

[1] 在西方，說起中醫(yī)，人們不免會問其特色是什么。一種數(shù)千年的傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)，博大精深，應(yīng)該如何概括？

[2] 最突出的，是其生命理念——“天人合一”，即認(rèn)為整個自然是一個不可分割的整體，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人與大自然的關(guān)系。在某種意義上，人體是一個“小宇宙”，整個宇宙則是一個“大的人”。人體內(nèi)部自成一體，構(gòu)成五臟、六腑、經(jīng)絡(luò)、氣血等生理系統(tǒng)，在功能上相互協(xié)調(diào)、補(bǔ)充，在病理上則相互影響、印證。

譯 文

[1] In the West， when talking about Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）， people cannot help but ask what its characteristics are. For a medicine of thousand years tradition， how can its profundity be summarized？

[2] Most prominent is the “unity of man and nature”—the concept of life which lays much stress on the relations between man and nature. Considering the universe as an indivisible whole， the human body can be seen as a “microcosm” and the universe an “enlarged person.”Internally， the human body is also a perfect system， consisting of the sub-physiological systems of the five viscera， six hollow organs， meridians， qi and blood and so on. They complement and influence each other functionally and pathologically.

譯 注

[1]“博大精深”，形容“物”的可用extensive、broad、profound、profundity 等，如：“中國禪學(xué)博大精深”（The Chinese Buddhism is very extensive and profound.）；“中國的史詩是博大精深的”（Epic of China is broad and profound.）等。而形容“人”的則可用erudite、extensive knowledge、profound scholarship等，如：He was an erudite wit at the dinner table and， as the reader now sees， in his letters.（正如讀者所見，信中展現(xiàn)的他如同餐桌邊的他一樣，都是博學(xué)而風(fēng)趣的）；“她是個博學(xué)的人”（She is a lady of extensive knowledge and profound scholarship.）等。

[2]“在功能上相互協(xié)調(diào)、補(bǔ)充，在病理上則相互影響、印證”，若按字面翻譯不免冗贅，不妨將其簡化（“協(xié)調(diào)”“補(bǔ)充”為complement，“影響”“印證”為influence）、合并（將“功能上”“病理上”置后同為副詞functionally and pathologically，作狀語）。

原 文

[3] 在認(rèn)知方面，中醫(yī)是一種“象思維”，即不是從解剖實體認(rèn)識病因，而是以人體內(nèi)部所表現(xiàn)出的現(xiàn)象作為思維活動的信息依據(jù)，從宏觀屬性和器官相互關(guān)系層面把握人體的本質(zhì)和規(guī)律，通過比較，分析，判斷病因、病性、病位及邪正之間的影響，最后得出具有屬性意義的診斷。在這種理論指導(dǎo)下，中醫(yī)并不拘泥于微觀的物質(zhì)實體變化，如對于癌癥的治療，即使不依據(jù)CT、活檢等檢查，也可通過癥狀認(rèn)識病性，分清寒熱虛實，進(jìn)而辨證施治，達(dá)到不同程度的療效。

[4] 就治療主導(dǎo)而言，是以“人”為中心，而非以“病”為重點，強(qiáng)調(diào)人體自身的“扶正祛邪”，恢復(fù)機(jī)體陰陽平衡的狀態(tài)。中醫(yī)主張充分利用自然資源——在人體外，施加物理的、非對抗性的自然力量，如針刺、推拿等；

譯 文

[3] Cognitively， TCM is interior image thinking. Its attributive diagnoses are not based on etiology but on information about mental activities， grasping the essence and regularity of the human body from their grand aspects and internal relations. Guided by this theory， TCM is not confined to microscopic physical changes. For example， in the treatment of cancer， without relying on CT （computerized tomography）， biopsy and other tests， TCM achieves its medical efficacy through exploring the nature of the illness， differentiating concrete symptoms and healing through dialectical oppositions.

[4] The treatment of TCM is oriented not to diseases but to the person， focusing on “strengthening the bodys resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors” and restoring the bodys balance. In order to make full use of natural resources， TCM manipulates physical and non-confrontational natural forces， such as acupuncture and tuina （Chinese massage） on the

譯 注

[3]“象思維”是中醫(yī)特色詞，亦稱“取象比類”，除interior image thinking外，還可譯為imaginative thinking pattern等。該概念源于中醫(yī)的“臟象理論”，即人體以五臟為中心，以六腑相配合，以氣血精津液為物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，通過經(jīng)絡(luò)使臟與臟、臟與腑、腑與腑密切聯(lián)系，外連五官九竅、四肢百骸，構(gòu)成一個有機(jī)的整體。

[4]“扶正祛邪”字面意思為support right and dispel evil，其含義還可為 strengthening vital qi and dispelling pathogens、strengthening body resistance and eliminating evil、strengthening the body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors等；而在相關(guān)的中醫(yī)翻譯里，有時會有多種變通，如：“以扶正祛邪的方法治療腫瘤”（strengthening body resistance to eliminate or suppress pathogenic factors in the treatment of tumors）；“扶正祛邪法治療肝癌的實驗”（the experiment of strengthening body and dispelling pathogen therapy for hepatocarcinoma）等。

原 文

在人體內(nèi)，則采用植物、動物、礦物等天然藥食能源，取得綜合療效。同時，中醫(yī)的治療是高度個性化的，避免西醫(yī)的千人一法。

[5] 中醫(yī)在預(yù)防、養(yǎng)生上則更有特色，主要體現(xiàn)在“上醫(yī)治未病，中醫(yī)治已病，下醫(yī)治大病”的理念上。這對現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。

[6] 現(xiàn)代社會中競爭激烈，很多人處于亞健康狀態(tài)，極易產(chǎn)生不同程度的疲勞，進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)化為慢性疲勞綜合征，從而引發(fā)心血管病、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、精神疾病、肌肉骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病、生殖疾病、癌癥等多種現(xiàn)代疑難病，甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)過勞死。而傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)文化的藥膳、經(jīng)絡(luò)按摩、太極拳、靜養(yǎng)，甚至相關(guān)的養(yǎng)生音樂、養(yǎng)生書法等，都會極大促進(jìn)人的身心健康，預(yù)防疾病的發(fā)生。

譯 文

body， and adopts plants， animals and minerals as edible medicine to treat internal causes， so as to achieve comprehensive results. Therefore， TCM treatments are highly individualized rather than using the standardized patterns of Western Medicine.

[5] This individualization is even more characteristic when it comes to preventing sickness and preserving health. The idea that the “best medicine is set firstly for prevention， secondly for treatment and lastly for terminal illness” has profound implications for modern medicine.

[6] In modern society， confronting fierce competition， many people are in a sub-healthy state， such as experiencing various degrees of fatigue， which causes cardiovascular diseases， respiratory viruses， mental discomfort， musculoskeletal ailments， reproductive pathologies and cancers， and can even die of overwork. In this regard， medicine diet， meridian massage， Tai Chi， rest-cure， even health music and calligraphy can greatly improve peoples physical and mental health as well.

譯 注

[5]“上醫(yī)治未病”直譯為the superior medicine cures a disease before its onset；“中醫(yī)治已病”直譯為the second best medicine focuses on the diseases only；“下醫(yī)治大病”直譯為the poor medicine treats serious diseases。此處意譯，作了相應(yīng)變通。

[ 6 ]“藥膳”的譯法多樣，有medicine diet、medicinal food、herbal cuisine等，如：“冰糖蒸梨是清肺、化痰、止咳的中國傳統(tǒng)藥膳”（Stewed pear-rock-candy is a traditional Chinese medical diet for removing heat from the lung， dissolving phlegm and arresting cough.）；“藥膳廳是博物館獨具特色的組成部分”（Medicinal food hall is the component that museum has distinguishing feature alone.）；“國際營養(yǎng)藥膳論壇今年將在這里舉行”（International Herbal Cuisine Seminar will be held here this year.）等。