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      山楂抗心血管系統(tǒng)疾病的研究進(jìn)展

      2019-09-10 07:22:44吳瞻邑由璐劉素穩(wěn)常學(xué)東
      關(guān)鍵詞:藥理作用山楂

      吳瞻邑 由璐 劉素穩(wěn) 常學(xué)東

      摘?要:綜述了山楂對(duì)治療心血管系統(tǒng)疾病和保護(hù)心血管健康的研究進(jìn)展。

      關(guān)鍵詞:山楂;心血管系統(tǒng)疾病;藥理作用

      本文綜述了山楂對(duì)常見(jiàn)心血管系統(tǒng)疾病的作用和保護(hù)心血管健康的作用[1-10],為相關(guān)研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

      1?心率失常

      心房顫動(dòng)(AF)是普遍的心律失常,發(fā)病率持續(xù)上升與AF相關(guān)的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥是中風(fēng)、血栓栓塞和心肌病。AF影響生活質(zhì)量,也會(huì)引起抑郁和焦慮[11-12]。目前的治療策略包括速率控制和節(jié)律控制以及口服抗凝治療以減輕中風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。抗心律失常藥物或?qū)Ч芟诳梢栽贏F中實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)律控制。房顫的復(fù)發(fā)和藥物的不良影響是房顫治療的主要限制。山楂的花、葉和漿果的提取物長(zhǎng)期用于治療心血管疾?。–VD)。該植物的提取物含有對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮各種作用的藥理活性類黃酮和原花青素。它們通過(guò)抑制延遲和內(nèi)向整流鉀電流來(lái)延長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作電位持續(xù)時(shí)間,從而引起負(fù)變時(shí)效應(yīng)。另外,還被認(rèn)為具有抑制β-腎上腺素能的作用。它還具有通過(guò)抑制Na-K ATP酶活性和磷酸二酯酶產(chǎn)生的正離子作用。山楂的水醇提取物大部分被用作心力衰竭治療的補(bǔ)充療法。該化合物最常研究的制劑是WS 1442和LI 132。使用這種化合物導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的改善,并降低心力衰竭患者的死亡率。雖然它具有ⅲ類抗心律失常性質(zhì),但其在房性心律失常治療中的應(yīng)用尚未得到系統(tǒng)評(píng)估。此外,它抑制凝血惡烷A2的生物合成,從而增加抗血小板藥物的抗血栓形成作用并增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)其對(duì)P-糖蛋白功能的影響,存在與洋地黃相互作用的一些擔(dān)憂。但是,在一項(xiàng)大型回顧性研究中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)它與其他任何藥物發(fā)生重大相互作用的證據(jù)。盡管它有潛在的好處,但是缺乏臨床研究來(lái)評(píng)估其在AF中的使用,因此當(dāng)下還不能用于AF的治療。由于其具有抑制凝血惡烷A2的潛力,如果伴隨使用抗血小板藥和抗凝血?jiǎng)瑒t應(yīng)注意使用該制劑[13]。

      2?脂質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)和抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化作用

      據(jù)報(bào)道,即使降低1%的血清膽固醇水平也可能會(huì)使冠心病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低3%。因此,降低血清膽固醇水平是預(yù)防CVD的有效手段之一。此外,山楂也是一種著名的中藥,通常用于改善消化。另外,在過(guò)去幾十年中,山楂因其在治療CVD中的活性而受到更多的關(guān)注,包括降低血漿膽固醇和三?;视蜐舛?、改善心臟功能、擴(kuò)張血管和治療心律失常[14]。一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查山楂果實(shí)化合物(HFC,包括山楂和獼猴桃提取物)在apoE?-/- 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化小鼠中的降血脂作用具有很好的效果。

      研究表明,HFC降低了甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)/血清總膽固醇(TC)的比例。此外,LDL-C的降低比在辛伐他汀[6mg/(kg·d)]更明顯,表明可以考慮用于治療高脂血癥和預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。類似地,山楂果膠五寡糖(HPPS)抑制體重增加,降低血清TG水平,增加糞便脂質(zhì)排泄,上調(diào)過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體α(PPAR-a)的基因和蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá),增強(qiáng)肝脂肪酸氧化-?;o酶A氧化酶、肉堿棕櫚酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶I、3-酮?;o酶A硫解酶和2,4-二烯酰輔酶A還原酶的相關(guān)酶活性分別在高脂血癥小鼠的肝臟中分別增加了53.8%、74.2%、47.1%、24.2%[15]。

      研究表明,山楂降低動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變、TC和TG的水平,降低肝脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)mRNA的水平為42%和23%,增加總抗氧化能量(T-AOC)、SOD和GSH-Px活性,以及增強(qiáng)了食用山楂果實(shí)的小鼠肝臟中抗氧化酶SOD1、SOD2,谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶-3(Gpx3)的mRNA表達(dá)水平[16]。另一項(xiàng)研究表明,山楂水提物通過(guò)改善脂質(zhì)代謝,影響了炎癥細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)和保護(hù)內(nèi)皮,抑制食用高脂食物喂養(yǎng)大鼠的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展。結(jié)果表明,山楂水提物可以較好地抑制動(dòng)脈病變。還發(fā)現(xiàn)提取物的主要成分為綠原酸、原花青素B2、(-)-表兒茶素、蘆丁和異槲皮素[17]。同時(shí),動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素。關(guān)于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)病機(jī)理有很多理論,其中之一是異常的膽固醇水平[18]。70%乙醇提取的黃酮可明顯降低高脂肪/膽固醇兔和大鼠模型中TC、TG和LDL-C的血清水平,表明其用于治療動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[19]。

      研究表明,山楂的主要抗高脂血癥成分是金絲桃苷和熊果酸。分別在75%卵黃和Triton-WR 1339 400mg/kg的小鼠中建立了兩種高脂血癥動(dòng)物模型。給予動(dòng)物以兩種劑量從山楂中提取的金絲桃苷或熊果酸。測(cè)量血清中總膽固醇(TCH)、TG、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。與對(duì)照組相比,所有給藥組的TCH水平均顯著降低,而HDL和SOD活性升高;總膽固醇/高密度脂蛋白(TC/HDL)的比例也降低。這種作用可以減輕高脂血癥中氧自由基(OFR)誘導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)皮的損傷,從而預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[20-21]??傮w來(lái)說(shuō),黃酮類化合物具有顯著的抗高脂血癥作用,增強(qiáng)高脂血癥模型大鼠的血管功能,其機(jī)制可能與血清中一氧化氮(NO)水平升高和內(nèi)皮素(ET)合成減少有關(guān)[22-23]。

      3?抗慢性心力衰竭

      中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,心力衰竭的根本問(wèn)題是長(zhǎng)久的心氣虛弱,導(dǎo)致心臟變得太弱,無(wú)法移動(dòng)血液和運(yùn)輸液體,導(dǎo)致血液“淤滯”和過(guò)多的液體滯留[24]。慢性心力衰竭是嚴(yán)重的進(jìn)行性的心血管病變。山楂的提取物被用作輔助治療?;谄湔约×Α⒖剐穆墒С?、血管擴(kuò)張和心臟保護(hù)作用[25-26]的研究,山楂的療效在各種臨床試驗(yàn)中得到證實(shí)[27]。在許多臨床試驗(yàn)中,確定了山楂提取物對(duì)于定義為NYHA功能II類的慢性心力衰竭患者的治療有效,沒(méi)有觀察到嚴(yán)重的副作用。慢性心力衰竭的各種癥狀之一是外周水腫。這種癥狀不僅是由于心臟預(yù)壓增加而導(dǎo)致的改變靜水壓力,而且也是由于內(nèi)皮屏障功能障礙的炎癥相關(guān)的發(fā)生引起的。

      在另一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中,山楂提取物WS 1442是將具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化為18.75%低聚原花青素(OPC)的花的山楂葉(干提取率=4~6.6∶1,提取溶劑:乙醇45%)的提取物可有效治療慢性穩(wěn)定紐約心臟協(xié)會(huì)III級(jí)心力衰竭患者。WS 1442治療效果最重要的成分是OPC。山楂能夠調(diào)節(jié)和改善心血管系統(tǒng)的作用,因?yàn)樗鰪?qiáng)了心肌收縮力和擴(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈,減輕了心律、心肌耗氧量和外周阻力。冠狀動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張的機(jī)制與β-腎上腺素能受體有關(guān)。由于其在藥理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中的良好測(cè)試結(jié)果,山楂的類黃酮可能是用于慢性心力衰竭的新的替代植物藥物[28]。

      4?抗高血壓作用

      高血壓是缺血性心臟病、腎臟疾病和腦血管意外的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[29]。雖然遺傳和環(huán)境因素有利于這種復(fù)雜的疾病,但過(guò)量的活性氧已經(jīng)成為中樞共同的途徑,不同的影響可能就會(huì)引起和加劇高血壓。高血壓的治療對(duì)于醫(yī)療保健專業(yè)人員來(lái)說(shuō)是一項(xiàng)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作[30],山楂是具有一定希望的藥用植物之一[31]。高血壓主要使用各種合成藥物治療,包括血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑、血管緊張素Ⅱ受體阻斷劑、鈣通道阻滯劑和β-腎上腺素能受體拮抗劑。然而,高血壓患者對(duì)使用草藥控制血壓的興趣一直很高漲[32]。山楂已被證明可以降低大鼠L-NAME誘發(fā)的高血壓[33]、正常血壓大鼠[34]、放松的血壓預(yù)收縮大鼠主動(dòng)脈[35-36]、腸系膜動(dòng)脈[37-39]、豬冠狀動(dòng)脈[26]和人乳腺內(nèi)動(dòng)脈環(huán)[38,40]的血壓。有研究表明,通過(guò)增加血管平滑肌中的細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣,降低NO和前列環(huán)素的生物利用度,并且增加中樞交感神經(jīng)流出,氧化應(yīng)激有助于高血壓的病理生理[29]。本研究表明,提取物增加了內(nèi)皮衍生的NO,如通過(guò)增加內(nèi)皮依賴性乙酰膽堿的松弛所表明的。因此,提取物的降壓作用可能部分歸因于氧化應(yīng)激的降低,這可能導(dǎo)致NO的生物利用度增加。山楂物種的血壓降低或血管舒張作用歸因于NO釋放增加,氧化應(yīng)激和促炎細(xì)胞因子減少。另一個(gè)研究表明,山楂的提取物可以在小鼠、兔和貓中緩慢降低血壓,其機(jī)制與擴(kuò)張的外周血管有關(guān),活性成分是黃烷醇二聚體或多聚體。關(guān)于復(fù)合高血壓和高脂血癥大鼠,以1.5、2.25g/(kg·d)的劑量提取的山楂提取物可以維持大鼠的血壓[41]。

      5?抗心肌缺血和再灌注損傷作用

      缺血性中風(fēng)是全球死亡和殘疾的主要原因,特別是發(fā)展中國(guó)家[42],目前,最有效的治療策略是立即恢復(fù)腦血流量。然而,當(dāng)血液供應(yīng)恢復(fù)時(shí),再灌注可能會(huì)損傷大腦,導(dǎo)致臨床結(jié)果不良和一系列病理生理事件,如炎癥、細(xì)胞凋亡、氧化應(yīng)激、谷氨酸興奮毒素、鈣超載和線粒體功能障礙[43-46]。雖然溶栓劑用于治療臨床上的缺血性中風(fēng),但其狹窄的治療窗口和其他安全問(wèn)題限制了其應(yīng)用。因此,探索預(yù)防和治療缺血性中風(fēng)至關(guān)重要。從山楂葉中分離出的總黃酮能夠降低心律失常的程度,并減少由于局部缺血和缺氧引起的心臟細(xì)胞損傷后乳酸脫氫酶的突發(fā)大小。此外,總黃酮能夠增強(qiáng)內(nèi)源性氧氣清除系統(tǒng),減少脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化,顯示它對(duì)減輕心肌缺血有影響[47]。

      6?保護(hù)心血管健康

      山楂提取物已被用于心血管健康的營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)救劑,主要是由于其表現(xiàn)出抗炎、抗氧化、變力和冠狀血管擴(kuò)張劑的作用[48]。因此,這些提取物可以改善內(nèi)皮功能障礙和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)疾病[49]。心血管保護(hù)作用歸因于山楂黃酮類化合物,提取物實(shí)際上富含低聚原花青素,在干葉提取物中的含量達(dá)到17.3%~20.1%[50-51]。此外,山楂提取物WS 1442已經(jīng)顯示通過(guò)抑制肌質(zhì)/內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Ca?2+?ATP酶(SERCA)和激活1,4,5-三磷酸(IP3)途徑來(lái)增加內(nèi)皮鈣水平,防止凝血酶誘導(dǎo)的血管屏障功能障礙和隨后的水腫形成[52]。許多臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證明,山楂提取物可以是治療NYHA功能Ⅱ類充血性心臟衰竭的有用工具。它也似乎能夠改善脂質(zhì)代謝[53]。山楂提取物的推薦日劑量為160~900mg(相當(dāng)于30~169mg表兒茶素或3.5~19.8mg類黃酮),必須服用兩劑或三劑以達(dá)到治療效果。在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)的科克倫薈萃分析中得出,與安慰劑相比,山楂治療對(duì)最大工作量[WMD(Watt)5.35,95%CI 0.71~10.00,P<0.02,n=380]的生理結(jié)果,運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量[WMD(Watt x min)122.76,95%CI 32.74~212.78,n=98]和壓力心率產(chǎn)物,心臟氧消耗指數(shù)[WMD(mmHg/min)-19.22,95%CI-30.46~7.98,n=264]更有益。此外,氣短和疲勞也得到改善(WMD-5.47,95%CI-8.68~2.26,n=239)[54]。

      這些結(jié)果通過(guò)對(duì)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)的進(jìn)一步薈萃分析進(jìn)行了證實(shí),該評(píng)估用了量化的山楂提取物或安慰劑治療的600多位患者的數(shù)據(jù),活性組的受試者顯示生理結(jié)果參數(shù)的改善,特別是在最大工作量(MWL),左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)和壓力心率產(chǎn)品增(PHRPI)在50W萬(wàn)能運(yùn)動(dòng)。此外,LVEF的結(jié)果與基線無(wú)關(guān),而MWL和PHRPI顯示與基線嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。心臟衰竭患者的典型癥狀如減少運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力、勞累性呼吸困難、虛弱、疲勞和心悸,隨著積極治療和基線癥狀更嚴(yán)重的受試者,其改善情況更多[55]。副作用報(bào)告輕度、短暫、不常見(jiàn),它們包括輕度皮疹、頭痛、出汗、頭暈和胃腸道癥狀。

      7?結(jié)論

      長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),山楂一直用于治療CVD、消化不良、感染和癌癥。黃酮被認(rèn)為是其主要的生物活性成分,但沒(méi)有關(guān)于山楂的毒性和安全性的足夠的系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù),因此,應(yīng)更多地研究山楂的毒性和藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)。雖然許多實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了,當(dāng)山楂單獨(dú)使用時(shí),可以顯示出顯著的藥理作用,但重要的是根據(jù)疾病病理生理學(xué)的現(xiàn)代概念調(diào)查與其他草藥結(jié)合的針茅的藥理作用和分子機(jī)制。此外,藥物靶向指導(dǎo)和生物活性指導(dǎo)的化學(xué)成分的分離和純化以及隨后的藥理作用評(píng)估將促進(jìn)山楂生物活性成分的發(fā)展。詳細(xì)調(diào)查藥理學(xué)、作用分子機(jī)制和系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)將有助于確定哪些成分有助于其藥理作用及開(kāi)發(fā)利用。◇

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      Research Advancements on Effects of Hawthorn Against Cardiovascular System Diseases

      WU Zhan-yi,YOU Lu,LIU Su-wen,CHANG Xue-dong

      (Department of Food Engineering,Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology,Qinhuangdao 066604,China)

      Abstract:Research advancements of effects of hawthorn on the treatment and the prevention of cardiovascular disease care were reviewed.

      Keywords:hawthorn;cardiovascular system disease;pharmacological effect

      (責(zé)任編輯?李婷婷)

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