潘華云
摘?要:以人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材必修3 Unit 5 “A Trip on ‘The True North’”的教學(xué)為例,從文本內(nèi)容(What問(wèn)題)、寫作意圖(Why問(wèn)題)和文體特征(How問(wèn)題)三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行文本解讀,實(shí)施深度閱讀。即從創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境、激活已知、熟悉話題,到讀標(biāo)題、看插圖、預(yù)測(cè)主題,到快速瀏覽、獲取大意、繪制路徑圖,到提取信息、內(nèi)化語(yǔ)言、形成概念圖,到表達(dá)感受、比較異同、做出選擇,到合理質(zhì)疑、互動(dòng)交流、遷移創(chuàng)新,再到反思內(nèi)省、回歸生活、鞏固運(yùn)用,在這一系列過(guò)程中探討如何基于核心素養(yǎng)在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中設(shè)計(jì)文本解讀活動(dòng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:高中英語(yǔ);閱讀教學(xué);文本解讀;教學(xué)課例
引言
教師對(duì)文本的解讀是閱讀教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),有效進(jìn)行閱讀教學(xué)的前提在于關(guān)注“教學(xué)文本的解讀”。提高文本解讀能力是提高課堂教學(xué)實(shí)效和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。因此,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)從多角度充分分析和解讀文本,在文本解讀的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)提問(wèn)等創(chuàng)設(shè)的教學(xué)活動(dòng)激勵(lì)學(xué)生了解背景知識(shí)、創(chuàng)設(shè)主題語(yǔ)境,層層遞進(jìn)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解和分析文本,啟發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容與價(jià)值的深層思考,從而有效地傳遞文本價(jià)值。
一、文本解讀在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中的重要性
語(yǔ)篇是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的主要載體。教師應(yīng)該在教學(xué)中有意識(shí)地滲透有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇的基本知識(shí),幫助學(xué)生形成語(yǔ)篇意識(shí),把握語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),從而提高理解語(yǔ)篇意義的能力,充分利用語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)更加有效地獲取或傳遞信息,表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,達(dá)到運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言與他人溝通和交流的目的。教師文本解讀的水平?jīng)Q定著教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的效果,也直接影響著學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)、認(rèn)知發(fā)展的維度、情感參與的深度和學(xué)習(xí)成效的高度。因此提高文本解讀能力是教師基于語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)科素養(yǎng),提高課堂教學(xué)時(shí)效和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》強(qiáng)調(diào),語(yǔ)篇是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)資源。語(yǔ)篇賦予語(yǔ)言以主題、情景和內(nèi)容,并以其特有的內(nèi)在邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)、問(wèn)題特征和語(yǔ)言形式來(lái)組織和呈現(xiàn)信息,為主題意義的表達(dá)服務(wù)。因此,深入研讀語(yǔ)篇、把握主題意義、挖掘文化價(jià)值、分析文本特征和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及其與主題意義的關(guān)聯(lián),對(duì)教師做好教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)有重要意義,是教師落實(shí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)目標(biāo),創(chuàng)設(shè)合理學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的重要前提。
二、通過(guò)文本解讀實(shí)現(xiàn)深度閱讀的教學(xué)實(shí)踐
(一)文本分析
[What]“A Trip on ‘The True North’”是一篇游記,介紹了兩姐妹乘火車從溫哥華自西向東橫跨加拿大到大西洋沿岸的旅行。文章按照旅行的時(shí)間順序和自西向東的方位順序,依次介紹了沿途經(jīng)過(guò)的主要城市和地區(qū),包括溫哥華(Vancouver)、落基山脈(the Rocky Mountains)、卡爾加里(Calgary)、桑德貝(Thunder Bay)、五大湖(the Great Lakes)、多倫多(Toronto)等,并以每個(gè)地點(diǎn)為依托,通過(guò)兩姐妹的所見(jiàn)和感悟,以及同行人Danny Lin的講述,介紹了加拿大的自然和人文地理概況,包括人口數(shù)量、國(guó)土面積、農(nóng)業(yè)種植、氣候特點(diǎn)、體育活動(dòng)、特有動(dòng)物、城鄉(xiāng)差異、淡水資源和森林資源等。文中包含了豐富多樣的加拿大自然和人文信息,以及旅行者的內(nèi)心感受。
[Why]從中國(guó)學(xué)生的角度以游記的形式介紹加拿大概況。
[How]該文是一篇典型的游記,其明線是按照時(shí)間、路線、見(jiàn)聞、感受的線索展開(kāi),通過(guò)兩姐妹在加拿大的親身經(jīng)歷及朋友介紹,呈現(xiàn)了這次旅行;暗線則是對(duì)加拿大的主要地理概況(城市、人口、自然資源等)、著名景點(diǎn)、氣候以及風(fēng)土人情等進(jìn)行介紹,使讀者了解加拿大的地理、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、農(nóng)業(yè)、體育、人口、交通等方面的主要概況。
該文以時(shí)間順序展開(kāi),細(xì)節(jié)信息比較分散,只有通過(guò)分層整合時(shí)間、路線、見(jiàn)聞和感受等相關(guān)信息,才能在零散的信息之間建立起關(guān)聯(lián),也才能在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步提煉和整合加拿大國(guó)家概況,構(gòu)建相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí),為比較中加兩國(guó)概況、在新語(yǔ)境中運(yùn)用所學(xué)內(nèi)容和實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新表達(dá)創(chuàng)造條件。
(二)深度研讀文本的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)與設(shè)計(jì)意圖分析
Step 1:創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,激活已知,熟悉話題
(1)視頻熱身
教師播放視頻,讓學(xué)生用一些形容詞說(shuō)說(shuō)對(duì)視頻中國(guó)家的第一印象。
T:What's your first impression of Canada? Can you use some adjectives to describe it?
(2)問(wèn)題導(dǎo)入
教師設(shè)計(jì)9個(gè)小問(wèn)題測(cè)試學(xué)生,了解學(xué)生對(duì)加拿大一些基本情況的熟悉程度,以此導(dǎo)入到本課的課題。
T:How much do you know about Canada? Let's take a test.Are you ready?
①Canada is thelargest country in the world.
②What is the capital of Canada?
③Which is the national flag of Canada?
④What language(s) is(are) officially spoken in ?Canada??
⑤What is the national animal of Canada?
⑥Which is the national flower of Canada?
⑦What is the Canadian leader called?
⑧How many “Great Lakes” are there in Canada and what are they?
⑨Which song is the national anthem of Canada?
(3)揭題
教師從測(cè)試中的最后一題的國(guó)歌歌詞引出“The True North”,其在國(guó)歌中指的是加拿大。讓學(xué)生思考標(biāo)題中的“The True North”是否也是指加拿大,并且分析標(biāo)題中的介詞。
T:Let's look at the words of“O Canada”. What does “The True North” refer to?
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】由于班上學(xué)生并不熟悉加拿大,教師通過(guò)視頻播放介紹可以讓學(xué)生對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家有更直觀的感覺(jué),另外,測(cè)試及揭題環(huán)節(jié)可以讓學(xué)生從不同方面對(duì)加拿大進(jìn)行了解。
Step 2:讀標(biāo)題,看插圖,預(yù)測(cè)主題
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生細(xì)讀標(biāo)題,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注 “The True North” 和 “Trip”,再看文本中的插圖(如圖1),預(yù)測(cè)文本內(nèi)容。師生對(duì)話如下:
T:Please read the title and look at the picture. What do you think “The True North” refers to?
S1:Maybe a place that is in the North Pole.
T:Do you agree?
S2:No. If it is a place, here IN should be used instead of ON.
T:You are so careful. So what on earth does “The True North” refer to? We will read to find out. Now, focus your attention on “Trip” . What do you think the writer will talk about in this article?
S3:I guess maybe means of transportation, attractions, the food, local customs and some feelings.
T:Yes. Generally, the writer will mention who, why, how, when, where, what, feelings and so on. Now please read the article fast to search for such information.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】標(biāo)題通常是文本內(nèi)容的聚焦點(diǎn)。從標(biāo)題入手,觀察標(biāo)題與文本內(nèi)容之間的必要聯(lián)系,從而提取與文本內(nèi)容相關(guān)的線索,使文章主線浮出水面。文本中的插圖或者圖表往往能第一時(shí)間抓住讀者的眼球,增加讀者閱讀文本的興趣。它們不僅僅向?qū)W生提供了簡(jiǎn)單明了的信息,激發(fā)學(xué)生頭腦中原有的信息,也有效地把高難度的文本信息轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)生易接受的圖片信息,幫助學(xué)生理解。本課例中教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)標(biāo)題和配圖,猜測(cè)文章主題,預(yù)設(shè)閱讀目標(biāo),激發(fā)好奇心,通過(guò)下面的閱讀查找文章主題和“The True North”的真正含義,驗(yàn)證預(yù)測(cè)。這種有目的、有計(jì)劃的觀察閱讀活動(dòng)是提升學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的重要途徑。
Step 3:快速瀏覽,獲取大意,繪制路徑圖
學(xué)生在預(yù)測(cè)之后,帶著好奇心和問(wèn)題快速瀏覽全文,查找需要的信息。任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)如下:
Task 1:To find out what “The True North ”refers to and see whether your predictions are right.
Task 2:To fill in the chart below.
Brief Introduction About the Trip
Who and her cousin
Whyto
Where (destination)
How (transportation)first by?,
then by
Task 3:To work in groups to draw a simple travel route (旅行路線) of the two girls, then present it on the blackboard.
學(xué)生完成上面的任務(wù)后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)這樣的旅行計(jì)劃發(fā)表看法和感想,師生對(duì)話如下:
T:From the travel route, obviously they are having a trip from west to east across the whole continent by train. What do you think of this trip?
S1:It must be very fascinating.
S2:It must be a tiring journey though interesting.
T:I can't agree more. But how did they feel before the trip according to the article?
S3:Excited.
T:Exactly.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】通過(guò)快速閱讀驗(yàn)證上一步預(yù)測(cè)的正確性。然后分組繪制出文中主人公的加拿大旅行路線圖。之后,教師與學(xué)生一起在黑板上完成簡(jiǎn)易路線圖。繼而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生了解主人公對(duì)一次長(zhǎng)距離的異國(guó)之旅的感受并發(fā)表自己的感受。學(xué)生通過(guò)獲取、梳理有關(guān)加拿大之旅的事實(shí)性信息,分組合作繪制旅行路線圖,并發(fā)表自己的感受,在參與語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)的過(guò)程中,培養(yǎng)了語(yǔ)言能力,提升了思維品質(zhì)。
Step 4:提取信息,內(nèi)化語(yǔ)言,形成概念圖
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以旅行路線為主線,品讀文章,獲取旅行途中的見(jiàn)聞,猜測(cè)她們的旅行感受,并對(duì)獲取到的信息進(jìn)行歸納、總結(jié)與評(píng)價(jià)。具體任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)如下:
Task 1:To read Paragraph 2 for information about Canada and Vancouver.First answer the question and then fill in the chart below.
T:What can they see during the journey?
Ss:Mountains, lakes, forests, wide rivers, large cities.
Vancouver (Para.2)
Location
Climate
Entertainment
Scenery
師生對(duì)話如下:
T:According to the information you have just got, what kind of country do you think Canada is?
Ss:Big, beautiful—
T:Yes. Actually it is the 2nd largest country in the world with various beautiful scenery. Then what do you think of Vancouver?
S1:It is a charming city.
S2:I think it is a paradise for tourists, which is my dream city.
T:I agree with you. And that is why the population is increasing year by year. Vancouver is their first stop.Can you guess their feelings here?
Ss:Happy, worthwhile, fascinated, hopeful—
T:I feel so too. Let's continue to read.
Task 2:To read Paragraph 3 for information about the Rocky Mountains and Calgary.
Q1:What did they see while crossing the Rocky Mountains?
Q2:What is Calgary famous for?
Q3:How did they feel about traveling here?
師生對(duì)話如下:
T:After reading this part, can you find out what they saw while crossing the Rocky Mountains?
Ss:They caught sight of goats, a grizzly bear and an eagle.
T:Was it easy for them to catch sight of them?
Ss:No. They managed to see them.
T:Yes. To manage to do something means to try hard to do something successfully. Can you guess their ?emotions??here?
S1:They were attracted by the wonderful scenery.
S2:They felt amazed.
T:Yes, I think they were overwhelmed by such breathtaking views. And what is Calgary famous for?
Ss:The Calgary Stampede.
T:What is it about?
Ss:Cowboys having a gift for riding wild horses compete in Stampede to win much money in prizes.
T:Do you think horse?riding is as popular in China as in Canada?
Ss:No.
T:So can you guess the girls'?feelings here?
Ss:They must be curious.
T:I think your guess is reasonable. Now let's continue to read more.
Task 3:To read Paragraph 4 for information about Thunder Bay and fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph below.
Thunder Bay is acity.
Where is Thunder Bay?
It is at the top of the.
Canada has the world's total fresh water, and much of it is in.
師生對(duì)話如下:
T:How did the girls feel while traveling here?
Ss:Amazed and surprised.
T:You got it. What did they feel amazed at?
Ss:Such an empty country.
T:Right. And why did they feel surprised?
Ss:They were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
T:Yeah. What is the fact?
Ss:The fact is that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
T:Exactly.
Task 4:To read Paragraph 5 and predict what will be talked about next.
師生對(duì)話如下:
T:So what do you think will be talked about next?
Ss:Their experience in Toronto.
T:Why do you think so?
S1:From the last sentence “… southward towards Toronto.”
T:Yeah. That is an important clue. So far, we have finished reading their experience in the trip. Do you think they had a wonderful trip?
Ss:Yes.
T:From their emotions we have got (fascinated, hopeful, attracted, overwhelmed…), we can see they had a wonderful trip.
Task 5:After reading the whole passage, use the information you have got to finish the structure below ?(圖2) ?about Canada.
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生細(xì)讀文章,獲取旅行中幾個(gè)主要地方的事實(shí)性信息(風(fēng)景特征、氣候特點(diǎn)、文化、旅行者的感受等),對(duì)所獲取的信息進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,推測(cè)文章未提到的旅行者的感受,在此基礎(chǔ)上歸納、總結(jié)有關(guān)加拿大的概況和特點(diǎn),形成對(duì)加拿大的結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí)(地理、人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、交通等)。學(xué)生在與老師和同學(xué)的對(duì)話中,通過(guò)推測(cè)、分析、比較、歸納、總結(jié)等提升了思維品質(zhì)。
Step 5:表達(dá)感受,比較異同,做出選擇
了解了旅行者的見(jiàn)聞與感受之后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生針對(duì)文中提到的四個(gè)主要地方(圖3),發(fā)表自己的見(jiàn)解和感受,并做出選擇:If someday you have a chance to go to Canada, where will you go? Why?
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】這一步是基于文本的控制性語(yǔ)言輸出活動(dòng)。在獲取旅行途中主人公的見(jiàn)聞與感受后,先要求學(xué)生談?wù)勛约旱母惺?,然后在分析、比較、內(nèi)化的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合自身的愛(ài)好選擇自己喜歡的旅游城市(景點(diǎn))向全班介紹,進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言輸出。在完成任務(wù)的過(guò)程中,學(xué)生在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境中運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言介紹自己最喜歡的城市(景點(diǎn)),既提高了語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力,也培養(yǎng)了思維品質(zhì)。
Step 6:合理質(zhì)疑,互動(dòng)交流,遷移創(chuàng)新
Task 1:教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生重新審視旅行者旅行計(jì)劃的合理性,并提出更合理的建議:
Do you like their travel plan (means of transportation, traveling route, destinations and so on)? Do you have better choices?
Task 2:在討論文中旅行者旅行計(jì)劃合理性的基礎(chǔ)上,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生制訂一份簡(jiǎn)易的旅行計(jì)劃,包括去哪兒、怎么去等方面:Two of my Canadian pen pals are coming for a visit in China. Work in groups to make a ?3?day??travel plan for them.
Consider the following aspects:Where to go? How to go? What to visit? What to take? You may choose from the following places of interest in China(圖4).
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生重新審視主人公旅行計(jì)劃的合理性,并提出更加合理的建議,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維能力。在此基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)生以小組為單位,為加拿大的筆友制訂一份來(lái)中國(guó)的旅行計(jì)劃。這一設(shè)計(jì)在合作中提升了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力,在選擇中國(guó)旅游景點(diǎn)的過(guò)程中也培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的家國(guó)情懷。
Step 7:反思內(nèi)省,回歸生活,鞏固運(yùn)用 (布置作業(yè))
Task 1:Improve your 3?day travel plan for my pen pals and send it to me at Phy24169988@163.com.
Task 2:Write a short passage about one of your trips, trying to use words and phrases or sentence patterns we have learned in this passage. Your writing should include the following aspects:
1.Why did you take the trip?
2.Who did you go with and who did you meet?
3.Where did you go?
4.What did you experience? (see, do, feel…)
【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】Task 1旨在讓不同小組分享、交流他們制訂的旅行計(jì)劃之后,學(xué)生重新反思自己旅行計(jì)劃的合理性,并對(duì)自己的旅行計(jì)劃進(jìn)行自覺(jué)修正和完善;Task 2旨在讓學(xué)生根據(jù)本課所學(xué)的關(guān)于游記類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和一般要素,用閱讀中學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)句描述自己的一次旅行,回歸生活,滿足其個(gè)性化的需要。
結(jié)束語(yǔ):
通過(guò)文本研讀,教師不僅讓學(xué)生對(duì)文中兩位中國(guó)學(xué)生的加拿大之旅和文章的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)有了清晰的了解,還讓學(xué)生對(duì)文本的深層意義——加拿大概況和文化——有了準(zhǔn)確的把握。同時(shí),教師還分析了文體類型、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí),為組織學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容、設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)、達(dá)成學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)奠定了必要的基礎(chǔ)。
由此看出,教師只有在深入解讀文本的基礎(chǔ)上,才能把握住文本的主題,梳理出學(xué)生需要學(xué)習(xí)的主要內(nèi)容,幫助學(xué)生挖掘文化內(nèi)涵,使學(xué)生構(gòu)建對(duì)加拿大國(guó)家的整體認(rèn)知,從而能運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)創(chuàng)造性地介紹加拿大國(guó)家概況和文化特征,為比較中加文化和概況奠定語(yǔ)言、思維和文化的基礎(chǔ)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[3]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2018.
[4]李慧敏.英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中的主線設(shè)計(jì)的六個(gè)關(guān)注點(diǎn):一堂研究課的啟示[J].英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)(教師版),2017(3):36—39.