陳傳光
要點(diǎn)梳理
賓語(yǔ)從句是一種名詞性從句,指在復(fù)合句中作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞及某些形容詞(如glad、sorry、sure、happy、afraid等)的賓語(yǔ)的分句。
要學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句,必須注意下列幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
一、賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
1.that:陳述句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用that連接。that無(wú)詞意,不作句子成分,常可省略。例如:
The old man felt (that) he could hardly breathe. 這位老人感覺(jué)自己幾乎不能呼吸。
2.whether / if:一般疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用whether / if連接。whether / if無(wú)詞意,不作句子成分,但不可以省略。例如:
The tiger asked the mousedeer if he could wear the belt. 老虎問(wèn)鼷鹿他能不能系上腰帶。
Do you know whether she has seen him or not? 你知道她是否見(jiàn)過(guò)他嗎?
3.who、what、which、whose、when、where、
why、how:特殊疑問(wèn)句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用疑問(wèn)詞作連接詞,從句用陳述句式。連接代詞(副詞)有詞意,作從句的句子成分,不可以省略。例如:
He asked me when Helen was born. 他問(wèn)我海倫是什么時(shí)候出生的。
Can you tell me what she is doing? 你能告訴我她在做什么嗎?
二、賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
1.陳述句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用連接詞that連接,that可省略。語(yǔ)序不變,即仍用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:
I hear (that) he has learned English before. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他以前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)。
2.一般疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用連接詞whether / if連接, 語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。例如:
Can you tell me if Uncle Li lives here? 你能告訴我李叔叔是否住在這里?
3.特殊疑問(wèn)句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),疑問(wèn)詞變?yōu)檫B接詞,連接詞之后用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:
Tell me what they look like. 告訴我他們長(zhǎng)什么樣。
三、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)通常由主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)確定。
1.當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或主句是祈使句時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用實(shí)際需要的時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
Do you know where our Chinese teacher is? 你知道我們的語(yǔ)文老師在哪里嗎?
He will tell us that he has been able to look after himself. 他會(huì)告訴我們他已經(jīng)能夠照顧好自己了。
2.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用含有“過(guò)去”概念的四種時(shí)態(tài)中的一種(即用表示過(guò)去的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài))。例如:
I knew he preferred dancing. 我知道他更喜歡跳舞。
Tom said he had listened to the music. 湯姆說(shuō)他聽(tīng)過(guò)這個(gè)音樂(lè)。
3.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理或引用格言、諺語(yǔ)時(shí),不論主句用什么時(shí)態(tài),從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說(shuō)光比聲音傳播得更快。
She said that two heads are better than one. 她說(shuō)三個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮。
四、賓語(yǔ)從句的否定前移
當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)為think、guess、suppose、believe等動(dòng)詞且主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),從句若表示否定,一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語(yǔ)之前。例如:
I dont think that he will come this evening. 我想他今晚不會(huì)來(lái)。
We dont believe that he can finish this difficult task in half an hour. 我們相信他不能在半小時(shí)之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。
【注意】從句時(shí)態(tài)不為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I thought that he wouldnt come back soon. 我原以為他不會(huì)回來(lái)得這么快。
He thinks that he isnt fit for the job. 他認(rèn)為自己不適合這份工作。
五、賓語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化方式
含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句可轉(zhuǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單句,其意思不變。簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的方法:
1.改為“v.+不定式(短語(yǔ))”形式。當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是hope、agree、choose、wish、decide、promise等動(dòng)詞且主句和從句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“v.+不定式(短語(yǔ))”形式。例如:
He hopes that he will be back very soon. → He hopes to be back very soon. 他希望他能快點(diǎn)回來(lái)。
2.改為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式(短語(yǔ))”形式。
當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)是ask、tell、forget、remem?ber 等動(dòng)詞時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化成“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式(短語(yǔ))”形式。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? → Could you tell me how to get to the station? 你能告訴我車(chē)站怎么走嗎?
3.改為“it+形容詞+不定式(短語(yǔ))”形式。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn Eng?lish well. → I found it difficult to learn English well. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是困難的。
4.改為“賓語(yǔ)+v.?ing”形式。例如:
The girl found that there was a watch lying on the ground. → The girl found a watch lying on the ground. 那姑娘發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有塊手表。
5.改為名詞(短語(yǔ))。例如:
Ill take back what I said. → Ill take back my words. 我將收回我的話。
Could you tell us how we can get to the museum? → Could you tell us the way to the museum? 你能告訴我去博物館的路嗎?
6. 改為v.?ing 形式。例如:
I remember that I have told her the truth. → I remember telling her the truth. 我記得我把真相告訴了她。
7.改為過(guò)去分詞(短語(yǔ))。例如:
Soon they found that the ground was covered with thick snow. → Soon they found the ground covered with thick snow. 他們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)地面被厚雪覆蓋了。
The teacher found that the boy was very interested in maths. → The teacher found the boy very interested in maths. 老師發(fā)現(xiàn)這男孩對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)很感興趣。
考例呈現(xiàn)
1.—Can you describe? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
—Yes. I was walking when a bike kncoked me down from behind.
【2018·常州中考題】
A.why did the accident happen
B.when did the accident happen
C.how the accident happened
D.where the accident happened
【答案與解析】C? ?賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)序,可排除A、B兩項(xiàng)。由答語(yǔ)“我正走著的時(shí)候,一輛自行車(chē)從后面撞了我?!笨芍?,本句詢(xún)問(wèn)的是“事故是怎么發(fā)生的?”。故選C項(xiàng)。
2.—Could you tell me? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?youd like me to pay you?
—Youd better use mobile payment. I don’t care? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?it is Ali Pay or WeChat Pay.
【2018·廣東中考題】
A.how; whether B.how; why
C.what; whether D.what; why
【答案與解析】A? ?句意:——你能告訴我你想要我如何付款嗎?——最好用手機(jī)支付,我不介意你是用支付寶還是用微信。第一空根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知應(yīng)意為“怎樣(表方式)”,用how;第二空whether... or...意為“是……還是……”。故選A項(xiàng)。
3.—Amy, could you please tell me
the new pen?
—Oh, I bought it in the shop near my home.
【2018·梧州中考題】
A.where did you buy
B.when did you buy
C.where you bought
D.when you bought
【答案與解析】C? ?賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)序,排除A、B兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)答語(yǔ)“Oh, I bought it in the shop near my home.”可知,問(wèn)句是詢(xún)問(wèn)買(mǎi)這支新鋼筆的地點(diǎn)。故選C項(xiàng)。
4.We all know that light? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?faster than sound.
【2018·天水中考題】
A.travels B.to travel
C.travelling D.travelled
【答案與解析】A? ?句意:我們都知道光比聲音傳播得更快?!肮獗嚷曇魝鞑サ每臁笔且粋€(gè)客觀事實(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選A項(xiàng)。
5.—I wonder? ? ? ? ? ? ? .
—Im not sure yet.
【2018·武漢中考題】
A.which is hers
B.which hers is
C.whether is it hers
D.whether hers it is
【答案與解析】A? ?句意:——我想知道哪個(gè)是她的?!疑胁淮_定。此處的which既作引導(dǎo)詞又作賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。連接詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂不倒裝。故選A項(xiàng)。