M. C. Escher: An Enigma Behind an Illusion埃舍爾：幻象背后的謎樣畫師

阿拉斯泰爾·蘇克

It must be one of the most familiar images in modern art： a space-distorting interior that could never exist in reality， dominated by staircases sprouting surreally in all directions， and filled with expressionless， mannequin-like figures walking up and down like members of a religious order calmly going about their daily business.

Since the original lithograph was produced in the summer of 1953， Relativity—which belongs to a series of five prints by the same artist also featuring impossible constructions and multiple vanishing points1—has been reproduced countless times on posters， mugs， T-shirts， items of stationery and even duvet covers.

Yet， if we’re honest， how much do most of us really know about its creator， the Dutch printmaker M. C. Escher （1898-1972）？ Day and Night， which presents two flocks of birds， one black and one white， flying above a flat Dutch landscape in between a pair of rivers， was Escher’s most popular print： during the course of his lifetime， he made more than 650 copies of it， painstakingly rendering each impression with the help of a small egg spoon made of bone.

“Miserable memories”

Born in the small city of Leeuwarden in the north of the Netherlands， Maurits Cornelis Escher， who was always known in his family as “Mauk”， grew up in a prosperous household as the fifth son of a civil engineer who was a senior official at the Department of Public Works.

At secondary school in the city of Arnhem， where his family had moved in 1903， he had an unhappy time—and his miserable memories of this period of his life had a decisive influence upon many of his later prints， including Relativity.

Indeed， decades after “the hell that was Arnhem”， he made a number of works featuring versions of the institution’s dramatic staircase， which he had ascended so frequently as a boy. The resemblance between the school’s staircase in reality and the structures in Escher’s prints is remarkable.

In 1919， Escher enrolled at the School of Architecture and Decorative Arts in Haarlem. His father hoped that he would become an architect， but Escher was determined to become an artist. As an adult， he pursued this career—combining travel， when he sketched and came up with ideas for future works （his two visits to the Moorish palace of the Alhambra in Granada were especially important， since they taught him how to work with tessellating patterns）， with long stints at home， where he led a remarkably orderly life.

“A one-man art movement”

Despite his self-discipline， however， Escher only became able to support himself solely from art during his late fifties. By then he had discovered his principal theme of perspective-mangling worlds， familiar from works such as Belvedere （1958）， Ascending and Descending （1960）， and Waterfall （1961）， as well as Relativity. He was also known for executing his prints to a very high level.

Occasionally， one gets the impression that this meticulous， sober man could be a little stuffy. During the ’60s， Escher’s work found mainstream popularity， as hippies delighted in its supposedly “psychedelic” qualities.

More recently， Escher’s mind-bending visions have provided inspiration for the creators of The Simpsons， as well as film-makers including Jim Henson， whose 1986 film Labyrinth starring David Bowie includes a homage to Relativity， and Christopher Nolan， who created a dizzying， Escher-like dream sequence for his 2010 blockbuster Inception， in which the streets of Paris are seen to fold， buckle， and warp.

So how should we think of Escher—as a purveyor of visual conundrums2 and curiosities， or a “proper” printmaker working within a venerable tradition？ He is sometimes called “a one-man art movement”， because he didn’t associate himself with other tendencies in modern art， including the one—Surrealism—to which he was arguably closest in spirit. He also had few artistic successors： “Although he created something absolutely new，” says Micky Piller， curator of Escher in Het Paleis， the museum devoted to the artist’s works in The Hague， “Escher has not directly influenced any artists.”

At the same time， Escher was capable of concocting potent images with near-universal appeal—something， surely， to which most fine artists would aspire. “At a time when abstract art was ruling the galleries，” Piller says， “Escher fooled all of us by exploring such abstract ideas as eternity， infinity， and the impossible in apparently realistic prints that were amazingly well made. As the general public lost contact with the art world， Escher’s prints seemed simple and easy to understand.”

一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)中絕不可能存在的空間扭曲的內(nèi)景，滿目階梯怪異地向四方延伸，人體模型般的冷面人沿著階梯上上下下，如同某個(gè)宗教團(tuán)體的成員在從容處理日常事務(wù)——這肯定是現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)中人們最熟悉的圖像之一。

此畫就是石版畫《相對(duì)性》。自1953年夏創(chuàng)作問(wèn)世以來(lái)，原畫就被無(wú)數(shù)次復(fù)制在海報(bào)、馬克杯、T恤、各種文具乃至被罩上?！断鄬?duì)性》是同一位畫家五幅系列版畫中的一幅，該系列作品描繪的都是不可能存在的結(jié)構(gòu)，畫面具有多個(gè)滅點(diǎn)。

不過(guò)，說(shuō)實(shí)話，對(duì)于創(chuàng)作此畫的荷蘭版畫家M. C.埃舍爾（1898—1972），我們大多數(shù)人究竟有多少了解？版畫《晝與夜》呈現(xiàn)了兩群鳥，一群黑一群白，在荷蘭一片開闊的原野上空飛翔，那片原野夾在兩條河流中間——這是埃舍爾最流行的一幅版畫：他一生中共復(fù)制了650多版，每一版都要借助一把骨質(zhì)小蛋匙，煞費(fèi)心力。

“痛苦的回憶”

莫里茨·科內(nèi)利斯·埃舍爾出生于荷蘭北部的小城呂伐登，家境富裕，父親是一位土木工程師，公共工程部的高級(jí)官員。他是家中第五個(gè)兒子，家人都叫他“莫克”。

1903年，他們?nèi)野岬搅税⒓{姆市。他在那里度過(guò)了并不快樂(lè)的中學(xué)時(shí)光，對(duì)那段日子的痛苦回憶深刻影響了他后來(lái)的許多作品，包括《相對(duì)性》。

事實(shí)上，在離開“地獄般的阿納姆”后的幾十年里，他創(chuàng)作了許多描繪中學(xué)樓梯的畫作，這些樓梯引人矚目，在他的筆下式樣各異。小時(shí)候，他常常沿著學(xué)校樓梯爬上爬下?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中的學(xué)校樓梯與埃舍爾在版畫中呈現(xiàn)的非常相似。

1919年，埃舍爾就讀哈勒姆的建筑與裝飾藝術(shù)學(xué)院。父親希望他成為一名建筑師，但埃舍爾下定決心當(dāng)畫家。長(zhǎng)大成人，他努力追求自己的職業(yè)理想——短時(shí)外出旅行，加之長(zhǎng)時(shí)居家創(chuàng)作：旅行中，他為未來(lái)的作品繪制草圖、精心構(gòu)思（兩次參觀西班牙格拉納達(dá)的摩爾式阿爾罕布拉宮的經(jīng)歷對(duì)他尤其重要，他因此學(xué)會(huì)了制作鑲嵌圖案）;居家時(shí)，他的生活極有規(guī)律。

“一個(gè)人的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”

然而，盡管埃舍爾生活自律，他還是直到快60歲時(shí)才能完全靠藝術(shù)養(yǎng)活自己。那時(shí)，他已找到了自己要表現(xiàn)的最重要的主題——透視扭曲的世界，在《觀景樓》（1958）、《升與降》（1960）、《瀑布》（1961）及《相對(duì)性》等作品中都可以看到。他還以極其高超的版畫技藝而聞名。

有時(shí)，人們會(huì)覺(jué)得，這個(gè)細(xì)致而冷靜的男人可能有點(diǎn)兒古板。1960年代，埃舍爾的作品受到主流社會(huì)的歡迎，而嬉皮士則陶醉于它所謂的“迷幻”性質(zhì)。

近些年，埃舍爾令人費(fèi)解的作品為大批影視工作者提供了靈感，其中既有《辛普森一家》的創(chuàng)作者，也有包括吉姆·漢森和克里斯托弗·諾蘭在內(nèi)的電影導(dǎo)演——前者1986年上映、大衛(wèi)·鮑伊主演的電影《魔幻迷宮》含有致敬《相對(duì)性》之意，后者在其2010年的大片《盜夢(mèng)空間》中創(chuàng)造了一段讓人眼花繚亂的埃舍爾式夢(mèng)境，其中巴黎的街道在眾目睽睽之下被折疊、彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)。

那么，我們?cè)撊绾慰创Ｉ釥柶淙恕且粋€(gè)視覺(jué)難題和珍奇幻象的制造者？還是一個(gè)秉持寶貴傳統(tǒng)的“合格”版畫家？有時(shí)，人們稱他在做“一個(gè)人的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”，因?yàn)樗炎约簠^(qū)隔于現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的其他流派，包括在精神上可算與他最為接近的超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義畫派。他的藝術(shù)繼承者也寥寥無(wú)幾，埃舍爾博物館館長(zhǎng)米奇·皮勒說(shuō)：“盡管他創(chuàng)造出絕對(duì)前無(wú)古人的東西，但他并沒(méi)有對(duì)任何畫家產(chǎn)生直接的影響?！痹摬┪镳^位于海牙，專藏埃舍爾作品。

與此同時(shí)，埃舍爾能夠創(chuàng)作出沖擊力如此強(qiáng)大的圖像，對(duì)眾人幾乎具有普遍吸引力——這，肯定也是大多數(shù)優(yōu)秀畫家所渴望的。皮勒說(shuō)：“在那個(gè)抽象藝術(shù)主宰畫廊的時(shí)代，埃舍爾用制作極其精美、看似真實(shí)可信的版畫來(lái)探索永恒、無(wú)限和不可能等抽象概念，成功‘欺騙’了所有人。大眾與藝術(shù)界基本失聯(lián)，而埃舍爾的版畫則顯得簡(jiǎn)單易懂?！?/p>