良渚古城，如何一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)揭開(kāi)面紗

俯瞰瑤山遺址。

良渚古城遺址正式列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)的那一刻，距離“良渚”兩個(gè)字首次出現(xiàn)在考古領(lǐng)域，已經(jīng)過(guò)去了83年。

歷史的一大步，是從考古人的一小鏟，甚至是從一塊小石頭、幾片黑陶片開(kāi)始的。

這個(gè)東亞最早的國(guó)家社會(huì)，是如何在5000年后被考古人一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)的？

時(shí)光倒流。讓我們一起回溯這五千年的中華文明曙光散發(fā)光芒的每一個(gè)瞬間。

從首次發(fā)現(xiàn)到首次命名

83年前，誰(shuí)都不會(huì)想到，只有25歲的清瘦書(shū)生施昕更，西湖博物館的普通職員，就是良渚遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)者。

1936年12月到1937年3月，施昕更在他的家鄉(xiāng)余杭良渚鎮(zhèn)一帶代表西湖博物館對(duì)棋盤(pán)墳等六處遺址，進(jìn)行了三次小范圍試掘，發(fā)現(xiàn)了以黑陶為特征的新石器時(shí)代遺址十多處。

良渚古城遺址西城墻。

這是良渚文化的首次科學(xué)考古發(fā)掘。很快，施昕更撰寫(xiě)出版了良渚文化的第一部考古發(fā)掘報(bào)告《良渚》。

有一次良渚文化考古發(fā)掘，知道的人不多，就在現(xiàn)在的浙江大學(xué)玉泉校區(qū)。1953年，這里叫杭州老和山，第一次發(fā)掘由華東文物工作隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)，出土了石鉞。

同一個(gè)地方，1936年5月31日，西湖博物館和吳越史地研究會(huì)曾在這里做過(guò)試掘清理。那時(shí)候的名字，杭州人更覺(jué)得親切，叫“古蕩遺址”。試掘報(bào)告的封面，還是蔡元培題的。

1959年12月26日，考古學(xué)家夏鼐參加了一個(gè)名字很長(zhǎng)的會(huì)議——長(zhǎng)江流域規(guī)劃辦公室文物考古隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)會(huì)議，做了題為《長(zhǎng)江流域考古問(wèn)題》的發(fā)言：“太湖沿岸和杭州灣的良渚文化，是受了龍山文化影響的一種晚期文化” 。至此，“良渚文化”的命名正式提出。

2019年，正好是“良渚文化”命名60周年。就是這位浙江溫州學(xué)者的發(fā)言，給了良渚一個(gè)“名分”。

從首個(gè)工作站到“王的墓葬”

良渚古城復(fù)原圖。

良渚遺址發(fā)掘的核心力量，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，便是浙江省文物考古研究所。

浙江省文物考古研究所于1979年正式成立，1981年，發(fā)掘余杭瓶窯吳家埠遺址時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了馬家浜、崧澤和良渚文化的堆積與墓葬，并在當(dāng)?shù)亟⒘说谝粋€(gè)良渚工作站：吳家埠工作站。

從此，良渚一帶開(kāi)始有了長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的考古工作，隨后組織了兩次調(diào)查，新發(fā)現(xiàn)不少遺址。

1986年在“良渚發(fā)現(xiàn)50周年會(huì)議”上，考古學(xué)家王明達(dá)提出“良渚遺址群”的概念，并公布了“已知的地點(diǎn)多達(dá)四五十處”。

20世紀(jì)70、80年代，江蘇、上海發(fā)現(xiàn)一系列重要良渚文化遺址.堪稱(chēng)里程碑的，就是草鞋山。1973年初夏，南京博物院對(duì)吳縣草鞋山進(jìn)行發(fā)掘，這座良渚文化大墓M198（編號(hào)198號(hào)墓，下同），是良渚文化研究歷程中第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)的大型高等級(jí)墓葬。

良渚考古的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，發(fā)生在1986年和1987年。浙江余杭反山王陵、瑤山祭壇的發(fā)掘，在考古學(xué)界看來(lái)，絕無(wú)僅有，石破驚天。

1986年，浙江省文物考古研究所在反山西部660平方米的發(fā)掘中，共清理良渚文化大墓11座，其中，12號(hào)墓剛好位于中間位置，顯露出它的特殊身份。反山王陵是已知良渚文化遺址出土玉器數(shù)量最多，品種最豐富，雕琢最精美的一處高等級(jí)墓葬，總共出土了1200多件（組）玉器。更重要的是，首次在玉器上發(fā)現(xiàn)了良渚人的完整LOGO——完整的神人與獸面復(fù)合的圖像。

既然有良渚國(guó)王，那么王的女人在哪兒？1987年，考古隊(duì)在這片紅土中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座祭祀遺址，名為瑤山?，幧?1號(hào)墓玉器出土了女人擁有的最高等級(jí)玉器和奢侈品。據(jù)推測(cè)，墓主人應(yīng)當(dāng)是良渚王后。

1991年，考古隊(duì)員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座形制與瑤山十分相似的祭壇，并清理了4座大墓，這就是匯觀山。兩座祭壇上為什么都會(huì)有貴族大墓？

考古隊(duì)員發(fā)現(xiàn)，墓葬明顯破壞了祭壇原先的構(gòu)筑設(shè)計(jì)，因此推測(cè)在這些墓葬埋入時(shí)，祭壇的最初的祭祀功能可能已經(jīng)放棄了，而是轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轱@貴者們的專(zhuān)用墓地。

瑤山和匯觀山相距約7公里，都始建于良渚文化早期，建在自然山體之上，形態(tài)也相似，高臺(tái)頂部有一個(gè)耐人尋味的“回”字形灰土方框。我們至今還能看到瑤山祭壇壘石包邊的拐角，整齊，結(jié)實(shí)。

莫角山全景圖

大莫角山臺(tái)基復(fù)原圖。

消逝的良渚古城逐漸露臉

2006年6月，考古專(zhuān)家劉斌帶著考古隊(duì)在瓶窯葡萄畈遺址進(jìn)行試掘。一條良渚時(shí)期的南北向古河道的發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓劉斌感覺(jué)有戲。洛陽(yáng)鏟一把下去，在3米多深的地方，碰到了石塊。

一石激起千層浪。

2007年3月到11月，經(jīng)過(guò)發(fā)掘最終發(fā)現(xiàn)確認(rèn)了四面城墻。

2007年11月29日，由浙江省文物局和杭州市政府共同舉行了新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，宣布發(fā)現(xiàn)了面積達(dá)300萬(wàn)平方米良渚古城。

良渚古城像一個(gè)圓角長(zhǎng)方形，總面積近300萬(wàn)平方米。城墻總長(zhǎng)約6公里，共發(fā)現(xiàn)8座水城門(mén)，四面城墻各2座，另在南城墻中部發(fā)現(xiàn)陸城門(mén)一處。

莫角山宮殿區(qū)，位于古城的正中心，堪稱(chēng)中國(guó)最早的“紫禁城”，面積近30萬(wàn)平方米，上面又分布著三座宮殿：大莫角山、小莫角山、烏龜山。

考古隊(duì)員在宮殿區(qū)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了35座良渚人的房子，排列有序，規(guī)劃嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。其中，大莫角山上發(fā)現(xiàn)了7座300到900平方米的房屋基址，最大的那座房基，有940平方米。

2007-2019年，良渚遺址的考古不再是散點(diǎn)式的，開(kāi)始進(jìn)入到長(zhǎng)期的、有計(jì)劃的考古階段。

經(jīng)過(guò)12年的大規(guī)?？碧健⒄{(diào)查和發(fā)掘工作，我們對(duì)良渚古城的結(jié)構(gòu)布局和格局演變有了清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)——

良渚古城遺址由良渚古城核心區(qū)、水利系統(tǒng)、祭壇墓地和外圍郊區(qū)等部分組成。其中，良渚古城的核心區(qū)面積為800萬(wàn)平方米，可分為宮殿區(qū)、內(nèi)城和外郭三重結(jié)構(gòu)體系，類(lèi)似后世中國(guó)都城的宮城、內(nèi)城和外郭城，良渚人創(chuàng)造了中國(guó)最早的三重城格局。

2009年到2016年，良渚古城西北部一個(gè)大型水利系統(tǒng)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，再次證實(shí)了古城的都城結(jié)構(gòu)。

1936年至今，良渚文化遺址到底發(fā)現(xiàn)了多少處？

除了以良渚古城為核心的分布區(qū)，面積約3.65萬(wàn)平方公里的環(huán)太湖地區(qū)，還有外圍區(qū)，向北可擴(kuò)展至江淮地區(qū)、寧鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)，向南可達(dá)金衢盆地、寧紹地區(qū)，目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)良渚文化遺址1000多處，出土了不少重要遺存。

2010年，杭州余杭區(qū)茅山遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條良渚文化時(shí)期的獨(dú)木舟，和如今的獨(dú)木舟樣子差不多，全長(zhǎng)7.35米、最寬0.45米。這是良渚文化首次發(fā)現(xiàn)獨(dú)木舟，也是目前國(guó)內(nèi)考古發(fā)掘出土中最長(zhǎng)、最完整的史前獨(dú)木舟。

位于杭州市余杭經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)的玉架山遺址，2008年到2016年發(fā)現(xiàn)了由6個(gè)相鄰的環(huán)壕圍溝組成的良渚文化完整的聚落遺址，反映了良渚文化社會(huì)的基本單元和結(jié)構(gòu)，六個(gè)環(huán)壕應(yīng)該代表了六個(gè)相關(guān)的氏族。

2011年到2015年，江蘇考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)蔣莊遺址，位于江蘇興化、東臺(tái)兩市交界處。這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)震撼了很多人，因?yàn)樗铝宋覀兊挠洃洍l——過(guò)去，學(xué)界傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，良渚文化的范圍以環(huán)太湖為主，向北不超過(guò)長(zhǎng)江，但它的發(fā)現(xiàn)，填補(bǔ)了長(zhǎng)江以北地區(qū)良渚文化考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的空白。其中最引人矚目的，當(dāng)數(shù)遺址東北部的良渚文化墓地。目前，已清理墓葬有280座，都是長(zhǎng)方形豎穴土坑，可分出單人仰身直肢一次葬、火化二次葬和拾骨二次葬三種葬式，出土各類(lèi)質(zhì)地隨葬品700余件。隨葬玉器中包含有琮、璧類(lèi)高等級(jí)禮玉，并出土刻繪“祭壇”符號(hào)的玉璧一件。

良渚人做各種高端工作，工種很多，他們也會(huì)在河道兩岸擺擺“市集”，建各種“工作室”。2015年，考古隊(duì)員在莫角山東南腳下，一條名為鐘家港的南北向主河道里，發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量玉料、玉石鉆芯、燧石等跟制玉有關(guān)的遺物，同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大型木構(gòu)件、漆木器、骨器等制作的殘件、半成品和加工工具。這是古城內(nèi)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)手工業(yè)作坊區(qū)。

2017年到2019年，考古隊(duì)員在浙江德清一片名為中初鳴的遺址群里，發(fā)現(xiàn)了良渚人的大型制玉“園區(qū)”。這個(gè)迄今為止長(zhǎng)江下游地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的良渚文化時(shí)期規(guī)模最大的制玉作坊遺址群，出土了大量制玉相關(guān)遺存，是目前出土玉料、玉器半成品最多的良渚文化遺址。這里不止一家制玉“工廠”，人們陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)和確認(rèn)了木魚(yú)橋、田板埭、保安橋、小橋頭、王家里等多處遺址點(diǎn)，目前已有7處，這些遺址點(diǎn)均有玉料出土，面積達(dá)到了100萬(wàn)平方米。

良渚古城遺址申遺成功，但考古發(fā)掘仍在繼續(xù)。關(guān)于這個(gè)國(guó)度更多的秘密，會(huì)繼續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)、被講述、被期待。

83-Year Archaeological Projects Led to Discovery of Ancient Liangzhu City

First Digging and Identification

Shi Xingeng was 25 years old when he conducted an archaeological project around Liangzhu from December 1936 to March 1937. Liangzhu， part of Yuhang， now a district of Hangzhou， was the young archaeologists hometown. On behalf of the West Lake Museum， he explored six locations around Liangzhu. The excavation was on a small scale and he test-dug there three times. He discovered black pottery objects which indicated the human activities in the Neolithic Age. He reported his discovery in an academic paper titled.

中初鳴的遺址群。

As the epoch-making excavation marked the beginning of an epic archaeological project which has been going on strong for eight decades， Shi Xingeng is much talked about among archaeologists and historians. Less well known is another excavation conducted on May 31， 1936 by archaeologists of the West Lake Museum and Institute of Historical ad Geographic Studies of Wu Yue at Laohe Mountain near to the city proper of Hangzhou. The site was referred to as Gudang Site in a report， the cover of which carried an inscription by Cai Yuanpei， a famed scholar and educator of national renown. The site is on the present-day Yuquan Campus of Zhejiang University. In 1953 the site was excavated again. A stone -axe was unearthed there.

The name of the Liangzhu Culture was historically put forward at an academic meeting held on December 26， 1959 by the archaeologist Xia Nai. Speaking of archaeological issues along the Yangtze River， he pointed out that the Liangzhu Culture around the Taihu Lake and Hangzhou Bay flourished at the late period of the Neolithic Age with influences of the Longshan Culture.

The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the designation. The speech of the scholar who was a native of Wenzhou in the southeast of Zhejiang gave birth to an identity that Liangzhu is proud of.

First Workstation?and Kings Women

雪天的良渚古城遺址。

Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has been playing a central part in all the key archaeological projects around Liangzhu. Shortly after its inception， the institute started a digging project at the Wujiabu Site in Pingyao， Yuhang. Archaeologists discovered layers of three different cultures and tombs. The setup of the Wujiabu Workstation， the first of its kind in the extensive archaeological project of Liangzhu， marked a systematic archaeological exploration around Liangzhu. The institute conducted two more digging projects and found more sites.

The archaeologist Wang Mingda suggested the notion of Liangzhu Site Complex at a meeting in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of Liangzhu sites. The meeting was held in 1986. It was announced at the gathering that the complex comprised about 50 sites.

A milestone discovery of Liangzhu Culture occurred in the early 1973 when archaeologists of Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Province conducted an excavation at Caoxieshan in Wuxian， a county which borders Zhejiang to the south. Tomb M198 exhumed at the site was the first of its kind ever found in the history of Liangzhu archaeological projects. Someone of the top class of Liangzhu was buried there， as testified by a jade? in the tomb. It was the first of its kind ever found around Liangzhu. As time went on， more jade objects were found around Liangzhu. Jade has become a signature object that identifies the Liangzhu Culture.

The excavation in 1986 and 1987 turned a new chapter in the archaeological study of the Liangzhu Culture. Archaeologists discovered a royal cemetery at Fanshan， and a sacrificial altar at Yaoshan. Of over 1，200 jade objects， unearthed from the 11 tombs at the royal cemetery in Fanshan， was a jade bearing an image of a complete human figure with an animal face. The image is considered as the logo of the Liangzhu Culture. If buried in the tomb was the king of Liangzhu， where were the women of the king？ In 1987， archaeologists found a sacrificial altar in Yaoshan. They also found some tombs there. One of the tombs contained a large group of artifacts and luxuries. It was reasoned that the person buried there must have been the queen. In 1991， another sacrificial altar was discovered at Huiguanshan， about 7 kilometers away from Yaoshan. Beside the altar were four tombs where presumably the nobles were buried. The two altars resemble each other in many ways. Both are located on hills. Both have a flat top with four corners protected by stones.

Liangzhu City

卞家山遺址出土的木槳。

The sound of the ancient city of Liangzhu was first heard in June 2006 when archaeologist Liu Bin and his colleagues were conducting a field study at a site called Putaofan in Pingyao， Yuhang. They were intensively exploring the place where they hoped to find more after they discovered a section of an ancient watercourse which ran in the south-north direction and could be traced to the time of Liangzhu. Liu poked his Luoyang shovel vertically down into the soil and the sound came from the shovel that touched some rocks three meters underground.

From March to November 2007， archaeologists excavated the ruins of an ancient city surrounded by a stone wall on four sides. It was announced on November 29， 2007 that the ancient Liangzhu City was discovered.

The site of the ancient city measures about 3 million square meters and resembles a rectangle with round corners. The city wall totals about six kilometers in length， punctuated with eight river gates and one land gate. Inside the city is a palace area that measures about nearly 300，000 square meters. Archaeologists counted 35 house foundations in the palace area. The foundations of seven big buildings range from 300 to 900 square meters in area， the biggest one being 940 square meters.

A systematic digging that lasted from 2007 to 2019 further establishes that the site of the ancient Liangzhu City is composed of the core city， a water-control system， altars and cemeteries， and peripheral suburbs. The 8-million-square-meter core area consists of the palaces， the inner city， and the outer city. This is the very prototype of the ancient city system that can be seen in capital cities in following dynasties in Chinese history. The water-control system to the northwest of Liangzhu City was unearthed from 2009 to 2016. It was the biggest dam system and the biggest public utility project of that time in the world.

瑤山遺址。

The Liangzhu Culture radiated out from the city， as testified by over 1，000 Liangzhu Culture sites spread wide and far around the Taihu Lake to the central and north of present-day Jiangsu in the north and to the southwest and the east of Zhejiang Province in the south. New excavation projects in Jiangsu have long since made scholars aware that the influences of the Liangzhu Culture reached out much far than previously believed. In a cemetery at the Jiangtai Site located at a border area between Xinghua and Dongtai in Jiangsu Province， ritual jade objects were unearthed.

In 2010， a canoe was found at the Maoshan Site， which can be traced to the Liangzhu Culture period. The ancient specimen looks like the canoe people see today. It is 7.35 meters long and the widest part is 0.45 meter. The canoe is the first of its kind unearthed in the archaeological studies of the Liangzhu Culture. It is also the longest and best preserved prehistoric canoe ever unearthed in China.

An excavation project conducted at the Yujiashan Site locates a string of six settlements in close neighborhood， respectively surrounded by moats. It is believed that the settlements reflect the essential social structure and individual members of a community and that the six settlements represent six related clans.

Seven jade processing sites have been unearthed so far， which all date back to the Liangzhu period. From 2017 to 2019， archaeologists located a large jade processing zone in Deqing， a county just north of Hangzhou. Eighteen kilometers from Liangzhu， the seven sites are in the zone and add up to over 1 million square meters in area. It is the biggest zone of jade processing factories in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ever discovered so far. Unearthed from these sites are a large quantity of raw jade materials and semi-finished jade artifacts.

A more concentrated workshop area has been found inside the walled city of Liangzhu. In a north-south river on the southeast side of Mojiaoshan， a large quantity of raw jade materials， discarded jade wastes， and flints， all relevant in jade processing， were discovered. Also found there were wooden components， lacquer wares， jade artifacts and tools.

良渚古城遺址出土的石器。