王志超 李小龍 陳宇
[摘要]目的 比較國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素與依維莫司或佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架治療冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變的效果。方法 選取本院2014年5月~2015年12月收治的44例冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變行藥物洗脫支架介入治療的患者作為研究對(duì)象,按支架的類(lèi)型分為國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架組(雷帕霉素支架組,F(xiàn)IREWARK、NANO)16例和依維莫司或佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架組(依維莫司、佐他莫司支架組,Promus element、Xince V、Resolute)28例并隨訪觀察。對(duì)比兩組的心因性死亡(無(wú)明確的其他原因的死亡)情況,靶血管血運(yùn)重建的事件發(fā)生率。結(jié)果 所有患者平均隨訪33個(gè)月,雷帕霉素支架組的事件發(fā)生率為6.25%,依維莫司、佐他莫司支架組的事件發(fā)生率為7.14%,兩組的事件發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.01,P=0.922)。結(jié)論 國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架治療左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變的效果不劣于依維莫司或佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架。
[關(guān)鍵詞]經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入;雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架;依維莫司及佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架;冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R543.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)5(c)-0051-04
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of domestic Rapamycin and Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents in the treatment of left main coronary artery opening and body lesions. Methods All of 44 patients with left main coronary artery ostium and body lesions treated with drug-eluting stent in our hospital from May 2014 to December 2015 were selected as the study subjects, according to the type of stents, they were divided into domestic Rapamycin drug-eluting stents group (Rapamycin stent group, FIREWARK, NANO, n=16) and Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents group (Ivermus, Zotamos stent group, n=28) and patients were followed-up and observed. The incidence of cardiogenic death (death without definite other causes) and target vessel revascularization were compared between the two groups. Results All patients were followed up for an average of 33 months. The incidence of events was 6.25% in Rapamycin stent group and 7.14% in Everolimus and Zotamos stent group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of events between the two groups (χ2=0.010, P=0.922). Conclusion The effect of domestic Rapamycin drug-eluting stents in the treatment of left main opening and body lesions is not inferior to that of Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents.
[Key words] Percutaneous coronary intervention;Rapamycin drug-eluting stents; Ivermus or Zotamos drug-eluting stents; Left main coronary artery opening and body lesions
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)一直以來(lái)是治療冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病左主干病變的首選方法[1-4],隨著醫(yī)療器械的進(jìn)步,以及術(shù)者技術(shù)和對(duì)病變認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷提高,越來(lái)越多的左主干病變患者進(jìn)行了經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)。目前,隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究顯示,藥物洗脫支架在經(jīng)選擇的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干患者中的療效不劣于CABG。相關(guān)指南對(duì)無(wú)保護(hù)左主干介入治療進(jìn)行推薦:根據(jù)Syntax評(píng)分,低危為Ⅰ類(lèi)推薦,中危為Ⅱa類(lèi)推薦,高危為Ⅲ類(lèi)推薦[5]。近期的左主干介入治療的臨床試驗(yàn)主要應(yīng)用新一代的藥物洗脫支架,包括依維莫司及佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架。而國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架也被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,其安全性及有效性已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)[6],但目前仍缺乏在低危無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變治療中的相關(guān)臨床證據(jù)。因此,本研究擬通過(guò)回顧性分析我院左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變經(jīng)冠脈介入治療的患者,評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架在此類(lèi)病變中的臨床效果。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
收集2014年5月~2015年12月于本院住院的左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變且行藥物洗脫支架介入治療的患者,按照不同支架種類(lèi)分為國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架組(雷帕霉素支架組,F(xiàn)IREWARK、NANO)和依維莫司或佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架組(依維莫司、佐他莫司支架組,Promus element、Xince V、Resolute)并隨訪觀察。所有研究對(duì)象知情同意手術(shù)并簽署知情同意書(shū)。本研究已經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):介入指征顯示左主干直徑狹窄>70%,或50%<直徑狹窄<70%且有臨床缺血的證據(jù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往接受過(guò)左主干介入治療的患者,或急性STEMI行急診介入治療的患者。本研究共納入44例患者,雷帕霉素支架組16例,依維莫司、佐他莫司組28例。其中,雷帕霉素支架組:平均年齡為(69.4±8.9)歲;男女比例為12∶4;伴有高血壓疾病者10例,糖尿病疾病者7例,既往有過(guò)PCI術(shù)史者3例;肌酐值為(102.04±58.05)μmol/L,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)為(54.4±5.46)%;有多支病變者15例。依維莫司、佐他莫司組患者的平均年齡為(65.5±11.3)歲,男女比例為23∶5,伴有高血壓疾病者20例,糖尿病疾病者7例,既往有過(guò)PCI術(shù)史者5例;肌酐值為(85.99±23.98)μmol/L,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)為(56.6±4.02)%;有多支病變者26例。兩組患者的性別、年齡,既往病史(高血壓、糖尿病、既往PCI史)腎功能及多支病變所占比例比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2手術(shù)過(guò)程
兩組患者術(shù)前均常規(guī)服用阿司匹林100 mg/d,氯吡格雷75 mg/d或替格瑞洛180 mg/d。如果術(shù)前服用氯吡格雷<4 d者,則追加負(fù)荷劑量300 mg/d。實(shí)施手術(shù)時(shí),首先穿刺血管使導(dǎo)管在血管中前行,到達(dá)冠狀動(dòng)脈開(kāi)口處,然后用特殊的傳送系統(tǒng)將支架輸送到需要安放的部位進(jìn)行放置、最后撤出導(dǎo)管。圍術(shù)期抗凝:兩組患者術(shù)中應(yīng)用普通肝素100 U/kg進(jìn)行抗凝,術(shù)后是否需要應(yīng)用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑及肝素則由術(shù)者決定。其中,雷帕霉素、依維莫司或佐他莫司涂層支架的選擇由術(shù)者及家屬共同決定。所有患者術(shù)后氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛至少應(yīng)用1年,阿司匹林如無(wú)禁忌需長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
術(shù)后通過(guò)電話隨訪或門(mén)診隨訪獲得隨訪數(shù)據(jù),并建議術(shù)后1年復(fù)查冠脈造影。分別比較兩組患者發(fā)生的心因性死亡(無(wú)明確的其他原因的死亡)情況和血運(yùn)重建率。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±平均差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率表示,采用Kaplan-meier方法繪制累計(jì)事件曲線,Long-rank檢驗(yàn)兩組間的事件發(fā)生率,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
所有患者平均隨訪33個(gè)月[四分位距(IQR,interquartile range):24.5~38.5個(gè)月]。在隨訪期間,雷帕霉素組有1例患者在術(shù)后8個(gè)月時(shí)失訪,1例在術(shù)后12個(gè)月時(shí)死亡,事件發(fā)生率為6.25%;依維莫司、佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架組1例患者在1月時(shí)失訪,1例在術(shù)后6個(gè)月死亡,1例在術(shù)后24個(gè)月進(jìn)行靶血管血運(yùn)重建,事件發(fā)生率為7.14%。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,Log-rank檢驗(yàn)對(duì)兩組事件發(fā)生率進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),兩組的事件發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.01,P=0.922)(表1、圖1)。
3討論
本研究顯示,國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架治療低危的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變安全可行,平均隨訪33個(gè)月時(shí)事件發(fā)生率為6.25%,低于Guo等[7]報(bào)道的約10%的主要心血管不良事件發(fā)生率,這可能與本研究事件未包括卒中因素有關(guān)。對(duì)于左主干病變,CABG治療效果優(yōu)于藥物治療,指南的推薦為Ⅰ類(lèi)推薦[8]。近期1項(xiàng)研究顯示,采用新一代的藥物洗脫支架治療經(jīng)選擇的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變(Syntax評(píng)分<32分)中除發(fā)生較高的血運(yùn)重建率之外,長(zhǎng)期效果與CABG類(lèi)似[9],且PCI治療左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變,較治療左主干分叉病變有較好的臨床效果[10-11],其目前指南推薦為Ⅰ類(lèi)[5]或Ⅱa類(lèi)[12]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物涂層支架在治療左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變效果不劣于依維莫司及佐他莫司藥物涂層支架。近期也有研究對(duì)比了不同藥物涂層支架治療冠心病的效果,但結(jié)果并不一致。Kandzari 等[13]對(duì)比了佐他莫司和雷帕霉素藥物涂層支架的5年隨訪結(jié)果,顯示靶病變與靶血管血運(yùn)重建,以及支架內(nèi)血栓發(fā)生率相似。Wijns等[14]研究佐他莫司和雷帕霉素藥物涂層支架4年隨訪結(jié)果,結(jié)果顯示在隨訪3年時(shí),已明確或可能的支架內(nèi)血栓,但死亡及心肌梗死的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)無(wú)差異;4年隨訪時(shí),依維莫司或佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架的主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率為1.6%,低于雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架的2.6%[HR=0.63,95%CI:0.46~0.85,P=0.003]。Fan等[15]納入7個(gè)對(duì)照研究共5983例的薈萃分析顯示,在12個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)與雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架比較,佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架顯著減少主要心血管不良事件和靶病變重建,靶血管重建和支架內(nèi)血栓以及心因性死亡無(wú)明顯差別。
國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架是新一代的鈷鉻合金可降解多聚物支架,不僅采用了聚丙交酯作為多聚物,其在結(jié)構(gòu)上也做了大量改進(jìn)。如在支架梁的管壁側(cè)雕刻深約30 μm的溝槽,包含有抗增殖藥物的多聚物填充溝槽,于9個(gè)月左右聚合物就可完全降解[16]。在臨床應(yīng)用方面,TARGET Ⅰ研究[17]顯示,在治療冠心病原發(fā)病變中,9個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)支架內(nèi)晚期管腔丟失率不劣于依維莫司藥物洗脫支架;TARGET 5年隨訪研究[17]顯示,在治療中等復(fù)雜的冠心病原位病變時(shí),與依維莫司藥物洗脫支架相比,雷帕霉素藥物涂層支架具有更加持久的安全性和有效性。而且,其5年的靶病變重建率無(wú)明顯差異,這也為新一代國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架在治療冠脈簡(jiǎn)單病變和中等復(fù)雜病變中提供了理論依據(jù)及數(shù)據(jù)支持。
綜上所述,PCI治療Syntax評(píng)分低危的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干開(kāi)口及體部病變已經(jīng)得到相關(guān)指南的推薦,且國(guó)產(chǎn)雷帕霉素藥物洗脫支架在此類(lèi)病變中的治療效果不劣于依維莫司及佐他莫司藥物洗脫支架。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Braunwald E.Treatment of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(23):2284-2285.
[2]Upadhaya S,Baniya R,Madala S,et al.Drug-eluting stent placement versus coronary artery bypass surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery disease:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].J Card Surg,2017,32(2):70-79.
[3]Laukkanen JA,Kunutsor SK,Niemela M,et al.All-cause mortality and major cardiovascular outcomes comparing percutaneous coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of unprotected left main stenosis:a meta-analysis of short-term and long-term randomised trials[J].Open Heart,2017,4(2): e638.
[4]Windecker S,Kolh P,Alfonso F,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization[J].EuroIntervention,2015,10(9):1024-1094.
[5]Stephanwindecker,Kolh P,Alfonso F,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization[J].Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed),2015,68(2): 144.
[6]Gao Z,Zhang R,Xu B,et al.Safety and efficacy of a novel abluminal groove-filled biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent for the treatment of de novo coronary lesions:two-year results from a prospective patient-level pooled analysis of TARGET trials[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2015,85 (Suppl 1): 734-743.
[7]Guo CL,Yu XP,Yang BG,et al.Long-term outcomes of PCI vs. CABG for ostial/midshaft lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery[J].J Geriatr Cardiol,2017,14(4):254-260.
[8]Caracciolo EA,Davis KB,Sopko G,et al.Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main equivalent coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience[J].Circulation,1995,91(9): 2335-2344.
[9]Stone GW,Sabik JF,Serruys PW,et al.Everolimus-Eluting Stents or Bypass Surgery for Left Main Coronary Artery Disease[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(23):2223-2235.
[10]Mohr FW,Morice MC,Kappetein AP,et al.Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease:5-year follow-up of the randomised,clinical SYNTAX trial[J].Lancet,2013,381(9867):629-638.
[11]Park DW,Seung KB,Kim YH,et al.Long-term safety and efficacy of stenting versus coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease:5-year results from the MAIN-COMPARE (Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis:Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Versus Surgical Revascularization) registry[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(2):117-124.
[12]Levine GN,Bates ER,Blankenship JC,et al.2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(24):e44-e122.
[13]Kandzari DE,Mauri L,Popma JJ,et al.Late-term clinical outcomes with zotarolimus- and sirolimus-eluting stents. 5-year follow-up of the ENDEAVOR Ⅲ(A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Medtronic Endeavor Drug [ABT-578] Eluting Coronary Stent System Versus the Cypher Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System in De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions)[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2011,4(5):543-550.
[14]Wijns W,Steg PG,Mauri L,et al.Endeavour zotarolimus-eluting stent reduces stent thrombosis and improves clinical outcomes compared with cypher sirolimus-eluting stent:4-year results of the PROTECT randomized trial[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(40):2812-2820.
[15]Fan J,Du H,Yin Y,et al.Efficacy and safety of zotarolimus-eluting stents compared with sirolimus-eluting stents in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions-a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,167(5):2126-2133.
[16]Pan DR,Zhu H,Hu ZY,et al.Cobalt chromium-based biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent:rationale,evidence and clinical experience[J].Minerva Cardioangiol,2015,63(5):411-426.
[17]Gao RL,Xu B,Lansky AJ,et al.A randomised comparison of a novel abluminal groove-filled biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent with a durable polymer evero limus-eluting stent:clinical and angiographic follow-up of the TARGET Ⅰ trial[J].EuroIntervention,2013,9(1):75-83.
(收稿日期:2019-02-13 本文編輯:許俊琴)