羅斯福與丘吉爾：兩頭雄獅在咆哮

∷黃紅宇 譯注

To meet Franklin Roosevelt, “with all his buoyant sparkle, his iridescence,”1. buoyant: 此處為雙關(guān)語，意為“懸浮的”，引申為“活潑開朗的”；sparkle:此處為雙關(guān)語，意為“（酒的）起泡沫”，引申為“活力，（才華迸發(fā)的）異彩”；iridescence: 彩虹色。Churchill once said, was like “opening a bottle of champagne.” Theirs was an extraordinary comradeship, “forged,” as Churchill put it to Eleanor Roosevelt the day after the president died,2. comradeship: 伙伴關(guān)系，（尤指）同志情誼；forge: 鍛造；Eleanor Roosevelt:埃莉諾·羅斯福（1884—1962），美國第32任總統(tǒng)富蘭克林·羅斯福的妻子?！癷n the fi re of war.” Between Sept.11, 1939, and April 11, 1945,the two carried on a correspondence that produced nearly 2000 letters, telegrams and memorandums.3. memorandum: 備忘錄。這里的背景是：1939年9月1日，德國“閃擊”波蘭，二戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。1945年4月12日，羅斯福總統(tǒng)在二戰(zhàn)勝利前夕突發(fā)腦溢血去世。From the U.S.S.Augusta in Placentia Bay off Newfoundland in August 1941 to the U.S.S. Quincy off Alexandria, Egypt, in February 1945,4. U.S.S.: United States Ship，美國船；Augusta: 美國“奧古斯塔”號重型巡洋艦；Placentia Bay: 普拉森舍灣；Newfoundland: 紐芬蘭，當時為大英帝國自治領(lǐng)土（1949年后加入加拿大聯(lián)邦）；August 1941: 1941年8月，蘇德戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后，美、英迫切需要進一步協(xié)調(diào)反法西斯戰(zhàn)略，羅斯福乘坐“奧古斯塔”號巡洋艦，丘吉爾乘坐“威爾士親王號”戰(zhàn)列艦，在大西洋北部紐芬蘭島普拉森舍灣內(nèi)會合并舉行大西洋會議，簽署了《大西洋憲章》；Quincy: 美國“昆西”號重型巡洋艦；Alexandria: 亞歷山大港，埃及最重要的海港和第二大城市；February 1945: 1945年2月，羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)參加完美、英、蘇三大盟國制定戰(zhàn)后世界新秩序的雅爾塔會議后，乘坐“昆西”號造訪埃及亞歷山大港，在艦上與丘吉爾進行了最后一次會晤。they spent 113 days together. By war's end Roosevelt and Churchill would celebrate Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's in each other's company, visit Hyde Park and Shangri-La (the retreat in Maryland's Catoctin Mountains that President Eisenhower rechristened Camp David) and once slip away from the press of business to spend a brief holiday in Marrakech, where Roosevelt was carried to the top of a tower to see the rays of the setting ref l ect off the snowcapped Atlas Mountains.5. Hyde Park: 指羅斯福位于紐約海德公園的私產(chǎn)斯普林伍德莊園。1944年9月，羅斯福與丘吉爾在此簽署《海德公園備忘錄》，確定兩國開展更全面的核技術(shù)合作；Shangri-La: 二戰(zhàn)期間，羅斯福在位于首都華盛頓西北120公里的馬里蘭州凱托克廷山莊避暑和療養(yǎng)，并根據(jù)英國作家詹姆斯·希爾頓1933年出版的小說《消失的地平線》，為其取名“香格里拉”（藏語，意為“心中的日月”，即“世外桃源”）。羅斯福還開啟了邀請外國元首到此做客的先例，第一位貴賓就是丘吉爾；Eisenhower: 艾森豪威爾（1890—1969），美國第34任總統(tǒng)；rechristen: 重新命名；Camp David: 戴維營，美國總統(tǒng)專享的療養(yǎng)地；Marrakech: 馬拉喀什，摩洛哥西部城市，旅游勝地；Atlas Mountains: 阿特拉斯山脈，位于非洲西北部，橫跨摩洛哥、阿爾及利亞、突尼斯三國。

丘吉爾曾說過，和富蘭克林·羅斯福見面就好像是“在打開一瓶香檳酒，領(lǐng)略他令人開心的氣泡和變幻迷離的虹彩”。在羅斯福總統(tǒng)去世翌日，丘吉爾對埃莉諾·羅斯福說：他和總統(tǒng)之間的盟友情誼非同尋常，“是在紛飛戰(zhàn)火中鍛造出來的”。在1939年9月11日和1945年4月11日之間，這兩人之間的通信、電報和備忘錄多達近2000份。從1941年8月美國“奧古斯塔”號巡洋艦駛離紐芬蘭的普拉森舍灣，到1945年2月美國“昆西”號巡洋艦駛離埃及的亞歷山大港，他們在一起度過了113天。在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束以前，羅斯福和丘吉爾一起歡度感恩節(jié)、圣誕節(jié)和元旦，流連于海德公園和香格里拉（位于馬里蘭州凱托克廷山的療養(yǎng)所，后來艾森豪威爾總統(tǒng)將其更名為戴維營），還有一次忙中偷閑在摩洛哥的馬拉喀什度過了一個短暫的假期，羅斯福被抬到了一座高塔的頂層，觀看落日余暉反射在白雪積頂?shù)陌⑻乩股矫}的景色。

But it might not have turned out that way. From the German invasion of Poland in 1939 to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt spoke and wrote regularly, though each harbored reservations.Churchill begged for FDR's6. FDR: Franklin Delano Roosevelt（富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福）的簡稱。help against the Nazis and was frustrated with his failure to engage. Roosevelt was skeptical of Churchill's staying power and had to be convinced Britain as worth American trust and treasure. Even in the immediate aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, when the U.S.

Congress declared war on Japan, Churchill was eager to cross the Atlantic to confer with FDR, but the American president remained standoffish.7. aftermath:（災(zāi)難性事件的）后果；standoffish:（非正式）冷漠的，疏遠的。He drafted but did not send two letters suggesting the prime minister wait. “Delay of even a couple of weeks might be advantageous,” one of them said.Yet four days later, when Hitler declared war on the U.S.,Roosevelt came around8. come around: 改變觀點，回心轉(zhuǎn)意。. “Delighted to have you here at the White House,” he cabled Downing Street9. Downing Street: （倫敦）唐寧街，英國首相及財政大臣居住的街道名，用來指代英國政府。.

可是歷史原本可能有別的走向。從1939年德國入侵波蘭到1941年12月7日日本襲擊珍珠港這段時期，丘吉爾和羅斯福定期通話和通信，但是各自有所保留。丘吉爾請求羅斯福援助英國抵抗納粹，對未能得到他的保證感到沮喪。羅斯福則對丘吉爾究竟能掌權(quán)多久持懷疑態(tài)度，并且必須讓自己相信英國值得美國信任和投入巨額財富。即使在珍珠港事件爆發(fā)以后不久，美國國會向日本宣戰(zhàn)，丘吉爾急于跨越大西洋和羅斯福會面，但這位美國總統(tǒng)仍然態(tài)度冷淡。他起草了兩封信建議首相再等等。其中一封寫道：“延遲哪怕是一兩周也可能會有利于大局。”然而還沒等信件發(fā)出，四天后希特勒就向美國宣戰(zhàn)，羅斯福改變了立場。他給唐寧街發(fā)電報：“欣然期待您蒞臨白宮?！?/p>

The invitation was the fi rst step in solidifying a friendship that shaped the world as we know it today. For three weeks, the two leaders lived under the same roof at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. There were late-night conversations fueled by war and drink. They broke bread10. break bread (with sb.): （與某人）共餐。daily, courted the press,went to church and even laid a wreath on the tomb of George Washington. Human forces—affection, shared drama and hints of tension—all played a role.

It is easy to be too cynical or too sentimental about the Roosevelt-Churchill friendship. Some historians have argued that the image of Roosevelt and Churchill as friends at work in wartime is in many ways a convenient fi ction, largely created by Churchill in his memoirs in an attempt to build an enduring Anglo-American alliance. Another president and another prime minister, the clinical11. clinical: 冷靜的，不帶感情的。case continues,would have probably produced the same results in World War II. I think the Roosevelt-Churchill story, however,proves that it does matter who is in power at critical points and that politicians, for all their calculations, deceptions,disagreements and disputes, are not immune to emotions as they lead nations through tumultuous12. tumultuous: 動蕩的。times.

發(fā)出會晤邀請是鞏固友誼的第一步，正是這段友誼塑造了今天的世界格局。連續(xù)三個星期，兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人住在賓夕法尼亞大道1600號的同一屋檐下。戰(zhàn)爭和酒點燃了火熱的深夜對話。他們每天都一起就餐，追求新聞界的關(guān)注，上教堂，甚至還在喬治·華盛頓墓前敬獻花圈。人間的各種力量逐一上演，包括親密的情感、共同營造的戲劇性場面，還有少許的沖突。

關(guān)于如何看待羅斯福和丘吉爾的友誼，很容易陷入兩個極端，要么過于憤世嫉俗，要么過于感情用事。一些歷史學(xué)家認為羅斯福和丘吉爾作為戰(zhàn)時盟友的形象在很多方面都是出于實用目的的虛構(gòu)，很大程度上是由丘吉爾在其回憶錄中構(gòu)造的，意圖在于建立持久的英美聯(lián)盟。在這些不動感情的分析家們看來，倘若美國總統(tǒng)和英國首相換了其他人，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的結(jié)果很可能不會有什么兩樣。然而，我認為羅斯福和丘吉爾的故事證明，誰在危急存亡之秋操持國柄確實起到了決定性作用，就算政治家們歷來老謀深算、勾心斗角、意見紛紜、爭論不休，在率領(lǐng)國家渡過動蕩時期的過程中，都難免受到感情的左右。

It was dusk when Churchill and his retinue touched down at Washington National Airport on Dec. 22, 1941.13. retinue:（集合詞）隨員，扈從； touch down: 降落，著陸。He had spent 10 days in rough seas abroad the Duke of York preparing documents in advance of his time with the American president and was tired when the warship docked at Hampton Roads, Va. Yet the 67-year-old prime minister was also eager to see his host, and so he made his last leg of his trip, 140 miles to the nation's capital,on a U.S. Navy plane. He wired abroad to FDR: “On no account14. on no account: 切勿。come out to meet me.”

Until now, Churchill had been the suitor and Roosevelt the elusive quarry.15. suitor: 請求者，懇求者；elusive:閃避的，無從捉摸的；quarry: 獵物，追求物。But with the U.S. entry into the war and Churchill's arrival on American soil, they were committed partners. Their behavior would ref l ect their public interests and private characters: Roosevelt, with Churchill, would be cheerful and calculating. Churchill,with Roosevelt, would be sentimental and shrewd. In response to Churchill's directive, Roosevelt made the logical choice: He traveled to the airfield, charming Churchill and his entourage.16. directive: 指示；entourage: （集合詞）隨行人員。

The two leaders, of course, had much to connect them beyond the war and geopolitics. Churchill came from a long line of politicians (he carried a walking stick that had been a gift from Edward VII17. Edward VII: 愛德華七世（1841—1910），維多利亞女王之子，大不列顛和愛爾蘭國王（1901—1910年在位）。), while Roosevelt's great-great-grandfather had been one of the ratifiers of the Constitution and had led George Washington's horse in the fi rst inaugural parade.18. ratifier: 正式批準者；inaugural: 就職典禮的。Gallipoli, the disastrous World War I naval attack Churchill engineered, changed his life, while polio,19. Gallipoli: 加利波利戰(zhàn)役，是一戰(zhàn)期間協(xié)約國英法聯(lián)軍與奧斯曼帝國于1915年2月至1916年1月在加利波利半島進行的戰(zhàn)役，以協(xié)約國軍隊慘敗告終，戰(zhàn)役的倡導(dǎo)者、時任英國海軍大臣的丘吉爾幾乎因此役斷送仕途；polio: 脊髓灰質(zhì)炎。1921年8月，時年39歲的羅斯福在度假時感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎，造成終身殘疾，只能依靠輪椅或者拐杖走路，但他憑借頑強的意志重返政壇。which FDR contracted in 1921. pageantry: 盛典，華麗的展示。,changed the president's. They both had democratic instincts and enjoyed eclectic20. eclectic: 兼收并蓄的，五花八門的。company. They loved tobacco, strong drink, history, the sea, battleships,hymns, pageantry21, patriotic poetry, high office and hearing themselves talk. “Being with them was like sitting between two lions roaring at the same time,”said Mary Soames, Churchill's youngest daughter.

1941年12月22日，丘吉爾率隨從降落在華盛頓國家機場，正是暮色蒼茫時分。他已經(jīng)在驚濤駭浪的大海上航行了10天，在“約克公爵”號上提前準備與美國總統(tǒng)會面的文件，當軍艦?？吭诟ゼ醽喼轁h普頓路時，他已經(jīng)非常疲憊。然而67歲的首相迫不及待地想和東道主見面，所以他乘坐美國海軍飛機完成了旅行的最后一段，飛行140英里直抵美國首都。在沒有進入國境之前，他給羅斯福發(fā)電報：“千萬不要出來迎接我?！?/p>

到此時為止，丘吉爾一直是窮追不舍的獵人，羅斯福則是不斷閃避的獵物。但隨著美國加入戰(zhàn)爭和丘吉爾抵達美國本土，他們成為了互相承擔義務(wù)的合作伙伴。他們的行為既反映了各自代表的公共利益，又折射出彼此的個性：和丘吉爾在一起的時候，羅斯福總是興致勃勃、老謀深算。和羅斯福在一起的時候，丘吉爾則感情豐富、機敏銳利。對于丘吉爾電報里的指示，羅斯福作出了順理成章的回應(yīng)：他親赴機場，靠個人魅力折服了丘吉爾及其隨行人員。

羅斯福

當然，這兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間的共通點遠遠超越了戰(zhàn)爭和地緣政治。丘吉爾出生于顯宦世家（他攜帶的手杖是愛德華七世贈予的禮物），而羅斯福的曾曾祖父曾是憲法的批準者之一，并在喬治·華盛頓的第一屆總統(tǒng)就職典禮游行上引導(dǎo)總統(tǒng)的坐騎。加利波利戰(zhàn)役是一戰(zhàn)期間災(zāi)難性的海軍進攻戰(zhàn)，由丘吉爾一手鑄成，這次慘敗改變了他的生活；而1921年感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎則是羅斯福生命的轉(zhuǎn)折點。兩人都有掌握民心向背的直覺，喜歡跟各色人等打交道。兩人都喜歡煙草、烈酒、歷史、海洋、戰(zhàn)艦、贊美詩、盛大慶典、愛國詩歌、高級職位和聽自己滔滔不絕地發(fā)言?！昂退麄z在一起，就好像坐在兩頭同時咆哮的雄獅中間，”丘吉爾的小女兒瑪麗·索姆斯說。

The shared sensibility no doubt helped foster their friendship and guide their White House working sessions. There was a vocal school in the U.S. that thought America's central focus should be Japan,22. vocal: 直言不諱的，激烈表達意見的；school:（觀點）派別。not Germany. That Japan would consume Roosevelt worried Churchill, and during the crossing from Britain,he had composed three papers that laid out his strategic vision: North Africa and the Middle East would be secured in 1942; the Allies must build naval strength in the Pacific; Germany would be bombed; and, in 1943,there would be Anglo-American landings in “three or four” of the countries from a pool of Norway, Denmark,Holland, Belgium, France, Italy and Balkans.

在感性方面的共通點無疑有助于培養(yǎng)他們的友誼，并指導(dǎo)他們在白宮的工作會晤。在美國有一種聲音，認為美國的戰(zhàn)略核心應(yīng)該集中于日本，而不是德國。丘吉爾擔心日本會耗盡羅斯福的精力，在從英國橫跨大洋來訪美的路途上，他撰寫了三篇文章，闡述了自己的戰(zhàn)略愿景：北非和中東的戰(zhàn)局將在1942年穩(wěn)定下來；盟軍必須在太平洋建立海軍優(yōu)勢；德國將受到轟炸；在1943年，英美聯(lián)軍將登陸挪威、丹麥、荷蘭、比利時、法國、意大利和巴爾干半島當中的“三四個”國家。

Roosevelt and his generals, it turned out, were thinking along the same lines. In spite of the attack on Pearl Harbor,they thought Hitler represented the most significant long-term threat and wanted to take the fi ght to France, directly across the English Channel. “It was assumed… that Germany had far greater potential than Japan in productive power and scientific genius,” noted Robert Sherwood, FDR's speechwriter. “And if given time to develop this during years of stalemate23. stalemate: 僵局，相持。in Europe, would prove all the more difficult if not impossible to defeat.” It would be Hitler fi rst, Tojo24. (Hideki) Tojo: 東條英機（1884—1948），日本第40任首相（1941—1944年在任），侵華戰(zhàn)爭和發(fā)動太平洋戰(zhàn)爭的主要戰(zhàn)犯之一。after.

Churchill took up residency in the Rose Suite, and he and FDR quickly settled into a comfortable routine. On his fi rst full day in the White House, Churchill wandered the grounds alone, in a pair of blue denim coveralls and with a big cigar in his mouth.25. denim: （通常為靛藍色，用來做牛仔褲的）粗斜紋棉布；coveralls: 連衣褲，工裝褲。At lunch, he and FDR lunched at the president's trinket-strewn desk, and in the afternoon, Roosevelt, once the top editor ofTheHarvard Crimson, and Churchill, a former war reporter, appeared side by side in a press conference that displayed their media savvy.26. trinket: 小裝飾品，零碎小物件；strew: 布滿；The Harvard Crimson:《哈佛深紅報》，哈佛大學(xué)的學(xué)生日報，創(chuàng)辦于1873年；savvy: 見識，智慧。

At 4 p.m., Churchill, in a black coat and blue-and-white polka-dot bow tie, positioned himself to Roosevelt's right,behind the crowded desk, a wire basket of papers and a silver thermos of water just before him. Roosevelt, for his part, wore patrician gray pin-stripes and smoked a cigarette in an ivory holder.27. patrician: 貴族的；pin-stripes: 細條紋。Before the questions got underway, FDR encouraged the 5'6'' prime minister to stand on a chair so the room of reporters could see him, and Churchill gamely obliged,28. get underway: 開始，啟動；gamely:勇敢地，興致勃勃地；oblige: 效勞，遵命。waving his cigar at the crowd. The president kicked things off29. kick off: （足球比賽中）開球，（喻）（使）開始。.

事實證明，羅斯福和他的將軍們有著同樣的思路。盡管遭受了珍珠港偷襲，他們?nèi)匀徽J為希特勒代表了最重要的長期威脅，并希望跨越英吉利海峽將戰(zhàn)斗延伸到法國。羅斯福的演講撰稿人羅伯特·舍伍德指出：“人們認為……德國在生產(chǎn)力和科學(xué)天才方面的潛力遠大于日本?！薄叭绻跉W洲陷入戰(zhàn)略相持階段的幾年里德國有充足的時間發(fā)展這個，那么即使它不是不可戰(zhàn)勝的，要戰(zhàn)勝它也會難上加難。”解決希特勒是第一要務(wù)，東條英機是次要的。

丘吉爾在玫瑰套房居住，他和羅斯福很快就建立起讓雙方都感到舒適的工作日程。在白宮度過的第一個整日，丘吉爾獨自在庭園里徘徊，穿著一身藍色牛仔布連衣褲工作服，嘴里叼著一支大雪茄。午餐時間，他和羅斯福在總統(tǒng)擺滿小飾品的桌子上共進午餐；下午，羅斯福和丘吉爾并肩出現(xiàn)在媒體發(fā)布會上，前者曾經(jīng)是《哈佛深紅報》的主編，后者當過戰(zhàn)爭記者，發(fā)布會展現(xiàn)出兩人駕馭媒體的本領(lǐng)。

下午四點，丘吉爾穿著黑色外套，打著藍白相間的波爾卡圓點領(lǐng)結(jié)，坐在羅斯福右首的擁擠的桌子后面，面前擺著一個鐵絲制成的紙簍和一個銀色的熱水瓶。羅斯福則穿著貴族灰的細條紋西裝，用象牙煙斗抽香煙。在問題開始之前，羅斯福鼓勵五英尺六英寸高的首相站在椅子上，以便滿屋子的記者都可以看到他，丘吉爾欣然從命，向人群揮舞著雪茄。總統(tǒng)宣布發(fā)布會開始。

“Go ahead and shoot,” Roosevelt said to the reporters.

“Mr. Prime Minister, isn't Singapore30. Singapore: 1941年12月8日，日軍開始入侵馬來半島（史稱馬來亞戰(zhàn)役），下一步目標直指英國重要據(jù)點新加坡，為今后進攻荷屬東印度（今印尼）建立前進基地。the key to the whole situation out there?”

“The key to the whole situation is the resolute manner in which the British and American democracies are going to throw themselves into the conf l ict.”

“Mr. Minister, could you tell us what you think of conditions within Germany—the morale?”

“Well, I have always been feeling that one of these days we might get a windfall31. get a windfall: 發(fā)意外橫財。windfall指被風(fēng)吹落的果實，引申為“意外之財”。coming from that quarter, but I don't think we ought to count on it…”

“Do you think the war is turning in our favor in the last month or so?”

“I can't describe the feelings of relief with which I found Russia victorious32. Russia victorious: 1941年12月初，莫斯科保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)中的蘇聯(lián)紅軍由防御轉(zhuǎn)入反攻，取得了蘇德戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)以來的首次大捷。, the United States and Great Britain standing side by side. It is incredible to anyone who has lived through the lonely months of 1940. It is incredible. Thank God.”

The duo's stagecraft did not go unobserved.33. duo: 一對表演搭檔；stagecraft: 舞臺表演技巧。In the coverage of the day's events, the media suggested FDR and Churchill were helping transform how the story of politics was told in the middle of the 20th century. ObservedTheWashington Star: “Two great statesmen-showmen,sharing the star parts in a world drama that will be read and studied for centuries to come, played a sparkling and unique scene at the White House yesterday. They were President Roosevelt, debonair and facile as usual, and Britain's Prime Minister Churchill, jaunty and ruddy.”34. debonair: （男子）風(fēng)流倜儻的，開朗自信的；facile: 口齒流利的；jaunty: 滿懷信心的；ruddy:（臉色）健康紅潤的。The atmosphere in the office,TheStarwrote, was“electric.”

“可以拍攝了，”羅斯福對記者們說。

“首相先生，新加坡不是整個遠東局勢的關(guān)鍵嗎？”

“整個局勢的關(guān)鍵是英國和美國兩個民主國家以堅定不移的決心投身到戰(zhàn)斗中去?！?/p>

“首相先生，能告訴我們您對德國境內(nèi)局勢的看法嗎——士氣怎么樣？”

“這個嘛，我一直覺得沒準兒哪天我們會在那個地方撞上好運氣，但我認為我們不應(yīng)該指望這個……”

“您是否認為戰(zhàn)局在過去一個月左右開始變得對我們有利？”

“當我發(fā)現(xiàn)蘇俄打了勝仗、美國和英國站在一邊的時候，那種如釋重負的心情，我簡直無法描述。對于那些經(jīng)歷過1940年孤立無援的日子的人來說，這是令人難以置信的。真是令人難以置信。感謝上帝?！?/p>

雙人秀的舞臺表演藝術(shù)被媒體捕捉到了。在當天的事件報道中，媒體提出羅斯福和丘吉爾改變了20世紀中葉政治報道的方式?！度A盛頓星報》評述：“兩位偉大的政治家兼表演家，在一場世界級的戲劇中共同擔綱主角，這出大戲在未來的幾個世紀都將被反復(fù)閱讀和研究。昨天他倆就在白宮上演了才華橫溢和獨一無二的一幕。他倆是羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)，一如既往地風(fēng)流倜儻、口齒流利，還有英國首相丘吉爾，總是信心十足、紅光滿面。”《星報》寫道，辦公室里的氣氛“如同通電一般激動人心”。

Meals were lively, with British guests mingling with Roosevelt cousins, and conversation contentious or intimate. One night, Roosevelt and Churchill debated the Boer War35. Boer War:（第二次）布爾戰(zhàn)爭（1899—1902），是英國同荷蘭移民后裔布爾人建立的德蘭士瓦共和國和奧蘭治自由邦為爭奪南非領(lǐng)土和資源而進行的戰(zhàn)爭，又稱“南非戰(zhàn)爭”。, the conf l ict in which the Boers in South Africa rose up against their British masters. Roosevelt, who had supported the Boers when he was at Harvard, and Churchill, a veteran of those very battles, sparred36. spar: 爭論。for a time before the conversation turned personal, after FDR volunteered that he had been disappointed at Harvard. He had not been as popular or as successful as he would have liked to have been, culminating in the snub by Porcellian,37. culminate: 以……告終；snub: 冷落，怠慢；Porcellian: 坡斯廉俱樂部（Porcellian Club），哈佛大學(xué)的精英男生社團，成立于1791年。羅斯福曾說，讀大二時沒有被選中加入該俱樂部“是一生中最讓他失望的事情”。Harvard's exclusive all-male club, which declined to extend an invitation to the future leader of the free world.“When I hear a man say that his childhood was the happiest time of his life,” Churchill growled38. growl: 低沉地怒吼，粗魯?shù)卣f出。in response as he took a puff at his cigar, “I think, my friend, you have had a pretty poor life.”

聚餐的氣氛也很活潑，英國客人與羅斯福的同僚們混坐在一起，談話既不失鋒芒，又親密無間。一天晚上，羅斯福和丘吉爾就布爾戰(zhàn)爭進行了辯論，布爾戰(zhàn)爭是南非布爾人奮起反抗英國殖民者的沖突。羅斯福在哈佛大學(xué)就讀時曾經(jīng)支持過布爾人，而丘吉爾正是參加這些戰(zhàn)役的英國老兵，羅斯福和丘吉爾爭論了一會兒，然后談話開始轉(zhuǎn)向個人經(jīng)歷。羅斯福主動承認對哈佛生活感到失望。在那兒他沒有像自己所希望的那樣廣受歡迎或者大獲成功，尤其是受到哈佛大學(xué)的精英全男生俱樂部“坡斯廉”的冷落，這個俱樂部拒絕邀請這位未來的自由世界領(lǐng)袖入會?！爱斘衣牭揭粋€男人說童年是他一生中最快樂的時光時，”丘吉爾噴出一口雪茄煙，粗魯?shù)鼗貞?yīng)道：“我忍不住要想，我的朋友，你這輩子活得可確實不咋地?！?/p>

It was a remarkable exchange: Roosevelt confiding, in mixed company, in Churchill; Churchill, who had long been forced to reimagine his childhood, striking a pugnacious39. pugnacious: 好斗的。pose in the face of an emotional confession. That Roosevelt was able to reveal something of his true feelings signaled his comfort with Churchill, and Churchill's bullish40. bullish: （像公牛一樣）頑固的，愚蠢的。response was at heart affectionate. Life, Churchill was saying, was what happened when you grew up, not when you were growing up. That conviction was how he had coped, surviving his father's displeasure and his mother's occasional neglect, and now he passed the counsel along to his friend.

The following day was Churchill's triumphant address to Congress, where he spoke about the long history connecting the British and the Americans, and between his own parents,Jennie Spencer-Churchill, an American-born socialite41. socialite: 社會名流。,and Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill, a British statesman. Had it been the other way around, he quipped42. quip: 說俏皮話，口出妙語。,“I might have got here on my own.”

Churchill knew he was complex and difficult, but he was able to show why his peacetime fault of bullheadedness43. bullheadness: 頑固，倔強。was a wartime gift. He had found in Washington, he said,“an Olympian fortitude which…44. Olympian: 強有力的，令人驚嘆的；fortitude: 堅韌不拔，剛毅。is only the mask of an inf l exible purpose and the proof of a sure and well-grounded confidence in the fi nal outcome. We in Britain had the same feeling in our darkest days.” As he concluded, Churchill turned and fl ashed his “V for Victory” sign. “The effect was instantaneous, electric,”TheWashington Postreported. He left as he entered, with cheers that swelled into roar.

這是一次奇異的談話：羅斯福在有各色人等參加的社交場合向丘吉爾傾吐隱衷；長期以來，丘吉爾一直被迫重新構(gòu)想自己的童年，在面對觸動情感的自白時，他表現(xiàn)出一種好斗的姿勢。羅斯福能夠吐露自己的某些真實情感，標志著他和丘吉爾在一起感到很自在，丘吉爾的回應(yīng)聽似莽撞冒失，本質(zhì)上卻是溫情脈脈的。丘吉爾的意思是，人生歷程是你成年以后發(fā)生的事情，而不是你成長過程中發(fā)生的事情。這種信念支撐他挺過了父親的慍怒和母親偶爾的疏忽，現(xiàn)在他將這條忠告?zhèn)魇诮o了自己的朋友。

接下來的日子，丘吉爾的國會致辭大獲成功，他談到了英美兩國人民交往的悠久歷史，以及他本人父母之間的歷史，他母親是美國出生的社交名媛珍妮·斯潘塞-丘吉爾，父親則是英國政治家倫道夫·亨利·斯潘塞-丘吉爾勛爵。他調(diào)侃道，如果把父母的國籍調(diào)換一下，“那么我可能也是諸位當中的一員了?！?/p>

丘吉爾知道自己毀譽參半、難以相處，但是他能夠證明為什么他在和平時期冥頑不化的缺陷在戰(zhàn)爭時期卻是天賦異稟。他說，他在華盛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種“令人驚嘆的堅韌……它蘊含了堅貞不屈的意志，證明了對于最終結(jié)果堅定不移的、擁有充分理由的信念。即使是在最黑暗的日子里，我們英國人也抱有同樣的情懷?！鼻鸺獱栔v完后，轉(zhuǎn)過身去，亮出了他標志性的“V字（代表勝利）”手勢?！度A盛頓郵報》報道稱：“效果是立竿見影的，像電流一般激動人心?！彼碾x場和進場一樣，激起了山呼海嘯的歡呼聲。

They rarely wasted time. Even on New Year's Day, between meals and socializing,Roosevelt and Churchill adopted Declaration by United Nations,a kind of successor documents to The Atlantic Charter45. The Atlantic Charter: 《大西洋憲章》，1941年8月14日由羅斯福與丘吉爾簽署的聯(lián)合宣言，標志英美兩國在反法西斯基礎(chǔ)上的政治聯(lián)盟，也是后來《聯(lián)合國憲章》的基礎(chǔ)。,affirming that the Allies were fi ghting because they were “convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence,and religious freedom.” The document was signed that night, in the Oval study46. Oval study: 橢圓形辦公室書房（Oval Office Study），坐落在白宮西翼，毗鄰橢圓形辦公室（總統(tǒng)日常辦公和會見來賓的地方）。, fi rst be Roosevelt, then Churchill, then the Soviet and Chinese envoys.

Soon Churchill's visit drew to a close, and for his last night in Washington, he dined with just Roosevelt and Hopkins47. Harry Hopkins: 哈里·霍普金斯（1890—1946），羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)最親近的幕僚之一。. There were document to initial, and the three friends lingered an hour beyond the prime minister's scheduled departure time, and reality weighted on them. It would be by their orders that men would die. When Churchill signed a copy of his bookThe River Warfor Roosevelt, his salutation captured the burden of ultimate command: “Inscribed for President Franklin D. Roosevelt by Winston S. Churchill… In rough times January 1942.” Roosevelt's parting words struck the same note. “Trust me,” the president said,“to the bitter end48. to the bitter end: 拼到底。.”They would see the “rough times” through—side by side.

時間他們抓得很緊。即使是在元旦那天，在三餐和社交活動的間隙，羅斯福和丘吉爾仍然通過了《聯(lián)合國共同宣言》，這是《大西洋憲章》的某種后續(xù)文件，確認了盟軍正在戰(zhàn)斗，因為他們“確信徹底戰(zhàn)勝他們的敵人對于捍衛(wèi)生命、自由、獨立和宗教自由至關(guān)重要。”文件當晚在美國總統(tǒng)的橢圓形辦公室書房簽署，羅斯福首先簽字，然后是丘吉爾，接下來是蘇聯(lián)和中國的使節(jié)。

不久，丘吉爾的訪問行將結(jié)束，在華盛頓的最后一晚，他只與羅斯福和霍普金斯共進晚餐。有文件需要簽署，三位盟友把首相的預(yù)定出發(fā)時間往后延遲了一個小時，現(xiàn)實沉甸甸地壓在每個人心頭。要實施他們簽署的命令，很多人將會命喪黃泉。當丘吉爾將他的著作《河之戰(zhàn)》題贈給羅斯福時，他的贈詞表現(xiàn)了終極命令所帶來的心理負擔：“1942年1月的艱難時世……由溫斯頓·S. 丘吉爾題贈富蘭克林·D. 羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)?！绷_斯福的離別致辭表達出同樣的情緒?？偨y(tǒng)說： “相信我，我會血戰(zhàn)到底。”他們會肩并肩共克“時艱”。