王志強(qiáng) 宮彩霞 張曉剛 李振彬
【摘 要】 多種因素影響類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后,預(yù)后因素是類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎治療策略制定的依據(jù)。在檢索文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的預(yù)后影響因素進(jìn)行綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 關(guān)節(jié)炎,類風(fēng)濕;預(yù)后因素;綜述
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種病因不明的、以關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎癥為特征的、慢性系統(tǒng)性自身免疫性疾病[1],常導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)破壞和畸形。RA患者疾病進(jìn)展取決于多種因素,且存在個(gè)體差異。預(yù)后不良因素預(yù)示更快的RA疾病進(jìn)展,最新指南[2-3]建議對(duì)這些患者積極強(qiáng)化治療。因此,識(shí)別預(yù)后不良因素,是RA診斷評(píng)估的重要部分,也是治療決策的關(guān)鍵依據(jù),有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體化精準(zhǔn)治療。本文就近年來對(duì)RA預(yù)后影響因素的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
1 一般因素
1.1 性 別 目前資料表明,在RA的流行病學(xué)、疾病進(jìn)展和治療結(jié)局等方面均存在明顯的性別差異[4]。RA女性患病率大約是男性的3倍[5],女性RA患者的疾病活動(dòng)度和致殘率顯著高于男性[6],女性RA患者對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)也較男性差,男性患者更容易達(dá)到持續(xù)的疾病緩解[7],這可能是由于免疫反應(yīng)的性別差異所致[8]。此外,有研究顯示,絕經(jīng)后女性RA患者的健康評(píng)估問卷(HAQ)評(píng)分和骨侵蝕評(píng)分均高于絕經(jīng)前女性RA患者,但骨侵蝕進(jìn)展無差異,有趣的是,該研究還顯示,未生育RA患者的骨侵蝕進(jìn)展較有生育史RA患者快[9]。
1.2 年 齡 年齡對(duì)RA的預(yù)后也有重要影響。先前研究認(rèn)為,早發(fā)和晚發(fā)RA患者的放射學(xué)進(jìn)展無差異[10]。但最近研究顯示,老年(≥60歲)起病的RA患者雖疾病活動(dòng)度與較年輕( < 60歲)患者相當(dāng),但放射學(xué)骨侵蝕更高[11];年輕RA患者病情更容易緩解[12]。研究認(rèn)為,晚發(fā)RA是一種異質(zhì)性疾病,通常有3種臨床模式,即經(jīng)典RA型、風(fēng)濕性多肌痛型、緩解的血清陰性對(duì)稱性滑膜炎伴指凹性水腫型,前者預(yù)后較差,后兩者預(yù)后良好[13]。
1.3 吸 煙 吸煙與RA的高疾病活動(dòng)度、放射學(xué)進(jìn)展和治療反應(yīng)降低均有關(guān)[14-15],是吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間而不是吸煙強(qiáng)度給RA帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-17]。SWEFOT研究顯示,當(dāng)前吸煙狀態(tài)是RA放射學(xué)進(jìn)展的一個(gè)強(qiáng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素[18]。而ESPOIR隊(duì)列研究顯示,吸煙并不是快速放射學(xué)進(jìn)展的預(yù)測因素,甚至與更有利的預(yù)后和緩解有關(guān)[19]。但無論如何,在RA治療中,均建議患者戒煙[2-3,20]。
1.4 體質(zhì)量 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖不但會(huì)增加RA發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21],也與高疾病活動(dòng)度[22]、放射學(xué)進(jìn)展[23]、低緩解率[22]相關(guān),且肥胖與RA疾病活動(dòng)度和HAQ評(píng)分無相關(guān)性,因此肥胖被視為與預(yù)后相關(guān)的因素[24]。
2 疾病因素
2.1 自身抗體 研究表明,類風(fēng)濕因子(RF)和(或)抗環(huán)瓜氨酸肽(抗CCP)抗體陽性患者的病情更嚴(yán)重,放射學(xué)進(jìn)展更快[25],基線抗CCP抗體與治療反應(yīng)也有關(guān)[26],因此通常認(rèn)為,RF和(或)抗CCP抗體陽性是RA預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測因素[2-3]。也有研究認(rèn)為,RF > 200 U·mL-1[27]、高滴度抗CCP抗體(≥正常上限3倍)才能預(yù)測RA的關(guān)節(jié)損傷進(jìn)展[28]。但最近有研究認(rèn)為,RF或抗CCP抗體狀態(tài)不能預(yù)測低疾病活動(dòng)度和緩解的達(dá)標(biāo)率,專注于自身抗體可能掩蓋陰性患者的高疾病活動(dòng)度和(或)功能受限,并妨礙必要的強(qiáng)化治療[24]。
2.2 疾病活動(dòng)度 在目前的治療建議中,高疾病活動(dòng)度是主要的預(yù)后因素[3]。研究顯示,基線時(shí)高疾病活動(dòng)度(DAS28 > 5.1)獨(dú)立于其他疾病因素,與較低的6個(gè)月低疾病活動(dòng)度和緩解的達(dá)標(biāo)率相關(guān)[24]。
2.3 功能狀態(tài) 功能受限已被ESPOIR隊(duì)列研究確認(rèn)為RA的一個(gè)相關(guān)預(yù)后因素[29]。最近研究顯示,基線時(shí)功能受限(HAQ≥1.2)與6個(gè)月低疾病活動(dòng)度和緩解的達(dá)標(biāo)率相關(guān)[24]。
2.4 骨侵蝕 疾病早期的骨侵蝕常被認(rèn)為是RA的預(yù)后不良因素[30]。研究顯示,第1年的放射學(xué)進(jìn)展可預(yù)測今后2~3年的快速進(jìn)展[31]。但有研究認(rèn)為,臨床上沒有其他預(yù)后因素,僅存在骨侵蝕是不可能的,骨侵蝕與疾病活動(dòng)度密切相關(guān)[24],是其后果之一,低疾病活動(dòng)度或緩解可阻止放射學(xué)進(jìn)展[32],因此把骨侵蝕作為強(qiáng)化治療的依據(jù)似乎已經(jīng)過時(shí)。
2.5 關(guān)節(jié)外表現(xiàn) RA患者出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)外表現(xiàn)往往提示更高的疾病活動(dòng)度。既往研究已證實(shí),關(guān)節(jié)外表現(xiàn)是RA患者早期死亡的預(yù)測因素[33],但僅美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)(ACR)建議把關(guān)節(jié)外表現(xiàn)作為不良預(yù)后因素[3]。
2.6 共 病 共病問題作為RA的重要預(yù)后預(yù)測因素越來越受到重視[24]。RA相關(guān)共病對(duì)RA的預(yù)后有重要影響。共病不但影響RA患者的功能狀態(tài)和生活質(zhì)量[34],也與高死亡率相關(guān)[35],存在較多共病的RA患者獲得治療反應(yīng)的可能性較小,不太容易獲得疾病緩解[24]。當(dāng)然,RA共病的發(fā)生與年齡也有相關(guān)性[36]。
3 治療因素
同所有疾病一樣,早期治療的重要性毋庸置疑。大量研究證實(shí),早期治療及治療反應(yīng)是RA緩解的預(yù)測因素[37-39]。甲氨蝶呤(MTX)是RA治療的核心藥物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)抑制劑聯(lián)合MTX治療較單用TNF抑制劑或TNF抑制劑聯(lián)合其他傳統(tǒng)改善病情抗風(fēng)濕藥能更好地維持有效的TNF抑制劑血藥濃度,臨床療效更好[40]。生物制劑治療后產(chǎn)生抗藥物抗體(ADA)的RA患者達(dá)到低疾病活動(dòng)度率和緩解率均較低[41]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),治療后持續(xù)緩解時(shí)間越長、放射學(xué)損傷越少,對(duì)功能的影響越小[42]。
4 生物標(biāo)志物
4.1 血清學(xué)生物標(biāo)志物 多種血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物可預(yù)測RA影像學(xué)進(jìn)展和治療反應(yīng)。血清脂聯(lián)素水平可預(yù)測RA影像學(xué)進(jìn)展,且不受代謝因素影響[43]?;€骨保護(hù)素(OPG)/TNF相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL)比值是早期RA患者1年緩解和2年快速骨侵蝕的獨(dú)立預(yù)測指標(biāo)[44]。升高的可溶性B細(xì)胞刺激因子(sBLyS)/sBLyS-R比值與RA患者6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月臨床療效不佳相關(guān)[45]。多生物標(biāo)志物疾病活動(dòng)評(píng)分(MBDA)是根據(jù)多種血清生物標(biāo)志物濃度來評(píng)估RA的疾病活動(dòng)性模型,> 44分意味著高疾病活動(dòng)度[46]。隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MBDA可預(yù)測RA患者的放射學(xué)進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。SWEFOT研究顯示,持續(xù)MBDA高評(píng)分( > 44分)的RA患者在2年隨訪中的放射學(xué)進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高[47],LEIDEN隊(duì)列研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)了MBDA評(píng)分的增加與放射學(xué)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系[48]。
4.2 影像學(xué)生物標(biāo)志物 超聲和核磁共振(MRI)通過可視化結(jié)構(gòu)變化來評(píng)估疾病活動(dòng)和結(jié)構(gòu)損傷。研究表明,能量多普勒超聲可預(yù)測早期RA的疾病活動(dòng)和結(jié)構(gòu)損傷[49]。隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)[50]和隊(duì)列研究[51]均顯示,RA患者的MRI骨水腫信號(hào)可預(yù)測放射學(xué)進(jìn)展。因此,歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟(EULAR)建議RA關(guān)節(jié)成像中MRI和超聲檢測到的骨水腫和滑膜炎作為放射學(xué)進(jìn)展強(qiáng)有力的獨(dú)立預(yù)測指標(biāo),應(yīng)作為預(yù)后因素[52]。
4.3 遺傳生物標(biāo)志物 識(shí)別RA預(yù)后的遺傳標(biāo)志物遠(yuǎn)比識(shí)別易感標(biāo)志物復(fù)雜得多,這是因?yàn)椋孩賹?duì)疾病嚴(yán)重程度的定義沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化;②疾病嚴(yán)重程度會(huì)隨時(shí)間而變化;③缺乏高質(zhì)量大規(guī)模疾病嚴(yán)重程度縱向變化的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究;④許多結(jié)局參數(shù)是非正態(tài)分布,且易受時(shí)間變量的混雜因素影響,統(tǒng)計(jì)建模難度大[53]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HLA-DRB1不但是RA疾病易感性遺傳標(biāo)志物,也是RA嚴(yán)重程度的標(biāo)志物[54]。HLA-DRB1上第11位纈氨酸是影響骨侵蝕、放射學(xué)損傷、死亡率和治療反應(yīng)最強(qiáng)有力的遺傳預(yù)測因素,同一位置的絲氨酸具有對(duì)放射學(xué)損傷和不良結(jié)局的保護(hù)作用[54-55]。
5 結(jié) 語
預(yù)后因素在各醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科的治療決策中都起著重要作用,不良預(yù)后因素被用來識(shí)別疾病進(jìn)展的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,以便進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化治療。RA不同的預(yù)后因素對(duì)結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值不盡相同,這些因素與RA預(yù)后的相關(guān)性仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。未來有必要進(jìn)行更大規(guī)模的隊(duì)列研究,調(diào)查預(yù)后因素的流行病學(xué),在隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)中評(píng)估不同預(yù)后因素組合的相關(guān)性,并將生物標(biāo)志物和早期治療反應(yīng)作為預(yù)后因素開發(fā)新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測模型。
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收稿日期:2018-11-29;修回日期:2019-01-11