周利芬 陳方紅 程雪 謝麗丹 王海林
[摘要] 目的 觀察經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影在乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 隨機(jī)選取我院2016年2月~2018年2月期間收治的34例乳腺癌患者作為觀察對(duì)象,分別采用經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影和常規(guī)二維超聲對(duì)所有患者進(jìn)行檢查,并依照病理學(xué)確診結(jié)果核實(shí)兩種超聲檢測(cè)方法對(duì)淋巴結(jié)性質(zhì)檢查的應(yīng)用效果。 結(jié)果 通過(guò)與病理學(xué)確診結(jié)果核實(shí)后顯示,超聲造影檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果與病理檢查結(jié)果比較相符,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);常規(guī)二維超聲檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果明顯低于病理檢查的結(jié)果,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度為85.7%、特異性為90.1%、準(zhǔn)確性為87.0%;常規(guī)二維超聲檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)靈敏度為65.7%、特異性為54.5%、準(zhǔn)確性為65.2%,兩種超聲檢查結(jié)果對(duì)比,經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影檢查對(duì)淋巴結(jié)性質(zhì)檢查的靈敏度、特異性及準(zhǔn)確性顯著優(yōu)于常規(guī)二維超聲檢查,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果對(duì)比差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 針對(duì)乳腺癌患者采用經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影檢查,其具有較高的靈敏度及特異性,可有效提高乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)檢查診斷準(zhǔn)確性,該檢查方式建議在臨床廣泛推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)皮注射;巴結(jié)超聲造影;乳腺癌;前哨淋巴結(jié)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R322.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)07-0126-04
[Abstract] Objective To observe the application effect of percutaneous injection of lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound in sentinel lymph node of breast cancer. Methods A total of 34 patients with breast cancer who were admitted to our hospital from February 2016 to February 2018 were randomly selected as observation subjects. All patients were examined by percutaneous injection of lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound and conventional two-dimensional ultrasound respectively. According to the pathological diagnosis results, the application effects of the two ultrasonic methods on the examination of the nature of lymph node were verified. Results After verification with pathological findings, the number of lymph nodes detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and the negative and positive results were consistent with pathological findings. There was no statistically significant difference in the data results(P>0.05); the number of lymph nodes detected by conventional two-dimensional ultrasound, and the negative and positive results were significantly lower than those of the pathological examination results. The differences in the data results were statistically significant(P<0.05);for the percutaneous injection of lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound for sentinel lymph node, the sensitivity was 85.7%,specificity was 90.1%,and accuracy was 87.0%;for conventional two-dimensional ultrasound for sentinel lymph node, the sensitivity was 65.7%, specificity was 54.5%, and accuracy was 65.2%. The results of the two kinds of ultrasonography were compared, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of percutaneous injection of lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the examination of the nature of lymph node were significantly better than those of conventional two-dimensional ultrasound examination. There were statistically significant differences in the data results(P<0.05). Conclusion Percutaneous injection of lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the patients with breast cancer has a high sensitivity and specificity, which can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node examination in breast cancer. This examination method is recommended to be widely promoted and applied in clinical practice.
[Key words] Percutaneous injection; Lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Breast cancer; Sentinel lymph node
乳腺癌作為臨床常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高,其發(fā)病率也在逐年增加,給女性患者生活質(zhì)量造成巨大影響,研究報(bào)道稱該病的臨床表現(xiàn)為胸痛、泌乳障礙、乳頭內(nèi)陷、乳頭溢液及乳頭破碎等[1-3]。因此早診斷早治療,對(duì)提高患者生存質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要。前哨淋巴結(jié)是第一個(gè)接受原發(fā)腫瘤引流的淋巴結(jié),因此可以通過(guò)對(duì)前哨淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)來(lái)對(duì)乳腺癌進(jìn)行診斷。近年隨著醫(yī)療科技設(shè)備的不斷更新,影像學(xué)技術(shù)也得到了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展,超聲造影開(kāi)始逐漸應(yīng)用于乳腺癌診斷中,因其無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)單且價(jià)格低廉,在臨床中能夠迅速推廣使用,但其在乳腺癌診斷中的具體應(yīng)用效果尚未見(jiàn)有明確的報(bào)道[4-5]。為此,本次我院針對(duì)經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影在乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)中的應(yīng)用效果做了進(jìn)一步的觀察分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
隨機(jī)選取我院2016年2月~2018年2月期間收治的34例乳腺癌患者作為觀察對(duì)象,腫瘤直徑為16~38 mm,平均(27.0±6.5)mm;患者年齡25~68歲,平均(46.5±3.2)歲。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)過(guò)穿刺活檢后及手術(shù)病理證實(shí)符合乳腺癌臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者;未接受放化療、內(nèi)分泌治療及其他針對(duì)腫瘤治療的患者;臨床資料完整并且語(yǔ)言及智力功能良好的患者[6-7];患者及家屬通過(guò)對(duì)本次超聲檢查全過(guò)程進(jìn)行了解后,經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)商患者自愿簽署本次超聲造影檢查知情書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):存在語(yǔ)言和精神障礙患者;對(duì)造影劑過(guò)敏的患者;腫瘤位置不確定的患者;轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌及多發(fā)性乳腺癌患者;不能積極配合完成本次超聲造影協(xié)議的患者。
1.3 檢查方法
對(duì)34例乳腺癌患者分別采用經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影和常規(guī)二維超聲對(duì)所有患者進(jìn)行檢查,德國(guó)acuson×150西門子彩色超聲多普勒診斷儀檢查儀器進(jìn)行超聲檢測(cè),設(shè)置為7~9 MHz線陣探頭頻率,造影探頭頻率設(shè)置為4~8 MHz。造影劑采用(意大利博萊卡公司)生產(chǎn)的Sono Vue凍干粉劑。常規(guī)二維超聲檢查:患者取仰臥位,雙臂放于頭部?jī)蓚?cè),充分暴露出腋窩和乳房,以患者乳頭為中心采用高頻線陣探頭對(duì)乳腺進(jìn)行橫、斜及縱向切面掃查,對(duì)患者的腋窩淋巴結(jié)和腫塊位置、形態(tài)以及回聲特點(diǎn)及與周圍邊界的關(guān)系進(jìn)行仔細(xì)觀察記錄,當(dāng)淋巴結(jié)縱橫比值<2;淋巴門結(jié)構(gòu)疏松或消失,淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)部回聲不均勻,淋巴結(jié)皮質(zhì)屬于偏心性或向心性寬闊型等則判定為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[8-9]。超聲造影檢查:將Sono Vue凍干粉劑加入0.9%氯化鈉注射液中,震蕩搖勻后制成微氣泡息浮液。皮下注射2~4 mL造影劑懸液,并對(duì)其注射部位進(jìn)行輕輕揉動(dòng),從而保證淋巴管內(nèi)含有造影劑。并將脈沖序列造影成像系統(tǒng)開(kāi)啟,啟動(dòng)計(jì)時(shí)器,對(duì)造影劑在淋巴結(jié)、淋巴管內(nèi)的走行路線進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),同時(shí)對(duì)淋巴結(jié)大小及形態(tài)進(jìn)行測(cè)量,測(cè)量其距體表的距離,在體表進(jìn)行定位[10-12]。對(duì)患者乳腺3、6、9、12點(diǎn)分別注入0.5 mL亞甲藍(lán):用來(lái)檢測(cè)前哨淋巴結(jié),然后進(jìn)行手術(shù)切除,將采集的病理組織送去病理活檢。
常規(guī)二維超聲陽(yáng)性診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):以淋巴結(jié)長(zhǎng)徑≥7 mm、淋巴結(jié)的長(zhǎng)短比<2、邊緣不規(guī)則、內(nèi)部回聲不均勻、淋巴門移位或消失及周邊型或混合性血流作為陽(yáng)性診斷指標(biāo)。
超聲造影陽(yáng)性診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)顯示不均勻的增強(qiáng)區(qū)及低回聲無(wú)強(qiáng)化區(qū)或淋巴結(jié)未見(jiàn)明顯強(qiáng)化,則為陽(yáng)性診斷指標(biāo)。
1.4 觀察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
依照病理學(xué)確診結(jié)果將靈敏度、特異性及準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行對(duì)比,并將兩種超聲檢測(cè)方法檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果與病理檢查結(jié)果進(jìn)行核實(shí)對(duì)比分析。手術(shù)切除疑似病灶,然后急性病理學(xué)檢測(cè),以病理學(xué)檢測(cè)作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即病理學(xué)檢測(cè)確診為乳腺癌即為陽(yáng)性,反之則為陰性,以a表示真陽(yáng)性,以d表示真陰性,以c表示假陽(yáng)性,以b表示假陰性。靈敏性=a/(a+c),特異性=d/(b+d),準(zhǔn)確性=(a+d)/n。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本次觀察采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 超聲造影和病理檢查結(jié)果比較
超聲造影檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果與病理檢查結(jié)果比較相符,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 常規(guī)二維超聲和病理檢查結(jié)果比較
觀察結(jié)果顯示,常規(guī)二維超聲檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果明顯低于病理檢查的結(jié)果,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 常規(guī)二維超聲檢查結(jié)果與超聲造影檢查結(jié)果比較
觀察顯示,通過(guò)與病理學(xué)確診結(jié)果核實(shí)后經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度為85.7%、特異性為90.1%、準(zhǔn)確性為87.0%,顯著高于常規(guī)二維超聲檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)靈敏度為65.7%、特異性為54.5%、準(zhǔn)確性為65.2%,組間數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
乳腺癌對(duì)女性的健康危害較大,隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高,其發(fā)病率也在逐年增加,給女性患者生活質(zhì)量造成巨大影響,其臨床表現(xiàn)為胸痛、泌乳障礙、乳頭內(nèi)陷、乳頭溢液及乳頭破碎等。因此早診斷早治療對(duì)提高患者生存質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要。目前乳腺癌的病因尚未完全明確。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前哨淋巴結(jié)是第一個(gè)接受原發(fā)腫瘤引流的淋巴結(jié),因此可以通過(guò)對(duì)前哨淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)來(lái)對(duì)乳腺癌進(jìn)行診斷。乳腺癌發(fā)病具有一定的規(guī)律性,早期乳腺癌患者的癥狀并不明顯,不具備典型癥狀和體征,因此不易引起重視,大多數(shù)患者常通過(guò)體檢或乳腺癌篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)[13-15]。近年隨著醫(yī)療科技設(shè)備的不斷更新,影像學(xué)技術(shù)也得到了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展,超聲造影開(kāi)始逐漸應(yīng)用于乳腺癌診斷中,因其無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)單且價(jià)格低廉,在臨床中能夠迅速推廣使用。
隨著病情發(fā)展乳腺癌患者往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)乳房腫塊、胸痛、泌乳障礙等臨床體征及癥狀。乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)是最早接受腫瘤區(qū)域內(nèi)淋巴引流及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的第一站淋巴結(jié),若前哨淋巴結(jié)未發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,其他淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移幾率則會(huì)非常小[16]。臨床針對(duì)乳腺癌淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移檢查主要采取前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢,通過(guò)活檢可有效預(yù)測(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)是否存在轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象,并且避免了未發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的腋窩淋巴結(jié)手術(shù)清掃[17]。近年來(lái)隨著人們經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的不斷提高,生活質(zhì)量及醫(yī)療設(shè)備也在不斷更新、進(jìn)步,造影劑也出現(xiàn)了巨大的發(fā)展,經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影已被廣泛應(yīng)用于乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)中的檢測(cè)診斷中,該檢測(cè)是一種新型的檢查方法,其檢測(cè)的特異度和靈敏性極高,而且安全性較高,且其操作便捷,大大節(jié)省了患者的檢查時(shí)間[18],并且該檢測(cè)方法的費(fèi)用相對(duì)低廉,從而減輕了患者治療期間的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,同時(shí)在線狀增強(qiáng)回聲的淋巴結(jié)中尋找相連的淋巴結(jié)極為方便,在一定程度上保證了檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)性質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)確率[19-20]。研究中,我院將超聲造影檢查方式與常規(guī)二維超聲檢查方式在乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)中的應(yīng)用效果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。通過(guò)與病理學(xué)確診結(jié)果核實(shí)后顯示,超聲造影檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果與病理檢查結(jié)果比較相符,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);常規(guī)二維超聲檢查出的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)、陰性及陽(yáng)性結(jié)果明顯低于病理檢查的結(jié)果,其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影檢查前哨淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度、特異性及準(zhǔn)確性顯著高于常規(guī)二維超聲檢查,組間數(shù)據(jù)差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
綜上所述,經(jīng)皮注射淋巴結(jié)超聲造影在乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)中的應(yīng)用顯著,其具有較高的靈敏度及特異性,可有效提高乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)檢查診斷準(zhǔn)確性,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-28)