利用“八大關(guān)系”，巧解“七選五”

貴州

“七選五”作為高考英語閱讀理解的一部分，主要考查考生對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握，旨在提高學(xué)生用英語獲取信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力。

從語篇銜接的角度來說，“七選五”中的正確選項(xiàng)與文中空白處的前后句之間必然存在某一種關(guān)系或關(guān)聯(lián)。解題時(shí)，首先要分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)（多為總分結(jié)構(gòu)），牢記一段一焦點(diǎn)（即一段只涉及主題的某一方面）；其次，重點(diǎn)分析空白處的前后句，運(yùn)用以下“八大關(guān)系”，明確句際關(guān)系。

通過對(duì)2018年高考英語三套全國卷閱讀理解部分“七選五”的分析和研究，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)“八大關(guān)系”在各題中的應(yīng)用如下：

題號(hào)卷區(qū) 36題 37題 38題 39題 40題卷Ⅰ 原詞相關(guān) 指代相關(guān) 原詞相關(guān) 指代相關(guān)、釋義相關(guān) 邏輯相關(guān)卷Ⅱ 邏輯相關(guān) 同/近義詞相關(guān) 原詞相關(guān) 原詞相關(guān) 同/近義詞相關(guān)卷Ⅲ 釋義相關(guān) 指代相關(guān) 釋義相關(guān) 邏輯相關(guān) 邏輯相關(guān)

為了讓大家更好地掌握和運(yùn)用“八大關(guān)系”這一解題技巧，下面筆者結(jié)合近兩年的高考英語全國卷和在日常教學(xué)中收藏的一些經(jīng)典案例，一一道來，以饗讀者。

一、原詞相關(guān)

原詞相關(guān)，也可稱為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。眾所周知，原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是文中詞匯的一種銜接手段，即同一個(gè)詞或短語在文章的不同地方出現(xiàn)。這里的原詞通常指某個(gè)關(guān)鍵的動(dòng)詞、名詞或該詞的同根詞。解題時(shí)，可根據(jù)文中空白處前后或本段中的某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞（也稱為信息焦點(diǎn)詞，通常為動(dòng)詞或名詞）在選項(xiàng)中是否出現(xiàn)，從而迅速鎖定答案。

【例1】（2018年全國卷Ⅰ）

Color is fundamental in home design—something you’ll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in.Do you want a room that’s full of life?Professional?Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?36,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根據(jù)語境可知，空白處前三句都是一般疑問句，且信息焦點(diǎn)詞：want,look for，語義相近，屬于同/近義詞。選項(xiàng)B中的“are looking for”與空白處前一句中的“are looking for”呼應(yīng)，屬于原詞相關(guān)（原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)），而且正是通過“are looking for”的銜接，對(duì)上文進(jìn)行總結(jié)（color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel），故選B。

二、反義詞相關(guān)

反義詞相關(guān)，也可稱為反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，通常指文中空白處的前后或本段中某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞（動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞或副詞）的反義詞在正確選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)。

【例2】（2017年全國卷Ⅰ）

...We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

I was,nevertheless,talked into going on another funfi lled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead,we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip,my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析：空白處后一句中的“Instead”是解題的突破口，此詞表示反義，意為“反而，而不是……”。根據(jù)上文中的“We slept in a tent...”和下文中的“Instead,we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.”可知 ,作者這次睡在“a pop-up camper（房車）”里，而不是睡在“a tent（帳篷）”里，此時(shí)，“camper”和“tent”構(gòu)成相對(duì)反義詞，故選A。

三、同/近義詞相關(guān)

同/近義詞相關(guān)，也可稱為同/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，是指文中空白處的前后句或本段中的某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞（動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞或副詞）的同/近義詞在正確選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)。

【例3】（2018年全國卷Ⅱ）

●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.37

…

●40If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for4–10hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly,or you’re doing it now,then listen up!

解析：根據(jù)前文所述，通過分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該文為總分結(jié)構(gòu)，且一段一焦點(diǎn)（即一段只涉及主題的某一方面）。就第37題而言，選項(xiàng)E中的“keep your head clear”與本段中的“makes you more awake”語義相近，屬于同/近義相關(guān)，故選E；就第40題而言，根據(jù)語境可知，此段的信息焦點(diǎn)詞是“stick to healthy food choices”和“continue to focus on positive choices”，二者與 A 選項(xiàng)中的“stick to your diet”屬于同 /近義詞相關(guān)，故選 A。

四、上下義詞相關(guān)

上下義詞相關(guān)是指文中空白處前后的某個(gè)詞或某些詞與正確選項(xiàng)的某個(gè)詞或某些詞之間存在上下義詞的關(guān)系。上義詞是對(duì)事物概括性或抽象性的說明；下義詞則是對(duì)事物具體表現(xiàn)形式或更為具體的說明。如flower是上義詞，而 rose,lily,tulip 則是它的下義詞。

【例4】

18（B）Exposure to light during the time when you’re supposed to be sleeping can disrupt your body’s internal clock.Turn your light off,or use a very dim night light.19 They include windows,LED clocks,computer lights and cable boxes.

A.Try to avoid all sources of light.

B.Keep the room as dark as possible.

C.Make note of unusual circumstances.

D.Be mindful of what you eat or drink before bed.

E.Sleep is considered to be adequate only when there is no daytime sleepiness.

F.In other words,sudden change of sleeping time will affect your“biological clock”.

G.If you wake up in the middle of the night,make an effort to have a comfortable position.

解析：空白處后一句中的“windows,LED clocks,computer lights and cable boxes（下義詞）.”與 A 選項(xiàng)中的“sources of light（上義詞）”構(gòu)成上下義詞關(guān)系，故選 A。

五、指代相關(guān)

指代相關(guān)是指文中空白處前后句中的某個(gè)名詞或代詞與正確選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)代詞或名詞之間存在指代關(guān)系。此時(shí)，準(zhǔn)確理解該代詞的指代范圍或內(nèi)容是解題的關(guān)鍵。如果空白處后一句中出現(xiàn)代詞（尤其是人稱代詞、指示代詞或替代詞）時(shí)，往往可根據(jù)代詞的指代關(guān)系來解題。

【例5】（2018年全國卷Ⅰ）

Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37,they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根據(jù)語境可知，選項(xiàng)A中的“them”指代的是空白處前一句中的“different techniques”，故選A。

六、句式結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)

句式結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)是指空白處的前句或后句與正確選項(xiàng)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同，類似于漢語中的排比句，旨在達(dá)到理想的表達(dá)效果。常考的句式結(jié)構(gòu)有：祈使句、疑問句、感嘆句、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、主系表結(jié)構(gòu)等。

【例6】

If your interviewer asks you what you think of the company’s recent efforts,the last thing you want to do is just stare back.Do your research.40 Who founded it?What is their goal?You want to show the employer that you care enough to read up on who they are.

A.When was the company founded?

B.You may not be able to recover from it.

C.Too loose,you’re weak or not confident.

D.You’re expected to ask intelligent questions.

E.Here are a few tips that help you make your first impression.

F.By doing this,you can leave a good impression in your interview.

G.Being late will ruin your first impression in the eyes of your interviewer.

解析：根據(jù)語境可知，正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)與空白處的后兩句在句式上形成一致關(guān)系，即為疑問句，并對(duì)前句中“research”一詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋，故選A。

七、釋義相關(guān)

釋義相關(guān)是指文中空白處的前句或后句與正確選項(xiàng)之間為釋義關(guān)系。常見的釋義方式有解釋、舉例或講故事。此時(shí)，空白處往往是文章或段落的主題句（通常位于段首或第一段的段尾）或文中的小標(biāo)題。

【例7】（2018年全國卷Ⅲ）

Before there was the written word,there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate,joy and sorrow,life and death,and everything else in between.

36We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays,office parties and just to fill the time.

…

38“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges.“They’re learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39（F）”

A.So why do we dance?

B.Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.

C.If you like dancing outdoors,come to America.

D.My older students say it makes them feel young.

E.I keep practicing even when I’m extremely tired.

F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

解析：根據(jù)第36題前后的語境可知，選項(xiàng)B（Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.）與其后一句“We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.”構(gòu)成釋義關(guān)系，故選B；同理，第38題的后文通過一個(gè)事例與選項(xiàng)A也構(gòu)成釋義關(guān)系，即通過舉例的方式來解釋“我們?yōu)槭裁刺琛?，故選A。

八、邏輯相關(guān)

邏輯相關(guān)是指文中空白處的前句或后句與正確選項(xiàng)之間一定存在某一種邏輯關(guān)系。邏輯關(guān)系有顯性的，即有邏輯信號(hào)詞，如because,so,however等；邏輯關(guān)系也有隱性的，即前后句之間沒有邏輯信號(hào)詞。此時(shí)，一定要認(rèn)真分析空白處前句或后句與某一備選項(xiàng)之間的句際關(guān)系，根據(jù)兩句之間存在的某一種符合語境的邏輯關(guān)系來解題。常見的句際邏輯關(guān)系有因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系和順序關(guān)系等，而因果關(guān)系是考查的重點(diǎn)。

【例8】（2018年全國卷Ⅰ）

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings, and floors.Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant.40.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根據(jù)語境，通過綜合分析可知，空白處前一句（不管你考慮墻紙還是涂料，這種大面積的顏色選擇所投入的時(shí)間、精力和相關(guān)費(fèi)用都是相當(dāng)多的）只有同選項(xiàng)F（因此，做到心中有數(shù)是值得的，因?yàn)槟阆胍徊降轿?。）才能?gòu)成一種合理的邏輯關(guān)系——因果關(guān)系。故選F。

最后，需要特別指出的是，認(rèn)真分析，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)每道題的解答方法往往不止一種。所以，如果能靈活運(yùn)用“八大關(guān)系”，我們就會(huì)巧解“七選五”，這樣既節(jié)省時(shí)間，又可大幅度提高答題的正確率。