方明清 丁剛毅 趙艷玲
關(guān)鍵詞: 移動自組織網(wǎng)絡; 按需矢量路由; 路徑權(quán)值; 鏈路穩(wěn)定性; 節(jié)點能量; 服務質(zhì)量
中圖分類號: TN711?34; TPT393 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼: A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號: 1004?373X(2019)06?0047?04
Abstract: The ad hoc on?demand distance vector (AODV) routing is a typical routing in the mobile ad hoc network (MANET). However, the shortest path is always selected for communication in AODV routing, which can lead to unbalanced traffic flow, or even congestions in the network, thus affecting the quality of service (QoS). Therefore, a weight routing scheme based on the AODV is proposed, which is marked as AODV?W. In the AODV?W routing, the path transmission delay, link stability and node energy are considered to calculate the path weights, and the path with the minimum weight is selected as the data transmission channel. The experimental data shows that the proposed AODV?W routing can improve the data packet delivery ratio and network throughput.
Keywords: MANET; AODV; path weight; link stability; node energy; QoS
移動自組織網(wǎng)(Mobile Ad hoc Network,MANET) [1?2]是無中心控制單元、并由節(jié)點自行構(gòu)建的無線網(wǎng)絡。由于節(jié)點可自由移動,MANET網(wǎng)絡拓撲具有動態(tài)變化特性。而變化的拓撲使得網(wǎng)絡通信鏈路不穩(wěn)定。此外,節(jié)點的通信距離有限,節(jié)點需要通過多跳通信才能將數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)礁h的目的節(jié)點。多跳通信是由一系列的中間節(jié)點轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)而形成的通信方式。當擁有數(shù)據(jù)包的節(jié)點(源節(jié)點)需要以多跳通信方式向遠距離的目的節(jié)點傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包時,源節(jié)點就需構(gòu)建一條合適的路徑[3]。實際上,此路徑也是由一系列的中間節(jié)點組成。構(gòu)建合適路徑的過程也稱為路由發(fā)現(xiàn)(Route?discovery)。然而,由于MANET的拓撲動態(tài)變化、節(jié)點通信距離短等原因,有效地完成路由發(fā)現(xiàn)過程存在挑戰(zhàn)。
針對MANET網(wǎng)絡特性,研究人員提出許多路由協(xié)議[4?5]。這些協(xié)議可分為三類:按需路由、表格驅(qū)動路由以及混合路由。這些路由均需要實施路由發(fā)現(xiàn)過程。
在表格驅(qū)動路由中,節(jié)點需先獲取并維持路由信息,并且移動節(jié)點能夠周期地共享路由信息。在按需路由中,僅當節(jié)點需要傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包時[6?7],它才建立路徑,節(jié)點無需預先維護路由信息,這也是按需路由的由來。而混合路由結(jié)合表格驅(qū)動路由和按需路由這兩者特點。通常,混合路由將網(wǎng)絡劃分多個區(qū)域,在區(qū)域內(nèi)和區(qū)域間實施不同的路由發(fā)現(xiàn)策略。在區(qū)域內(nèi)實施表格驅(qū)動路由[8],而區(qū)域間實施按需路由,但是這種策略增加了路由開銷。
按需矢量路由(Ad Hoc On?demand Distance Vector,AODV)在MANET中廣泛使用。AODV路由利用控制包RREQ的傳遞,建立路徑。然而,現(xiàn)存的多數(shù)AODV路由在選擇路徑時只考慮單條鏈路的指標,而并沒有充分考慮鏈路間指標的一致性問題。此外,它們也沒有考慮到節(jié)點能量問題。
圖2顯示了路徑選擇示例。源節(jié)點1需向目的節(jié)點8傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包,先通過傳輸控制包RREQ獲取多條路徑信息,并計算每條路徑的權(quán)值,然后再選擇權(quán)值最小的路徑作為數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道。
3.1 ?仿真場景
利用NS2.35仿真軟件建立仿真平臺。N個節(jié)點隨機分布于1 000 m×1 000 m區(qū)域,節(jié)點的傳輸范圍為250 m。具體的仿真參數(shù)如表1所示。
為更充分地分析AODV?W協(xié)議性能,選擇AODV[13]作為參照,并分析其數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率、吞吐量的性能。
3.2 ?實驗數(shù)據(jù)分析
首先分析節(jié)點數(shù)的變化對平均吞吐量的變化。實驗數(shù)據(jù)如圖3所示。
從圖3可知,當節(jié)點數(shù)為50時,AODV?W和AODV路由的吞吐量達到最高。然而,當節(jié)點數(shù)從50增加至150時,吞吐量也隨之下降。原因在于:當節(jié)點數(shù)增加,參與路由的節(jié)點也隨之增加,節(jié)點能耗也增加,加速了節(jié)點能量消耗速度;同時,節(jié)點數(shù)的增加會引起節(jié)點對信道資源的增加。最終,控制吞吐量。此外,與AODV路由相比,提出的AODV?W路由提高了網(wǎng)絡吞吐量。隨后,分析了節(jié)點數(shù)對數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率的變化。實驗數(shù)據(jù)如圖4所示。
圖4的曲線變化與圖3類似。當節(jié)點數(shù)大于50時,數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率隨節(jié)點數(shù)的增加而下降。原因在于:當節(jié)點數(shù)增加至一定數(shù)量后,再增加節(jié)點數(shù),會引起數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸?shù)呐鲎?,最終,降低數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率。與DSR路由相比,提出的AODV?W路由的數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率得到有效提升。這主要是因為:AODV?W路由在構(gòu)建路由時,考慮了節(jié)點能量和擁塞信息,避免了擁塞度高的、低能量節(jié)點構(gòu)建路由。
針對MANET網(wǎng)絡并結(jié)合AODV,提出AODV?W路由。所提路由先利用AODV獲取多條路徑信息,再計算每條路徑的權(quán)值。此權(quán)值充分考慮了路徑內(nèi)各鏈路穩(wěn)定值、節(jié)點能量的一致性,其目的在于選擇最平衡的路徑作為數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道。實驗數(shù)據(jù)表明,所提AODV?W路由有效地提高了數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率,也增加了吞吐量。
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