Construction of Spatial Pattern of Garden Plant Landscape in Urban Waterfront

College of City Construction, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China

Abstract The spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape is an important factor affecting the quality of urban culture and improving the recognition of the city. As the core material of urban landscape design, garden plants play a very important role in the construction of spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape. The spatial pattern of garden plant landscape can be divided into three types: two-dimensional, vertical and special. The two-dimensional spatial pattern focuses on the construction of "meaning and form". The vertical spatial pattern focuses on the construction of "image". The special spatial pattern of garden plants focuses on the construction of "artistic conception". The three types are used to create a spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape with rich spatial and temporal changes and artistic connotation.

Key words Garden plants, Landscape space, Pattern

1 Introduction

Urban waterfront has natural, water-loving, and open spatial characteristics, which is an important window to show the image of the city and the quality of life of residents. As Kevin Lynch, an American urban planner, said inTheImageoftheCity: "The five elements of urban impression mainly include roads, boundaries, regions, nodes and landmarks." The landscape elements of urban waterfront do not merely contain these five elements, and the spatial pattern elements of garden plant landscape need to be explored. Its form and style directly affect the overall image of the city. As a garden plant with the concept of life, it can not only improve the quality of urban ecological environment, but also have the effect of fitness and appreciation for urban residents. Urban waterfront is an activity place for urban residents to perceive water culture, which has a strong effect on the formation of urban landscape space structure. It can fully show the deep cultural accumulation and mental attitude of the city, which can not be separated from the construction of garden plant landscape[1]. Therefore, the construction of spatial pattern of garden plant landscape in urban waterfront plays a very important role in shaping and promoting the overall image of the city, improving and protecting the urban ecological environment. Dutch scholar Juliette Kuiper pointed out: "Landscape space form has an important impact on the stability and health of urban residents, emphasizing the appreciation and structure of landscape space form; in particular, it can make people feel the comprehensive characteristics of garden plant landscape space." It can be seen that the spatial pattern of garden plant landscape refers to the form of expression and organizational relationship under certain conditions, which has strong recognizability and integrity. The quality of its spatial pattern is formed by the overall feeling of urban residents about landscape spatial pattern through observation, memory, cognition and understanding. Therefore, we should make use of the green material of garden plants, consider the individual characteristics and group configuration of garden plants, adopt the techniques of scientific and artistic design, and adjust measures to local conditions, and employ the three spatial types of garden plants (two-dimensional, vertical and special). The purpose of this paper is to construct various landscape spatial patterns of waterfront garden plants and realize the perfect integration of garden plant landscape space and urban waterfront landscape[2].

2 Construction of "meaning and form" of landscape pattern in two-dimensional space

The famous philosopher Hegel once said: "The content of beauty is the essential power of man shown in the concrete image, and the form of beauty is the perceptual form of showing the essential power of human being, and the dialectical unity of content and form." In other words, any aesthetic object, if it does not have aesthetic value in form, beauty is impossible to exist, paying attention to formal beauty is to create the form of beauty. Formal beauty, which develops from the form of beauty, is some common characteristics of the universality of the form of beauty, and itself has become a kind of independent aesthetic value. Therefore, for landscape form design, the cultural connotation of landscape space form is regarded as "meaning", and the appearance of landscape space form is regarded as "form". The method of giving "meaning" to "form" or using "form" to express "meaning" is adopted to realize the construction of "meaning and form" of two-dimensional space landscape pattern together.

As an independent aesthetic object, garden plants have their own unique forms and contents. Its two-dimensional spatial pattern of landscape is an important type of urban waterfront landscape spatial pattern, which mainly includes two parts: the enclosed spatial pattern of garden plant cultivation points and the spatial pattern surrounded by vertical projection of garden plant crown diameter[3]. In the process of urban waterfront garden plant landscape design, the planning and layout of cultivation points is the key point of garden landscape design, which determines the two-dimensional cultivation spatial pattern of landscape plant and directly affects the quality of garden plant landscape. The planning and layout of cultivation points of garden plants put more emphasis on the types of space surrounded by cultivation points, which mainly include geometric spatial patterns and non-geometric spatial patterns. Geometric spatial pattern gives people a strong sense of solemnity, regularity, silence and so on, and it is often used in regular or special venues. On the other hand, the non-geometric spatial pattern of garden plants is often used in the twisted space, which can give people a feeling of activity, excitement, dexterity and so on. In addition, the spatial pattern surrounded by vertical projection of garden plant crown is a common form in urban landscape design, which can enhance the continuity of space, imply the scope of space, and improve the sense of domain of space.

The spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is mainly constructed by point, line, surface and other elements according to certain artistic composition rules, using the characteristics of different types, size and height of garden plants to imply the landscape style, so as to create a varying scene, winding path, poetic and picturesque emotional space. In the two-dimensional space, the construction of the point spatial pattern is mainly through the single plant or plant community to create the landscape sight focus. The pattern of two-dimensional space created by it is outward and radiative, and the sense of spatial domain is strong. The construction of line spatial pattern is mainly through the arrangement of continuous points to create strip or banded two-dimensional spatial pattern, such as curved or straight, long or short, thick or thin space forms. Its space has a strong spatial interface and direction, giving people different visual feelings. The key to the construction of the morphological pattern of surface space lies in the number and enclosed shape of garden plants, which reflects the group beauty of garden plants. The movement of the line forms the form of landscape space, such as square, circle, diamond, fan and so on, there is no obvious direction inside the space, but there is obvious direction on the outside, which makes the space show a sense of depth.

3 Construction of "image" of vertical spatial landscape pattern

Jacques Boyceau, a famous French gardener, uses garden plants as building materials, and employs various pruning tools to trim garden plants into hedges, green walls and green buildings or structures to create vertical space images. This greatly enriches the vertical spatial pattern of garden plants in urban waterfront. Obviously, the "idea" here refers to the subjective idea, the "object" is the objective object image, and the "image" is a kind of artistic image created by the objective object image through the unique emotional activities of the creative subject. As the American modern architect Thomas Church said: "Whether it is regular or irregular, curve or straight line, symmetry or freedom, it is important to see that the functional and aesthetic image composition can be completed." Therefore, the construction of "image" of vertical spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is based on the individual or group characteristics of garden plants, through scientific and artistic layout, to create a beautiful vertical spatial pattern with landscape image.

The vertical spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is formed by the height of trunk and branch, planting density and crown width. It includes two parts: vertical skyline and vertical facade. In the construction of vertical skyline of garden plants, its morphological characteristics not only limit the vertical two-dimensional pattern of urban waterfront landscape, but also enrich the skyline of urban waterfront architectural landscape. It plays an important role in improving the recognizability of cities. The spatial pattern of vertical skyline of garden plants can be divided into three types: curve, broken line and compound line. Its construction technique is mainly through the selection of different types of plant species and planting methods to create a variety of vertical skyline patterns of garden plants. The construction of curve skyline is mainly based on the selection of round or oval plants, such as camphor tree, ginkgo biloba, acacia,Schimasuperbaand so on. The construction of broken line skyline is mainly based on tower or conical plants, such as cedar,Metasequoiaglyptostroboides,Cunninghamialanceolataand so on. If various types of garden plants are arranged according to a certain planting density, the vertical spatial skyline of the compound form of garden plants can be constructed. In the aspect of the construction of landscape plant facade encirclement, garden plants can not only create landscape space atmosphere, but also form a variety of spatial patterns, thus forming a sequence of time and space, resulting in unpredictable landscape space images. For example, in the natural planning and layout of garden plants, the use of garden plant enclosure space is arbitrary. Through the planting techniques such as cluster planting and group planting of plants, the spaces of different sizes are matched or isolated from each other to create interesting and changing spatial patterns, so that the landscape space is scattered and the image is profound. The image should be profound and serene as far as possible. This shows that the deep and serene garden plant landscape space has a strong artistic appeal and image expression, and zigzag layout is an important means to achieve depth. For example, the narrow garden roads with twists and turns are placed in the bamboo forest, so that the original narrow linear space has a sense of depth and image. In the construction of vertical facade of garden plant landscape, it is necessary to grasp the spatial scale of garden plants, well consider landscape elements such as mountains and stones, pool, porch and architecture, to create an imaginative and profound atmosphere of landscape space according to the individual morphology and dynamic characteristics of garden plants[4]. For example, by using the planting design of near-natural community of garden plants, the vertical spatial pattern with different levels is formed by the three hierarchical structures of ground cover layer, shrub layer and tree layer, to jointly construct the overall pattern of the landscape plant facade space.

In addition, in the vertical space, garden plants, through the trunk planting density changes, form vista line, frame, perspective, hollowed scenery, screen scenery and other landscape perspective spaces. The opening and closing of space is controlled by the size of plant leaves and the height of branch points. The denser the distribution of leaves, the greater the sense of volume. The lower the branch points, the stronger the sense of spatial encirclement. Therefore, the construction of pleasant vertical spatial patterns of garden plant landscape can arouse people’s sense of excitement and cognition, and promote the perception and communication of various spatial patterns, so as to enhance people’s overall sense of memory and image of the spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape.

4 Construction of "artistic conception" of special spatial landscape pattern

Artistic conception especially refers to a kind of meaning and realm which can make people feel and understand, but it is difficult to explain in words. It is the unity of "form" and "spirit", "emotion" and "scene", "emptiness" and "reality". It is not only born outside the "meaning", but also contained in the "environment", which is the result of "meaning" and "environment". As Liu Xie said: "The spirit is connected by objects and images, which is nurtured by the change of feelings and thoughts. The object image moves one with its appearance, and one has reason in his heart as a reaction." It emphasizes the emotional exchange and personal experience between people and landscape, and feels the satisfaction of psychology and the enjoyment of spirit in the process, resulting in the highest aesthetic realm of landscape space form. The construction of the "artistic conception" of the special spatial pattern of the garden plant landscape is to obtain the inner beauty of the special spatial pattern of the landscape on the basis of emphasizing the observer’s aesthetic activities such as perception, association and cognition, and feel the external meaning outside the real landscape form. According to the individual form and group characteristics of garden plants, the construction of "artistic conception" of special spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is mainly realized through three spaces: sound and light, color and psychology.

BambooSongssaid: "There is sound in the wind and rain, scenery in the sun and the moon, affection in the wine and the poem, and company in the idleness and frustration." "There is sound in the wind and rain, scenery in the sun and the moon" refers to the acoustooptic space atmosphere formed by the interaction between landscape elements. The artistic conception of the spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is to make use of the combination of celestial phenomena and landscape elements to create a unique acousto-optic spatial pattern of garden plant landscape. There are two main ways to construct the artistic conception of spatial pattern. The first is to make use of the influence of natural light on garden plants to create the artistic conception of landscape space. When the natural light is shed on the plant leaves, the reflective effect makes people have a special visual response, causing resonance, so as to achieve sensory and psychological satisfaction. For example, when the sun shines on the leaves of plants with a thick waxy layer or cutin, it can not only reflect light, increase the halo effect of the landscape, but also present shadows, setting off the atmosphere of the landscape space. At the same time, due to the movement of the sun, the angle of the sun’s light also changes. The shadow space of the garden plant landscape on the two-dimensional surface or facade also changes to create a light and shadow world. This is like the scene described by Lin Bu, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, inPlumBlossominMountainGarden, "Sparse shadow is oblique in the clear shallow water, quiet fragrance is floating in the dusk moonlight." Second, through the interaction between natural wind or rain and garden plant landscape, it vividly expresses the charm of wind and rain sound, and highlights the sound effect of garden plant landscape. This makes people further experience the beauty of the artistic conception of the spatial pattern brought about by the garden plants, as Li Yu said inSketchesofIdlePleasure: "Planting trees is not only for entertainment, but also for pleasure to the ear." If you plant a cluster of plantains in front of the window, you can hear the sound of "rain beating plantains". If you plant pine bamboo in the courtyard, you can listen to the wind or rain. If you plant lotus flowers in the pool, you can appreciate the feeling of "rain drops on lotus in autumn"[5]. Therefore, this kind of garden planting mode can not only strengthen the aesthetic feeling of various landscape spatial patterns, but also make people produce the artistic conception of deep mountains and valleys, and enhance their artistic appeal.

Garden plant color refers to the color of its surface, which has obvious personal emotional characteristics. This is also a specific reflection of a certain ideological tendency of people or a certain mood of things, and it is an important factor that constitutes formal beauty. In other words, different plant colors have different emotional tendencies, resulting in emotional changes in space. As an aesthetic object, garden plant color is combined with other elements of urban waterfront landscape, using the law of formal beauty for image construction, and it is the main method to create the color space of garden plant landscape. The color spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is mainly through the inherent color of garden plant itself and the color produced by the seasonal change of plant season to create the artistic conception of space form and style. In view of the artistic conception construction of the spatial pattern based on inherent color of the garden plant itself, warm colors will affect the distance, let people feel that the object becomes closer and the space becomes smaller, such as red, and yellow. The selected plants are red maple,Berberisthunbergii,Nandinadomestica"Hongye" and so on. And the cold colors can weaken the line of sight, let the person feel the object to become far away and the space becomes bigger, such as blue, and purple. Optional plants are iris, violet, magnolia and so on. In the aspect of creating the artistic conception of the spatial pattern caused by the seasonal change, it is mainly realized through the leaves, flowers, fruits and other organs of the plant, especially the seasonal change of the leaves of the plant. The seasonal changes of garden plants make their leaf color, tree posture, plant outline and flower and leaf shape all in the dynamic change. It is necessary to focus on the law of seasonal phase change, reasonable allocation, and form a rich spatial pattern of garden plant landscape. In addition, the different configuration forms and seasonal dynamic changes of plants can reconstruct the landscape space of garden plants, so that the spatial pattern can be changed and the artistic conception of different landscape spatial patterns can be formed. For example, deciduous plants have few or no leaves in autumn and winter. This can make the landscape space vaguely visible, let people feel that the landscape space is more far-reaching. At the same time, it can also make use of the branches of deciduous plants to form a landscape frame, absorb the essence and discard the useless, increase the interest, hierarchy and aesthetic artistic conception of the garden plant landscape space, and make the garden plant landscape space more far-reaching and implicit.

In theDesignofOuterSpace, Japanese architect Yoshinobu Ashihara pointed out: "Space is formed by the relationship between matter and the people who feel it. The subject of this relationship is human and the object is space[6]."In other words, space is the subject, "human", if not associated with human, then space has no emotion to speak of. The construction of spatial pattern of garden plant landscape should take human as the core and emphasize human psychological feeling or experience in space. Its spatial pattern in construction is not as static and real as the building, and it has certain dynamic artistic conception. Tree crown and foliar canopy are two major factors affecting the construction of spatial pattern of garden plant landscape. The crown follows the evolution law of centrifugal growth, centripetal renewal and death, while the foliar canopy will gradually expand with the passage of time, forming a crescent or round head, until the bell. The growth of plant crown and foliar canopy will lead to the change of landscape spatial pattern. For example, in the use of tree species that can form a wide crown in the square, due to the limited size of seedlings, the crown has not been fully expanded, and it will not form a shade space, there is no clear spatial pattern. However, as long as after a period of time, when the tree crown and foliar canopy grow completely, the shape of the arched shade space in the square is also determined, which brings people a cool and far-reaching psychological feeling. In addition, the texture of garden plants can also bring different psychological feelings, coarse plants have the tendency to reduce the scale of landscape space, while fine plants have the psychological feeling of expanding landscape space. Therefore, in the planting design of garden plants, we should not only plan the three-dimensional spatial pattern of landscape, but also take into account the evolution of landscape space due to the change of time, season and texture, in order to realize the artistic conception of the pattern of four-dimensional landscape space.

5 Conclusions

The spatial pattern of garden plant landscape is a relatively broad, comprehensive and difficult concept. However, it contains rich connotation, and its morphological beauty, as the quintessence of Chinese classical garden, is the artistic pursuit of urban landscape space form design. It is also the main way to show the urban spiritual culture and improve the quality of life of residents. Therefore, the spatial pattern construction of urban waterfront garden plant landscape should be based on the individual morphology and group characteristics of garden plants, and scientific planting design and artistic spatial combination to form an interrelated landscape in time and space. In order to enhance its artistic appeal, it is necessary to create a spatial pattern of urban waterfront garden plant landscape with rich temporal and spatial changes and cultural and artistic connotations. This is the inevitable trend of modern garden plant landscape design.