刊首語

鄭曉笛

2009年，在我開啟棕地再生領域博士研究的初期，無論是與風景園林專業(yè)的專家溝通，還是向政府相關部委及環(huán)境工程領域的領導專家請教，得到的第一句反饋基本都是“棕地是什么？”10年間，不僅“棕地”這個概念在中國逐漸被認識和接受，政府、行業(yè)與相關專業(yè)對棕地污染修復與再利用領域的關注熱度、實踐探索與研究推進更是發(fā)展迅猛。這一方面是因為中國土壤污染問題所帶來的迫切性，另一方面也是響應人民大眾隨著經(jīng)濟水平升高而日益提升的環(huán)保意識與對美好人居環(huán)境需求的呼聲。

2018年“世界土壤日”中國活動的主題為“土壤污染防治”，第一屆全國土壤修復大會同期在南京召開。我有幸作為規(guī)劃設計領域的唯一嘉賓受邀參加“城鄉(xiāng)空間規(guī)劃、綠色金融與修復科技創(chuàng)新”論壇并發(fā)言。論壇嘉賓來自各個行業(yè)和領域，包括政府投資建設單位、科技園區(qū)管委會、民營環(huán)境修復企業(yè)、世界銀行專員、資深環(huán)境修復國企和高校大數(shù)據(jù)實驗室等。棕地再生的復雜性與長期性要求跨學科、跨領域、跨行業(yè)合作的特征愈發(fā)凸顯。10年前，當我希望向資深土壤修復專家求教如何促進跨學科合作時，得到的是“我們不需要合作”的回答。而在2018年的論壇上，最后的對話討論環(huán)節(jié)中，一位環(huán)境修復公司的專家大聲呼吁要進行體制機制的創(chuàng)新，以使規(guī)劃設計領域人員能夠在早期參與到棕地的修復改造決策過程中。作為棕地再生領域發(fā)展的親歷者，能夠聽到來自環(huán)境工程修復行業(yè)這樣的呼聲，心情是激動而復雜的。在全行業(yè)的努力下，風景園林專業(yè)在棕地再生領域的價值與貢獻正在被逐漸認識，然而我們是否做好了迎接這一挑戰(zhàn)的準備？

30年前，美國哈佛大學設計學院(GSD)舉辦的“制造場地”國際會議第一次把德國北杜伊斯堡景觀公園介紹到北美，第一次邀請石油企業(yè)代表來GSD進行學術交流，第一次把棕地作為風景園林專業(yè)學術會議的核心議題。在此之后，棕地成為眾多重要景觀項目的對象，包括悉尼和倫敦的奧林匹克公園等。20世紀90年代后期興起的景觀都市主義，盡管本身在學術界飽受爭議，但棕地以其復雜性與大尺度而成為其中備受關注的探討類型，美國清溪垃圾填埋場的改造更是被列舉為“成熟的景觀都市主義作品的代表”。在項目類型上，國外棕地再生實踐除了常見的工業(yè)閑置地、礦業(yè)廢棄地與垃圾填埋場，還包括軍事用地、廢棄機場，甚至墓地等。由于法規(guī)標準相對健全、行業(yè)分工與職業(yè)制度相對成熟，風景園林師在項目中的角色是相對明確的。項目團隊基本由多專業(yè)的人員構成，污染的勘測與修復由專門的環(huán)境工程團隊負責，風景園林師需要統(tǒng)籌各方信息以服務于最終的場所營造，常常在團隊中起主導作用。

中國的情況則不同。2019年1月1日，《土壤污染防治法》終于開始實施，但相關的技術標準與規(guī)范還在修訂或制定的過程中。棕地再生項目的團隊構成可能千差萬別，設計方在其中所起的作用可能由很多主觀而隨機的因素決定。有機會參與其中的設計團隊，也可能因為從未接觸過此類項目而感到力不從心。

在棕地再生領域，中國風景園林師所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)更為艱巨，責任也更加重大。我們也許可以從2個方面來更好地應對這一挑戰(zhàn)(本期5篇主題文章也以此思路進行組織)，一方面聚焦于風景園林的專業(yè)內(nèi)核，包括對學術研究的最新進展、趨勢與未來可能研究方向的把握；以及專業(yè)領域的實踐，如垃圾填埋場封場再生策略的探索、廢棄工業(yè)用地與醫(yī)院的改造更新。另一方面是要更加有意識地關注可能的外延領域，如新的土壤污染防治立法對城鄉(xiāng)綠地系統(tǒng)可能產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響并帶來什么機遇，從區(qū)域的層面如何更加有效地使相對獨立的場地改造產(chǎn)生合力，以貢獻于更大范圍的開放空間與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構建。

中國的棕地再生領域研究仍處在起步階段，發(fā)展前景廣闊。正如國際風景園林師聯(lián)合會新上任的詹姆斯·海特(James Hayter)主席在他為本期特別供稿的文章最后所說：“與其將城市棕地視為遺留下來、被拋棄和不受歡迎的地方，不如說它們反而是風景園林領域中令我們的城市更加人性化和更具有綠化價值的瑰寶?！?/p>

In 2009, when I started my doctoral research in the field of brownfield regeneration,whether it was to communicate with experts in the landscape architecture profession, or to consult with relevant government officials and environmental engineering experts, the first feedback was often "what is brownfield?" In the past 10 years, not only has the concept of "brownfield" been gradually recognized and accepted in China, but the government,industry and related professions have been pushing forward research and practice rapidly in the field of brownfield remediation and reuse. This development is due to the urgency brought about by China's soil pollution problem, and on the other hand, it is also responding to the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the demand for a better living environment of the people as the economic level rises.

The theme of the "World Soil Day" China event in 2018 is "Soil Pollution Prevention and Control". The first National Soil Remediation Conference was held in Nanjing at the same time. I had the honor to be invited as the only speaker of the planning and design field to participate and give a speech in the forum on "Urban and Rural Spatial Planning,Green Finance and Rehabilitation Technology Innovation". The forum speakers came from various fields and industries, including government investment and construction units, science and technology park management committees, private environmental remediation enterprises, World Bank commissioners, senior state environmental remediation enterprises, and university big data laboratories. The complexity and long-term nature of brownfield regeneration requires an increasingly cross-disciplinary, cross-field and crossindustry collaboration. Ten years ago, when I wanted to ask senior soil remediation experts about how to promote interdisciplinary cooperation, I got the answer "we don't need cooperation." In last year's forum, in the final round-table discussion, an environmental remediation company's executive called for innovation in institutional mechanisms to enable professionals in the planning and design field to participate in the brownfield regeneration and decision-making process at an early stage. As a witness to the development of brownfield regeneration, I have mixed feelings of both excitement and concern when hearing the voice from the environmental engineering sector. With the efforts of the entire landscape society, the value and contribution of landscape architecture in the field of brownfield regeneration is gradually being recognized, but are we ready to take on this challenge?

Thirty years ago, the International Conference on Manufactured Sites organized by Harvard University Graduate School of Design (GSD) introduced Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park in Germany to North America for the first time. For the first time, representatives of oil companies were invited to GSD for academic exchanges. For the first time, brownfield was the core issue of an academic conference on landscape architecture. Since then,brownfields have been the targets of many important landscape projects, including the Olympic Parks in Sydney and London. Due to its complexity and large scale, brownfield has become one of the hot topics of landscape urbanism that emerged in the late 1990s,despite the controversy of this theory in the academic circle. The transformation of the Fresh Kills Landfill in the United States is even listed as "the representative of mature landscape urbanism works". In terms of project types, foreign brownfield regeneration practices include not only common industrial vacant land, mining wasteland and landfills, but also military land, abandoned airports, and even cemeteries. Because the regulations and standards are relatively sound, and the responsibilities of various project members and requirements of professional conducts are specified, the role of landscape architects in the project is relatively clear. The project team is normally composed of multi-disciplinary professionals.The investigation and remediation of pollution are carried out by the dedicated environmental engineering team. Landscape architects need to synthesize all aspects of information to work for the final spatial design, and often play a leading role in the team.

The situation in China is quite different. On January 1, 2019, the Soil Pollution Prevention Law is finally in place, but the relevant technical standards and guidelines are still being revised or formulated. The composition of the brownfield regeneration project team may vary widely, and the role of the designer in it may be determined by many subjective and random factors. The design team that has the opportunity to participate in might also feel powerless because they have never been exposed to such projects.

In the field of brownfield regeneration, the challenges faced by Chinese landscape architects are more arduous and their responsibilities are even more important. We may be able to better cope with this challenge in two ways (the five thematic articles in this issue are also organized in this way): on the one hand, focusing on the professional core knowledge of landscape architecture, including the latest developments and trends in academic research, and the future research direction, and the practice of professional fields, such as the exploration of regeneration strategies for landfill site, abandoned industrial land and hospital renovation; on the other hand, it is necessary to pay more attention to possible extension areas, such as how the new soil pollution control legislation may affect the urban and rural green space system and what opportunities it may bring, and how to more effectively transform relatively independent sites from the regional level to produce synergies to contribute to a wider range of open spaces and ecosystems.

China's brownfield regeneration research is still in its infancy and has broad prospects for development. As the newly appointed IFLA President James Hayter said at the end of his special article for this issue, "rather than thinking of urban brownfields as left over,abandoned and unloved places, they are instead the jewels in our profession's role to humanise and green our cities."