一位早期的英國(guó)甲骨學(xué)者
——庫(kù)壽齡傳

Mrs. Couling著 郅曉娜譯

(中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院歷史研究所，出土文獻(xiàn)與中國(guó)古代文明研究協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心)

譯者前言： 英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)傳教士庫(kù)壽齡先生(1859—1922)因和美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)傳教士方法斂先生一起合購(gòu)甲骨而聞名於甲骨學(xué)界。他於1884年受英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)派遣來(lái)到山東青州傳教，1887年開(kāi)始管理一所寄宿學(xué)校，即廣德書(shū)院。1904年廣德書(shū)院與登州文會(huì)館合并，在濰縣成立廣文學(xué)堂，庫(kù)壽齡也隨之搬到濰縣任教。1906年他被調(diào)到青州神學(xué)院任教，1908年辭去教會(huì)職務(wù)，搬到上海居住，1922年在上海病逝。庫(kù)壽齡從1903年開(kāi)始關(guān)注甲骨，1903—1912年和方法斂一起合購(gòu)甲骨，先後轉(zhuǎn)讓給英美多家博物館。1914年他發(fā)表了一篇有關(guān)甲骨的論文《河南之卜骨》。庫(kù)壽齡最主要的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)，是他主編了《亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)會(huì)刊》(1913、1914、1915三期)、《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》(1917)和《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》(1919—1922)，以及和蘭寧合著《上海志(2卷)》(1921、1923)，在漢學(xué)界産生了很大影響?！吨袊?guó)百科全書(shū)》更是榮獲了法國(guó)漢學(xué)家獎(jiǎng)“儒蓮獎(jiǎng)”。本文翻譯的是庫(kù)壽齡去世後由他夫人撰寫(xiě)的簡(jiǎn)短傳記(訃告)。這篇小傳發(fā)表在1922年《亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)會(huì)刊》上，同年又發(fā)在《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》第四卷第六期(也是最後一期)上。譯文中的注釋爲(wèi)筆者所加。筆者翻譯水平有限，而英文原文又比較難找，故而附列於後，以便學(xué)者對(duì)讀。

訃告 庫(kù)壽齡碩士

庫(kù)壽齡(Samuel Couling)1859年生於倫敦，是家中最小的孩子。父親是一位不信奉英國(guó)國(guó)教的新教牧師，雖然富有學(xué)術(shù)品味，但由於家庭拮據(jù)，無(wú)力給予孩子很多早期優(yōu)勢(shì)。年輕人在十五六歲的時(shí)候進(jìn)了一家保險(xiǎn)公司，兩三年後應(yīng)父親的召喚進(jìn)了布里斯托浸會(huì)學(xué)院。他在這個(gè)學(xué)院修了五年神學(xué)課程，同時(shí)又在布里斯托大學(xué)學(xué)院(即今之布里斯托大學(xué))修藝術(shù)課程。正是在浸會(huì)學(xué)院，他第一次對(duì)中國(guó)差會(huì)工作産生了興趣。

1883年1月，庫(kù)壽齡成爲(wèi)德文郡托特尼斯鎮(zhèn)的浸會(huì)教堂牧師，1884年6月結(jié)束了短暫而愉快的牧師生活，因爲(wèi)此時(shí)英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)正在招聘14名到中國(guó)傳教的志願(yuàn)者。這位年輕的牧師報(bào)了名並被録取。他的教民們遺憾地承認(rèn)了差會(huì)工作的優(yōu)先需求，學(xué)著把他視爲(wèi)他們?cè)诋惤痰貐^(qū)的代表，並把他的名字終生記録在教堂名冊(cè)上。

他於1884年12月到達(dá)中國(guó)，被分到山東青州府。經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)，他開(kāi)始負(fù)責(zé)一所新建的寄宿學(xué)校。男學(xué)生們都是從基督教徒家庭挑選的孩子，所有課程用漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)，不用英語(yǔ)，早期教育的情況就是這樣。(1)庫(kù)壽齡在青州負(fù)責(zé)的這所學(xué)校就是有名的“廣德書(shū)院”。這所男生寄宿學(xué)校開(kāi)辦於1887年，當(dāng)年只招收了16名學(xué)生，學(xué)校主要負(fù)責(zé)人是庫(kù)壽齡。1893年學(xué)校得到百年基金(Centenary Fund)的捐款得以擴(kuò)建，新校舍于次年完工，取名“廣德書(shū)院”。廣德書(shū)院自建立到1904年與登州文會(huì)館合并，一直由庫(kù)壽齡負(fù)責(zé)，庫(kù)壽齡將自己的絶大部分精力都用在了經(jīng)營(yíng)和發(fā)展這所學(xué)校上面。參看于洪振： 《從登州到濟(jì)南——齊魯大學(xué)校園空間變遷及其影響》，山東大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文，2018年5月，頁(yè)13—14。

他很快意識(shí)到，出於工作的需要和他個(gè)人的意願(yuàn)，他需要一個(gè)學(xué)位。他充分利用了工作和研究之余的全部時(shí)間，並利用兩次休假時(shí)間做好必要的準(zhǔn)備，最終於1902年在愛(ài)丁堡獲得文科碩士學(xué)位。在教學(xué)大綱允許的範(fàn)圍內(nèi)，他選擇了有利於他在中國(guó)工作的專業(yè)，同時(shí)他也爲(wèi)理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位和法律學(xué)士學(xué)位做了很多努力，並希望在第三次休假期間考取其中一個(gè)或兩個(gè)。然而，實(shí)際情況阻止了一切。大約在1904年，差會(huì)的教育政策發(fā)生了重大改變，而他並不贊賞這種變化；在新環(huán)境下工作了兩三年，他做出了明智的選擇——辭職。也正是這一時(shí)期，他兩次被邀到山西大學(xué)任校長(zhǎng)，但他以想繼續(xù)留在差會(huì)爲(wèi)由拒絶了。1908年他最終決定從浸禮會(huì)辭職，這成了他一生最大的悲哀之一。(2)這裏所説的差會(huì)教育政策的重大改變，指的是英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)和美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)聯(lián)合辦學(xué)這一重大決定。根據(jù)《美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)海外傳教團(tuán)第68次年報(bào)》記載： 1902年6月，英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)和美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)在青州舉行聯(lián)席會(huì)議，商討兩國(guó)教會(huì)在山東聯(lián)合舉辦教育事宜，通過(guò)了《聯(lián)合舉辦山東基督教大學(xué)的決議》。經(jīng)過(guò)兩年的商談，1904年1月雙方共同簽署了《教育工作聯(lián)合準(zhǔn)則》，最終決定聯(lián)合建立山東基督教大學(xué)。山東基督教大學(xué)包括三個(gè)學(xué)院，即文理學(xué)院、神學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院。文理學(xué)院設(shè)在濰縣，是將登州文會(huì)館和青州廣德書(shū)院搬到濰縣共同組建而成。神學(xué)院設(shè)在青州，醫(yī)學(xué)院最終設(shè)在濟(jì)南。參看68th Annual Report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Presented to the General Assembly, May 1905, p.124-141. 對(duì)英國(guó)浸禮會(huì)和美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)聯(lián)合辦校的決議，庫(kù)壽齡一直持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。但迫於形勢(shì)，他只得接受。1904年10月，文理學(xué)院正式開(kāi)課，取名廣文學(xué)堂(後稱廣文大學(xué))，庫(kù)壽齡也從青州搬到濰縣。新學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)是原登州文會(huì)館校長(zhǎng)柏爾根，庫(kù)壽齡只是普通教員。辛苦經(jīng)營(yíng)近20年的書(shū)院被美國(guó)長(zhǎng)老會(huì)接管，庫(kù)壽齡對(duì)此非常不滿，加之與柏爾根在教學(xué)理念和管理方法上的諸多分歧，於1906年向浸禮會(huì)總部提交辭呈。浸禮會(huì)極力挽留他，將他調(diào)往青州神學(xué)院繼續(xù)工作。1908年他再度提出辭職並獲得批準(zhǔn)。參看于洪振： 《從登州到濟(jì)南——齊魯大學(xué)校園空間變遷及其影響》，頁(yè)23—26。

然後他搬到上海，在一個(gè)名門(mén)家庭做了幾年家庭教師。(3)這裏的信息較爲(wèi)簡(jiǎn)略，筆者查到其他一些資料予以補(bǔ)充。1908年庫(kù)壽齡搬到上海後，也是幾經(jīng)周折，并經(jīng)歷了一段從上海到倫敦、再到上海的過(guò)程。根據(jù)《亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)會(huì)刊》記載的會(huì)員地址，庫(kù)壽齡1909年居住在上海Boone Road(文監(jiān)師路)44號(hào)，1910年居住在上海Avenue Paul Brunat(寶昌路)328號(hào)，1911年居住在上海廣學(xué)會(huì)(Christian Literature Society)。參看Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.39(1908), Vol.40(1909), Vol.41(1910)。而根據(jù)方法斂 1910年5月7日致金璋的書(shū)信記載，1910年5月庫(kù)氏已經(jīng)到達(dá)倫敦，并在那裏做家庭教師。他買(mǎi)下了庫(kù)方藏品中方法斂的那部分，準(zhǔn)備做甲骨研究。方法斂寫(xiě)道：“庫(kù)先生現(xiàn)在是那家(筆者注： 信中提到的Mr. Geo McCain)的家庭教師。地址是 Rev. S. Couling Little Marlowe，我想應(yīng)該在倫敦西邊。他答應(yīng)過(guò)我要盡快去拜訪您。庫(kù)先生買(mǎi)下了我們提供給卡內(nèi)基博物院的那批藏品中屬於我的那部分，卡內(nèi)基一直沒(méi)有答復(fù)我們。因此，在庫(kù)先生的誠(chéng)摯要求下，我把我的那部分讓給了他。庫(kù)先生想做甲骨方面的研究，這對(duì)學(xué)界可能大有助益，因爲(wèi)他既精通漢語(yǔ)，又有學(xué)術(shù)頭腦。庫(kù)先生性格怪異，但興趣很廣。我們兩人性格差異較大，卻是非常要好的朋友。請(qǐng)?jiān)徫业淖孕?！我在上海時(shí)曾向他提過(guò)我在甲骨上所做的瑣碎工作。應(yīng)他的要求，我把《甲骨字表》早期的手稿(1—1200 號(hào))給了他?！比欢瑤?kù)氏並未在倫敦常駐，也沒(méi)有專注於甲骨研究。他把甲骨藏品轉(zhuǎn)讓給大英博物院，之後又返回上海，開(kāi)始涉足亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)的各項(xiàng)工作。1914—1916年他是亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)的榮譽(yù)秘書(shū)，也是會(huì)刊主編。(4)根據(jù)《亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)會(huì)刊》記載，1911年庫(kù)壽齡當(dāng)選爲(wèi)亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)的委員會(huì)成員，1914—1916年擔(dān)任學(xué)會(huì)秘書(shū)和會(huì)刊編輯。1914年2月20日，他在支會(huì)會(huì)議上宣讀一篇有關(guān)甲骨的論文《河南之卜骨》，并刊登在當(dāng)年的會(huì)刊上。參看Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.42(1911), Vol.43(1912), Vol.44(1913) , Vol.45(1914). 鄒芙都教授曾對(duì)這篇論文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行過(guò)詳細(xì)介紹。參看鄒芙都： 《西方傳教士與中國(guó)甲骨學(xué)》，北京： 科學(xué)出版社2015年版，頁(yè)117—121。這一時(shí)期，他感到亞洲文會(huì)圖書(shū)館或其他圖書(shū)館都缺少有關(guān)中國(guó)事物的一般參考書(shū)，遂開(kāi)始爲(wèi)編纂這樣一部書(shū)而收集資料。1917年他出版了《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》，該書(shū)於1919年榮獲儒蓮獎(jiǎng)。該書(shū)《前言》寫(xiě)到：“這是一個(gè)基本框架，在此基礎(chǔ)上可以編纂一部更全面、更有價(jià)值的百科全書(shū)”，編者也一直希望能出版第二版，爲(wèi)此他手中有足夠的資料可用。(5)《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》是庫(kù)壽齡漢學(xué)研究的代表作。該書(shū)由上海別發(fā)洋行出版，共633頁(yè)，是首部用英文撰寫(xiě)的此類著作，一直被來(lái)自世界各地的漢學(xué)家廣泛參引。正是這部《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》，爲(wèi)庫(kù)壽齡贏得了1919年度的“儒蓮獎(jiǎng)”。儒蓮獎(jiǎng)是法蘭西科學(xué)院爲(wèi)紀(jì)念著名漢學(xué)家儒蓮而設(shè)，代表歐洲主流漢學(xué)界的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。獲得“儒蓮獎(jiǎng)”，無(wú)疑是對(duì)庫(kù)壽齡此書(shū)的最好褒獎(jiǎng)，也是對(duì)其漢學(xué)研究生涯的充分肯定。參看王國(guó)強(qiáng)： 《〈新中國(guó)評(píng)論〉出版前言》，《新中國(guó)評(píng)論(The New China Review 1919—1922)》，北京： 國(guó)家圖書(shū)館出版社2012年版。

1919年，儘管身體狀況不佳，他接受了上海(倫敦傳教會(huì))麥倫書(shū)院代理校長(zhǎng)一職，並很高興能回到差會(huì)工作。但到年底的時(shí)候，一場(chǎng)大病迫使他辭職。同年他開(kāi)始主編《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》。(6)《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》創(chuàng)刊於1919年3月，1922年12月?？?。雙月刊，一年6期合爲(wèi)1卷，共4卷24期。庫(kù)壽齡創(chuàng)辦《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》，主要是爲(wèi)了賡續(xù)英國(guó)漢學(xué)的代表刊物《中國(guó)評(píng)論》。《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》的作者以在華傳教士爲(wèi)主，輔以任職於西方在華各種機(jī)構(gòu)的歐美僑民，部分來(lái)自歐洲本土的學(xué)院派人士，以及少數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)者。2012年國(guó)家圖書(shū)館對(duì)這套書(shū)進(jìn)行了影印出版，王國(guó)強(qiáng)在《〈新中國(guó)評(píng)論〉出版前言》中對(duì)它的創(chuàng)刊緣起、作者群體、重要影響、研究?jī)r(jià)值等進(jìn)行了綜合研究。庫(kù)壽齡十分重視甲骨研究，《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》第1卷第2期和第3期刊登了金璋的論文Working The Oracle(上、下)，第2卷第5期刊登了金璋的論文The Shaman or Wu巫: A Study in Graphic Camouflage，第2卷第3期卷首刊登了金璋的照片。

1920年，他接受了上海市政委員會(huì)的邀請(qǐng)，繼續(xù)編纂因George Lanning先生去世而未完成的3卷本《上海志》。不幸的是，庫(kù)壽齡去世之前只完成了第二卷。(7)《上海志》是用英文資料寫(xiě)成的第一部翔實(shí)記載19世紀(jì)上海租界歷史的著作，主要資料來(lái)源於工部局檔案，《北華捷報(bào)》等報(bào)紙，還有時(shí)人記載。由於資料翔實(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，被學(xué)者評(píng)爲(wèi)“一部態(tài)度嚴(yán)肅、有很高學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的著作”。參看王國(guó)強(qiáng)： 《〈新中國(guó)評(píng)論〉出版前言》。他於1922年6月15日在上海去世，享年62歲。

1894年他成爲(wèi)亞洲文會(huì)北中國(guó)支會(huì)的會(huì)員，并代表學(xué)會(huì)參加了1910年格拉茲舉辦的“國(guó)際動(dòng)物學(xué)大會(huì)”。正如前面説過(guò)的，他擔(dān)任了幾年支會(huì)秘書(shū)和會(huì)刊主編。1918年他成爲(wèi)支會(huì)的榮譽(yù)會(huì)員，去世之前他還是支會(huì)的一名副主席。

他生性不善社交，不喜言談。這些特徵，又因爲(wèi)稀少而令人痛苦的疾病——食管憩室——而愈加明顯，這個(gè)多年來(lái)不斷加重的痛苦，最終結(jié)束了他的生命。因此，他在社會(huì)意義上並不廣爲(wèi)人知，但他晚年最大的快樂(lè)之一，就是諸多領(lǐng)域里博學(xué)慷慨的人們給與他的友誼，幫助他完成了《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》，並使《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》成爲(wèi)可能。

總是謙虛於自己的能力和成就，他最新的願(yuàn)望之一——多次重複的——就是希望他身後沒(méi)有悼詞，這個(gè)願(yuàn)望他的朋友們都感到應(yīng)該尊重。然而，可以這樣説，他對(duì)身體虛弱的頑強(qiáng)抵抗和只要有一絲力量就堅(jiān)持工作的決心，經(jīng)常使認(rèn)識(shí)他的人聯(lián)想到羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森，兩人在容貌上也有幾分相似。

卷首插圖的那張肖像畫(huà)，大約攝於1911年，是他的朋友們最願(yuàn)意記住的他的形象——是最後幾年身體的痛苦在他身上刻下痕跡之前的一張照片。

大多數(shù)人都將記住他是《中國(guó)百科全書(shū)》多才多藝的編纂者，漢學(xué)家們將會(huì)記住他是《新中國(guó)評(píng)論》大膽的編輯，但他最美好的記憶是他樸素的、認(rèn)真的教育和指導(dǎo)過(guò)的一些中國(guó)人的性格和生活，這是他一生中最好的時(shí)光，是在山東內(nèi)地一座沉睡的甜美老城裏度過(guò)的20多年時(shí)光。

他身後留有遺孀(應(yīng)他的願(yuàn)望，這篇短文由他妻子撰寫(xiě))和一兒一女。

OBITUARY Samuel Couling, M.A. (壽齡庫(kù))(8)此爲(wèi)英語(yǔ)原文，摘自New China Review, Vol.4, No.6, De.1922, pp.522-524.庫(kù)壽齡的肖像照就印在卷首。

Samuel Couling was born in London in 1859, the youngest child of a Nonconformist minister who, though of scholarly tastes, could not give his children many early advantages, through straitened circumstances. The lad was put into an Insurance Office at fifteen or sixteen; but after two or three years, having decided to follow his father’s calling, he was entered at Bristol Baptist College. Here he took a five years’ Divinity course, with Arts classes at Bristol University College (now Bristol University); here too, he first became interested in Mission work in China.

In January, 1883, he became minister of the Baptist Church at Totnes, Devon. His brief but happy ministry there came to an end in June, 1884, owing to the fact that the Baptist Missionary Society had asked for fourteen volunteers for China. The young minister offered himself and was accepted: his people regretfully acknowledged the prior claims of the Mission field, learned to regard him as their representative inpartibusinfidelium, and lovingly kept his name on the church roll all his life.

He arrived in China in December, 1884, and was designated to Ch’ing Chou foo in Shantung, where — after studying the language — he was put in charge of a newly-established Boarding School. The boys were picked boys and all from Christian families; all instruction was in Chinese, English not being taught at all. For those were early days.

He soon realized that for his work’s sake as well as his own, he ought to have a degree; and after using any leisure he could get from other work and other studies in the field, and utilizing two furloughs in the necessary preparation, he graduated M.A. of Edinburgh in 1902. As far as the University syllabus permitted, he chose the subjects suitable for his work in China; and he also did a good deal towards his B.Sc. and LL.B. degrees, one or both of which he intended to take on his third furlough. Circumstances, however, prevented this. About 1904, important changes were made in the educational policy of the Mission, which did not commend themselves to him; and after two or three years’ work under the new conditions, he felt it wise to resign. It was about this time that he was twice offered the Principalship of Shansi University, which honour he declined on the ground that he wished if possible to remain with his Mission. He resigned finally from the B.M.S. in 1908; and this was one of the greatest sorrows of his life.

He then removed to Shanghai, where he was for some years tutor in a well-known family. In 1914-16 he was Hon. Sec. of the Royal Asiatic Society (North China Branch) and editor of its Journal. During this period he perceived the lack of a general book of reference as to things Chinese in the R.A.S. or any other library, and set to work to collect material for such a book. The result was theEncyclopaediaSinicawhich was published in 1917, and was awarded the Prix Stanislas Julien in 1919. In the Preface it is said, “It is the framework on which a more complete and worthier encyclopaedia may be elaborated,” and the Editor always hoped to bring out a second edition, for which he had considerable material in hand.

In 1919, though in poor health, he accepted the Acting Principalship of Medhurst College, Shanghai (L.M.S.), and rejoiced at being back in Mission work; but at the close of the year, a severe illness compelled him to resign. In the same year he stared theNewChinaReview.

In 1920, he accepted the invitation of the Shanghai Municipal Council to complete the History of Shanghai (in 3 vols.) left unfinished by the late Mr. George Lanning. Unfortunately only the second volume was completed at Mr. Couling’s death. This took place at Shanghai on June 15, 1822 at the age of 62.

He became a member of the R.A.S. (N.C.B.) in 1894; was its representative at the International Zoological Conference at Graz, in 1910; was, as we have said, Secretary, and Editor of its Journal for several years; was made an Honorary Member in 1918, and was one of the Society’s Vice-Presidents at the time of his death.

He was by nature retiring and reserved; and those traits were accentuated by the nature of the rare and distressing complaint — an esophageal diverticulum — which after many years of increasing misery at last caused his death, so that he was not widely known in a social sense; but one of his greatest joys in later years was the fellowship of the learned and generous men of many lands who helped in theEncyclopaedia, and made theNewChinaReviewpossible.

Ever modest about his own abilities and attainments, one of his latest wishes — oft-repeated — was that there might be “no eulogies,” and this wish his friends feel bound to respect. It may be said, however, that by his courageous fight with physical weakness, and his determination to work as long as any strength was left, those who knew him often reminded of Robert Louis Stevenson, whom in features also he strongly resembled.

The portrait we offer as frontispiece, was taken about 1911, and represents him as his friends like best to recall him, — before the physical misery of his later years left its mark on his frame.

Most people will know him as the versatile compiler of theEncyclopaediaSinica; sinologues will remember the plucky editor of theNewChinaReview; but his best memorial is in the characters and lives of certain Chinese whom he taught and guided unostentatiously but thoroughly during the best time of his life, — the twenty odd years he spent in a sleepy, sweet old city in the interior of Shantung.

He is survived by his wife (who at his desire, writes this brief sketch) and by one son and one daughter.